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NASA NTRS1987

Microgravity science and applications bibliography, 1986 revision

This edition of the Microgravity Science and Applications (MSA) Bibliography is a compilation of Government reports, contractor reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles dealing with flight experiments utilizing a low-gravity environment to elucidate and control various processes or ground-based activities providing supporting research. It encompasses literature published in FY-86 and part of FY-87 but not cited in the 1985 Revision, pending publications, and those submitted for publication during this time period. Subdivisions of the bibliography include six major categories: Electronic Materials, Metals, Alloys, and Combustion Science. Other categories include Experimental Technology and General Studies. Included are publications from the European and Soviet programs. In addition, there is a list of patents and a cross reference index.

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NASA NTRS1988

Preparation for microgravity: The role of the microgravity materials science laboratory

A laboratory dedicated to ground based materials processing in preparation for space flight was established at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Experiments are performed to delineate the effects of gravity on processes of both scientific and commercial interest. Processes are modeled physically and mathematically. Transport model systems are used where possible to visually track convection, settling, crystal growth, phase separation, agglomeration, vapor transport, diffusive flow, and polymers reactions. The laboratory contains apparatus which functionally duplicates apparatus available for flight experiments and other pieces instrumented specifically to allow process characterization. Materials addressed include metals, alloys, salts, glasses, ceramics, and polymers. The Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory is staffed by engineers and technicians from a variety of disciplines and is open to users from industry and academia as well as the government. Examples will be given of the laboratory apparatus typical experiments and results.

Johnston, J. Christopher↗

NASA NTRS1988

Microgravity science and applications bibliography, 1987 revision

This edition of the Microgravity Science and Applications (MSA) Bibliography is a compilation of Government reports, contractor reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles dealing with flight experiments utilizing a low gravity environment to elucidate and control various processes or with ground based activities that provide supporting research. It encompasses literature published but not cited in the 1984 Revision and literature which has been published in the past year. Subdivisions of the bibliography include six major categories: Electronic Materials; Metals, Alloys, and Composites; Fluid Dynamics and Transport; Biotechnology; Glass and Ceramics; and Combustion. Also included are publications from the European, Soviet, and Japanese MSA programs. In addition, there is a list of patents and appendices providing a compilation of an anonymously authored collection of reports and a cross reference index.

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NASA NTRS1989

SHARP: A multi-mission AI system for spacecraft telemetry monitoring and diagnosis

The Spacecraft Health Automated Reasoning Prototype (SHARP) is a system designed to demonstrate automated health and status analysis for multi-mission spacecraft and ground data systems operations. Telecommunications link analysis of the Voyager II spacecraft is the initial focus for the SHARP system demonstration which will occur during Voyager's encounter with the planet Neptune in August, 1989, in parallel with real-time Voyager operations. The SHARP system combines conventional computer science methodologies with artificial intelligence techniques to produce an effective method for detecting and analyzing potential spacecraft and ground systems problems. The system performs real-time analysis of spacecraft and other related telemetry, and is also capable of examining data in historical context. A brief introduction is given to the spacecraft and ground systems monitoring process at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The current method of operation for monitoring the Voyager Telecommunications subsystem is described, and the difficulties associated with the existing technology are highlighted. The approach taken in the SHARP system to overcome the current limitations is also described, as well as both the conventional and artificial intelligence solutions developed in SHARP.

Lawson, Denise L.↗

NASA NTRS1989

SHARP: A multi-mission artificial intelligence system for spacecraft telemetry monitoring and diagnosis

The Spacecraft Health Automated Reasoning Prototype (SHARP) is a system designed to demonstrate automated health and status analysis for multi-mission spacecraft and ground data systems operations. Telecommunications link analysis of the Voyager 2 spacecraft is the initial focus for the SHARP system demonstration which will occur during Voyager's encounter with the planet Neptune in August, 1989, in parallel with real time Voyager operations. The SHARP system combines conventional computer science methodologies with artificial intelligence techniques to produce an effective method for detecting and analyzing potential spacecraft and ground systems problems. The system performs real time analysis of spacecraft and other related telemetry, and is also capable of examining data in historical context. A brief introduction is given to the spacecraft and ground systems monitoring process at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The current method of operation for monitoring the Voyager Telecommunications subsystem is described, and the difficulties associated with the existing technology are highlighted. The approach taken in the SHARP system to overcome the current limitations is also described, as well as both the conventional and artificial intelligence solutions developed in SHARP.

Lawson, Denise L.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Microgravity science and applications bibliography, 1989 revision

This edition of the Microgravity Science and Applications (MSA) Bibliography is a compilation of government reports, contractor reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles dealing with flight experiments utilizing a low gravity environment to elucidate and control various processes, or with ground based activities that provide supported research. It encompasses literature published but not cited in the 1988 Revision and that literature which has been published in the past year. Subdivisions of the Bibliography include: electronic materials, metals, alloys, and composites; fluids, interfaces, and transport; glasses and ceramics; biotechnology; combustion science; experimental technology, facilities, and instrumentation. Also included are publications from the European, Soviet, and Japanese programs.

