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At least 631 records · Page 35

Optical measurement methods in thermogasdynamics

A review is presented of a number of optical methods of flow measurements. Consideration is given to such spectroscopic methods as emission and absorption techniques, electron beam-stimulated fluorescence, and light scattering - Rayleigh, Raman and Mie - methods. The following visualization methods are also discussed: shadow photography, schlieren photography, interferometry, holographic interferometry, laser anemometry, particle holography, and electron-excitation imaging. A large bibliography is presented and the work is copiously illustrated with figures and photographs.

Stursberg, K.↗

Theoretical study of the scandium and yttrium halides

The X1Sigma(+) ground states and a3Delta excited states of the diatomic halides of Sc and Y are characterized theoretically, using the SDCI coupled-pair functional method and the state-averaged CASSCF method to determine the spectroscopic constants and related properties. The techniques employed are discussed, and the results are presented in extensive tables. The dissociation energies are given as D0 = 6.00 eV for ScF, 4.55 eV for ScCl, 3.90 eV for ScBr, 6.72 eV for YF, 5.36 eV for YCl, and 4.74 eV for YBr.

Langhoff, Stephen R.↗

The study of molecular spectroscopy by ab initio methods

This review illustrates the potential of theory for solving spectroscopic problems. The accuracy of approximate techniques for including electron correlation have been calibrated by comparison with full configuration-interaction calculations. Examples of the application of ab initio calculations to vibrational, rotational, and electronic spectroscopy are given. It is shown that the state-averaged, complete active space self-consistent field, multireference configuration-interaction procedure provides a good approach for treating several electronic states accurately in a common molecular orbital basis.

Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.↗

Stellar multiple systems - Constraints on the mechanism of origin

The discovery rate of premain-sequence binary and multiple systems has increased dramatically over the last few years, providing us with our first insights into the nature of such systems at young ages. The observational data derived from spectroscopic, occultation, speckle, visual, and other techniques are reviewed. Where possible, the premain-sequence binary population is compared with main-sequence systems. These results are interpreted in terms of binary formation mechanisms. While wide binaries (P is greater than 100 yr) are ordinarily explained by a fragmentation process during the collapse of a rotating protostar, the origin of some systems by capture is a possibility. The origin of close systems is not well understood: various processes, such as fragmentation during late stages of collapse, gravitational instabilities in disks, or orbital decay from a longer-period system are examined.

Bodenheimer, Peter↗

Rapid Changes in Mercury's Sodium Exosphere

Sodium in the atmosphere of Mercury can be detected by sunlight scattered in the D1 and D2 resonance lines. Images of the sodium emission show that the sodium density changes from day to day and is often concentrated in regions at high or mid latitudes. Drew Potter (NASA/JSC) and Tom Morgan (SWRI) suggested that sputtering by magnetospheric particles was the origin of the sodium. A problem with this is that the magnetic field of Mercury is strong enough that it is believed to shield the surface from solar particles much of the time, although particle precipitation at the magnetospheric cusps could deposit particles to the surface at high latitudes. Ann Sprague (UA/LPL) noted that the "spots" of sodium emission tended to coincide with major geologic features, such as the Caloris Basin. She proposed that the sodium is released from sodiumrich surface rocks that are associated with these features; however, some spots have appeared where there are no obvious geologic features. Some of the difficulty in ascribing a source for the sodium arises from the effect of terrestrial atmospheric blurring of the image. It is hard to tell exactly where the sodium emission originates after the atmosphere has blurred the image. Potter, Killen (SWRI), and Morgan recently developed a technique for correcting sodium images for atmospheric blurring, using images made with a large-area image slicer. They applied this technique to a series of Mercury sodium observations made in November, 1997 at the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope. Their technique for producing images from the spectroscopic data provides images of both the sodium emission and of the sunlight reflected from the surface.

Potter, Drew↗

Non-Intrusive, Laser-Based Imaging of Jet-A Fuel Injection and Combustion Species in High Pressure, Subsonic Flows

The emphasis of combustion research efforts at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is on collaborating with industry to design and test gas-turbine combustors and subcomponents for both sub- and supersonic applications. These next-generation aircraft combustors are required to meet strict international environmental restrictions limiting emissions. To meet these goals, innovative combustor concepts require operation at temperatures and pressures far exceeding those of current designs. New and innovative diagnostic tools are necessary to characterize these flow streams since existing methods are inadequate. The combustion diagnostics team at GRC has implemented a suite of highly sensitive, nonintrusive optical imaging methods to diagnose the flowfields of these new engine concepts. By using optically accessible combustors and flame-tubes, imaging of fuel and intermediate combustion species via planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) at realistic pressures are now possible. Direct imaging of the fuel injection process through both planar Mie scattering and PLIF methods is also performed. Additionally, a novel combination of planar fuel fluorescence imaging and computational analysis allows a 3-D examination of the flowfield, resulting in spatially and temporally resolved fuel/air volume distribution maps. These maps provide detailed insight into the fuel injection process at actual conditions, thereby greatly enhancing the evaluation of fuel injector performance and other combustion phenomena. Stable species such as CO2, O2, N2, H2O, and hydrocarbons are also investigated by a newly demonstrated 1-D, spontaneous Raman spectroscopic method. This visible wavelength Raman technique allows the acquisition of quantitative, stable species concentration measurements from the flow.