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NASA NTRS1989

SHARP - A multi-mission AI system for spacecraft telemetry monitoring and diagnosis

Lawson, Denise L.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Space-stabilized beam pointing for a bifocal satellite experiment

The pointing and tracking control concept for an experimental ground-based laser beam relay satellite is described. The satellite receives a low-power laser beam from a ground-based laser, processes it, and reflects it to an instrumented target. The primary control objective is to achieve extremely accurate and stable pointing at the target, including moving targets. This is achieved using an optical/inertial stabilization technique. The paper describes the satellite optical layout and pointing control mechanization.

Redding, David C.↗

NASA NTRS1990

NCTM of liquids at high temperatures using polarization techniques

Temperature measurement and control is extremely important in any materials processing application. However, conventional techniques for non-contact temperature measurement (mainly optical pyrometry) are very uncertain because of unknown or varying surface emittance. Optical properties like other properties change during processing. A dynamic, in-situ measurement of optical properties including the emittance is required. Intersonics is developing new technologies using polarized laser light scattering to determine surface emittance of freely radiating bodies concurrent with conventional optical pyrometry. These are sufficient to determine the true surface temperature of the target. Intersonics is currently developing a system called DAPP, the Division of Amplitude Polarimetric Pyrometer, that uses polarization information to measure the true thermodynamic temperature of freely radiating objects. This instrument has potential use in materials processing applications in ground and space based equipment. Results of thermophysical and thermodynamic measurements using laser reflection as a temperature measuring tool are presented. The impact of these techniques on thermophysical property measurements at high temperature is discussed.

Krishnan, Shankar↗

NASA NTRS1991

Microgravity science and applications bibliography, 1990 revision

This edition of the Microgravity Science and Applications (MSA) Bibliography is a compilation of government reports, contractor reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles dealing with flight experiments utilizing a low gravity environment to elucidate and control various processes, or with ground based activities that provide supporting research. It encompasses literature published but not cited in the 1989 Revision and that literature which has been published in the past year. Subdivisions of the bibliography include: electronic materials; metals, alloys, and composites; fluids, interfaces, and transport; glasses and ceramics; biotechnology; combustion science; and experimental technology, facilities, and instrumentation. Also included are publications from the European, Soviet, and Japanese programs.

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NASA NTRS1992

Microgravity science and applications bibliography, 1991 revision

This edition of the Microgravity Science and Applications (MSA) Bibliography is a compilation of government reports, contractor reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles dealing with flight experiments using a low gravity environment to elucidate and control various processes, or with ground based activities that provide supporting research. It encompasses literature published but not cited in the 1990 Revision and that literature which has been published in the past year. Subdivisions of the bibliography include: Electronic materials; Metals, alloys, and composites; Fluids, interfaces and transport; Glasses and ceramics; Biotechnology; Combustion science; and Experimental technology, instrumentation, and facilities. Also included are a limited number of publications from the European, Soviet, and Japanese programs.

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NASA NTRS1992

Ka-band feed arrays for spacecraft reflector antennas with limited scan capability: An overview

JPL and NASA are in the process of developing ground and spacecraft antenna systems at Ka-band frequencies for future deep space applications. The use of Ka-band (32-GHz down) communication will result in smaller ground and spacecraft antennas and associated equipment, and will provide larger bandwidths necessary for very high data rate communication and radio navigation. In this article, the use of a small phased array as a feed for a reflector antenna system with limited scan capability is addressed. Different feed and antenna configurations, as well as array architectures, are examined. Some theoretical and experimental parameters of a particular breadboard feed array developed by JPL and the University of Massachusetts are presented. Guidelines for the future direction of this effort are provided.

Jamnejad, V.↗

NASA NTRS1992

National Launch System KSC facilities and operations

The current planning for the launch site ground operations and facilities required at the Kennedy Space Center to accommodate the National Launch System (NLS) are described. Special consideration is given to the program activities associated with reducing costs for ground operations and with the ground operations vehicle processing scenarios for launching the NLS vehicles from KSC. The KSC facilities described include the Payload Encapsulation Facility, the Mobile Launcher Platform, and the Cargo Transfer Vehicle Checkout Facility. Attention is also given to the modifications of existing facilities required to accommodate the NLS facilities and the transportation and handling equipment.

Evans, R. T., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Ka-band feed arrays for spacecraft reflector antennas with limited scan capability - An overview

JPL and NASA are in the process of developing ground and spacecraft antenna systems at Ka-band frequencies for future deep space applications. The use of Ka-band (32-GHz) down communication will result in smaller ground and spacecraft antennas and associated equipment, and will provide larger bandwidths necessary for very high data rate communication and radio navigation. In this article, the use of a small phased array as a feed for a reflector antenna system with limited scan capability is addressed. Different feed and antenna configurations, as well as array architectures, are examined. Some theoretical an experimental parameters of a particular breadboard feed array developed by JPL and the University of Massachusetts are presented. Guidelines for the future direction of this effort are provided.

Jamnejad, V.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Calibration, testing and orbital performance of the halogen occultation experiment (HALOE) on the upper atmosphere research satellite

HALOE is an occultation viewing radiometer that requires part per million signal precision and characterization. Gas correlation radiometry is used to infer HF HCl, CH4 and NO concentrations, while broad band radiometry is used for temperature, pressure, O3, H2O and NO2. Validated results verify that goals have been met or exceeded in all channels. This was achieved through a comprehensive instrument analysis and calibration process on the ground and in orbit. Components and systems were put through a battery of tests in the lab. In orbit, a variety of exoatmospheric solar disk measurements are used for precise real time inferral of critical calibration parameters. In the end, technical success was based on the close interaction of scientist, engineer and data analysts. The accuracy and precision of HALOE species profiles are equal to any ever achieved from orbiting sensors.

Gordley, Larry L.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Cost effective data system design approach for EOS AM-1

The question of how to design a cost-effective data system for a space-based application with a high aggregate data rate is addressed. The steps used by the EOS AM-1 design team are defined. A summary of the design as of January 1993 is outlined. The AM-1 Science Data system is comprised of one subsystem that ingests, formats, and routes data - the Science Formatting Equipment (SFE), and another that records the data. Key interfaces are the interfaces to the high rate science instruments, the real-time transmitters, and the internal interface between the SFR and the Solid State Recorder. A cost-effective design approach for the AM-1 data system must take into account impacts on ground systems, data processing facilities, availability of data for real-time users, and future spacecraft designs.

Westmeyer, Paul A.↗

NASA NTRS1992

First results from analysis of coordinated AVIRIS, TIMS, and ISM (French) data for the Ronda (Spain) and Beni Bousera (Morocco) peridotites

Ultramafic rocks are relatively rare at the Earth's surface but constitute the vast majority of the Earth by volume. Exposures of ultramafic bodies are therefore crucial for deducing many important processes that occur in the Earth's mantle. An important science question regarding the spatial distribution, abundance, and composition of mafic minerals in ultramafic bodies that can be examined with advanced sensor data is the melting process. When a lherzolite melts, clinopyroxene (cpx) melts first and therefore variations in the modal amount of cpx remaining in the mantle are a reflection of the amount of fractional melting that has occurred. Fe goes preferentially into the melt during melting but a 20 percent batch melting (i.e. closed system) acquires less Fe relative to 20 percent fractional melting (i.e. open system). Since the strength and wavelength of diagnostic absorptions is a strong function of Fe content, it is possible to make maps of the variation in Fe:Mg ratios which can be related to the general melting process. Accurate ground-truth information about local mineralogy provides internal calibration and consistency checks. Investigations using imaging spectrometer are very complementary to field studies because advanced sensor data can provide a synoptic view of modal mineralogy and chemical composition whereas field studies focus on detailed characterization of local areas. Two excellent exposures of ultramafic lithologies are being investigated with visible to mid-infrared imaging spectrometer data: the Ronda peridotite near Ronda, Spain and the Beni Bousera ophiolitic fragment in northern Morocco. Although separated by the Alboran Sea, these bodies are thought to be related and represent fertile sub-continental mantle. The Ronda peridotite is predominantly spinel lherzolite but grades into harzburgite and shows considerable variation in major and trace element compositions. Mafic layering and dykes (i.e. olivine gabbro) are also observed. This indicates some sections of the peridotite have experienced greater degrees of partial melting. The Beni Bousera peridotite also contains mafic layers and dykes and grades into harzburgite representing similar fundamental shifts in the bulk chemistry of this ultramafic body probably related to an episode of partial melting. The specific mode of emplacement of these bodies is controversial and important for understanding the tectonic evolution of this region. Our investigations are not necessarily designed to help resolve this controversy. Rather, these exposures provide excellent and unusual examples of fertile mantle which have undergone variable degrees of partial melting.

Mustard, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS1994

The ESA standard for telemetry and telecommand packet utilisation: PUS

ESA has developed standards for packet telemetry and telecommand, which are derived from the recommendations of the Inter-Agency Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). These standards are now mandatory for future ESA programs as well as for many programs currently under development. However, while these packet standards address the end-to-end transfer of telemetry and telecommand data between applications on the ground and Application Processes on-board, they leave open the internal structure or content of the packets. This paper presents the ESA Packet Utilization Standard (PUS) which addresses this very subject and, as such, serves to extend and complement the ESA packet standards. The goal of the PUS is to be applicable to future ESA missions in all application areas (Telecommunications, Science, Earth Resources, microgravity, etc.). The production of the PUS falls under the responsibility of the ESA Committee for Operations and EGSE Standards (COES).

Kaufeler, Jean-Francois↗