Locke, R. J.↗

Non-Intrusive, Laser-Based Imaging of Jet-A Fuel Injection and Combustion Species in High Pressure, Subsonic Flows

The emphasis of combustion research efforts at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is on collaborating with industry to design and test gas-turbine combustors and subcomponents for both sub- and supersonic applications. These next-generation aircraft combustors are required to meet strict international environmental restrictions limiting emissions. To meet these goals, innovative combustor concepts require operation at temperatures and pressures far exceeding those of cur-rent designs. New and innovative diagnostic tools are necessary to characterize these flow streams since existing methods are inadequate. The combustion diagnostics team at GRC has implemented a suite of highly sensitive, nonintrusive optical imaging methods to diagnose the flowfields of these new engine concepts. By using optically accessible combustors and flametubes, imaging of fuel and intermediate combustion species via planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) at realistic pressures are now possible. Direct imaging of the fuel injection process through both planar Mie scattering and PLIF methods is also performed. Additionally, a novel combination of planar fuel fluorescence imaging and computational analysis allows a 3-D examination of the flowfield, resulting in spatially and temporally resolved fuel/air volume distribution maps. These maps provide detailed insight into the fuel injection process at actual conditions, thereby greatly enhancing the evaluation of fuel injector performance and other combustion phenomena. Stable species such as CO2, O2, N2O. and hydrocarbons are also investigated by a newly demonstrated 1-D, spontaneous Raman spectroscopic method. This visible wavelength Raman technique allows the acquisition of quantitative. stable species concentration measurements from the flow.

Locke, Randy J.↗

Scanning Tunneling Optical Resonance Microscopy Developed

The ability to determine the in situ optoelectronic properties of semiconductor materials has become especially important as the size of device architectures has decreased and the development of complex microsystems has increased. Scanning Tunneling Optical Resonance Microscopy, or STORM, can interrogate the optical bandgap as a function of its position within a semiconductor micro-structure. This technique uses a tunable solidstate titanium-sapphire laser whose output is "chopped" using a spatial light modulator and is coupled by a fiber-optic connector to a scanning tunneling microscope in order to illuminate the tip-sample junction. The photoenhanced portion of the tunneling current is spectroscopically measured using a lock-in technique. The capabilities of this technique were verified using semiconductor microstructure calibration standards that were grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy. Bandgaps characterized by STORM measurements were found to be in good agreement with the bulk values determined by transmission spectroscopy and photoluminescence and with the theoretical values that were based on x-ray diffraction results.

Bailey, Sheila G.↗

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for combustion diagnostics

The types of spectroscopic and collisional measurements that are needed to develop laser-induced fluorescence as a diagnostic technique are discussed, with emphasis placed on combustion measurements. The spectroscopic measurements under collision-free conditions include production of radicals, excitation scan studies, lifetime measurements, and fluorescence scans. The collisional studies discussed here are quenching, energy transfer, and polarization phenomena. The results of recent laboratory experiments are presented.

Crosley, D. R.↗

Development of a narrow stopband filter for spectroscopic fast ion deuterium-alpha measurements

A new technique to attenuate the unshifted deuterium Balmer-alpha (D-alpha) emission is developed and tested for the fast ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic. The unshifted D-alpha emission, at λ = 656.1 nm, is around three orders of magnitude higher than the desired FIDA emission. Blocking the strong emission feature is essential to prevent blooming and light smearing on the CCD chip and scattered light contamination. The new method is a notch filter approach that utilizes the reflection from ultra-narrow bandpass filters to block the saturating signal before it enters the spectrometer. Collimated light from the fibers is reflected off the filter at a 15° angle of incidence. Measurements show that a center wavelength transmission of 0.006 and a blocking full width at half maximum of ~ 1 nm are achieved by using a 200 μm fiber and a 20 mm focal length collimator with two filters.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

New absolute spectroscopic measurement of the solar equatorial rotation rate

An atomic-beam resonance-scattering technique applied to the 7699 A solar potassium absorption line is used to make an absolute spectroscopic determination of the solar equatorial rotation rate. This is believed to be a new method which has not previously been used for studying solar rotation. The measurements were made during 1979-82, initially with a permanent apparatus at Oberlin College and more recently with a portable apparatus installed at the Snow Telescope on Mt. Wilson. After carefully allowing for possible systematic errors, it is concluded that the solar sidereal equatorial rotation rate is 13.8 + or - 0.3 deg/day and that it has not varied significantly over the period of these observations.

Snider, J. L.↗

Vertical resolution of middle atmospheric measurements by ground-based microwave radiometry

The vertical resolution obtainable through measurement of trace constituents in the middle atmosphere by ground-based microwave spectroscopy has remained somewhat ambiguous. In order to explore this question, the Backus-Gilbert (1967, 1968, 1970) inversion technique, which automatically yields quantitative estimates of the inversion spatial resolution was applied to this particular inverse problem. This indicated that the optimum resolution of Backus-Gilbert inversions of microwave spectroscopic measurements is about 10 km. A general technique, based on inversion of delta function simulated profiles, was then developed, for evaluating the resolution of any inversion technique and applied to the Chahine (1970) inversion technique. These results indicated that the optimum resolution of the Chahine technique is about 6 or 7 km, or nearly a factor of 2 better than the equivalent Backus-Gilbert results.

Bevilacqua, Richard M.↗

Spectroscopic analysis of solar and cosmic X-ray spectra. 1: The nature of cosmic X-ray spectra and proposed analytical techniques

Techniques for the study of the solar corona are reviewed as an introduction to a discussion of modifications required for the study of cosmic sources. Spectroscopic analysis of individual sources and the interstellar medium is considered. The latter was studied via analysis of its effect on the spectra of selected individual sources. The effects of various characteristics of the ISM, including the presence of grains, molecules, and ionization, are first discussed, and the development of ISM models is described. The expected spectral structure of individual cosmic sources is then reviewed with emphasis on supernovae remnants and binary X-ray sources. The observational and analytical requirements imposed by the characteristics of these sources are identified, and prospects for the analysis of abundances and the study of physical parameters within them are assessed. Prospects for the spectroscopic study of other classes of X-ray sources are also discussed.

Walker, A. B. C., Jr.↗

Distant Cluster Hunting: A Comparison of X-Ray and Optical Cluster Detection Techniques and Catalogs from the ROSAT Optical X-Ray Survey - II

We present and analyze the optical and X-ray catalogs of moderate-redshift cluster candidates from the ROSA TOptical X-Ray Survey, or ROXS. The survey covers the sky area contained in the fields of view of 23 deep archival ROSA T PSPC pointings, 4.8 square degrees. The cross-correlated cluster catalogs were con- structed by comparing two independent catalogs extracted from the optical and X-ray bandpasses, using a matched-filter technique for the optical data and a wavelet technique for the X-ray data. We cross-identified cluster candidates in each catalog. As reported in Paper 1, the matched-filter technique found optical counter- parts for at least 60% (26 out of 43) of the X-ray cluster candidates; the estimated redshifts from the matched filter algorithm agree with at least 7 of 1 1 spectroscopic confirmations (Az 5 0.10). The matched filter technique. with an imaging sensitivity of ml N 23, identified approximately 3 times the number of candidates (155 candidates, 142 with a detection confidence >3 u) found in the X-ray survey of nearly the same area. There are 57 X-ray candidates, 43 of which are unobscured by scattered light or bright stars in the optical images. Twenty-six of these have fairly secure optical counterparts. We find that the matched filter algorithm, when applied to images with galaxy flux sensitivities of mI N 23, is fairly well-matched to discovering z 5 1 clusters detected by wavelets in ROSAT PSPC exposures of 8000-60,000 s. The difference in the spurious fractions between the optical and X-ray (30%) and IO%, respectively) cannot account for the difference in source number. In Paper I, we compared the optical and X-ray cluster luminosity functions and we found that the luminosity functions are consistent if the relationship between X-ray and optical luminosities is steep (Lx o( L&f). Here, in Paper 11, we present the cluster catalogs and a numerical simulation of the ROXS. We also present color-magnitude plots for several of the cluster candidates, and examine the prominence of the red sequence in each. We find that the X-ray clusters in our survey do not all have a prominent red sequence. We conclude that while the red sequence may be a distinct feature in the color-magnitude plots for virialized massive clusters, it may be less distinct in lower mass clusters of galaxies at even moderate redshifts. Multiple, complementary methods of selecting and defining clusters may be essential, particularly at high redshift where all methods start to run into completeness limits, incomplete understanding of physical evolution, and projection effects.

Donahue, Megan↗

Optical contrast analysis of α -RuCl 3 nanoflakes on oxidized silicon wafers

α-RuCl 3 , a narrow-band Mott insulator with a large work function, offers intriguing potential as a quantum material or as a charge acceptor for electrical contacts in van der Waals devices. In this work, we perform a systematic study of the optical reflection contrast of α-RuCl 3 nanoflakes on oxidized silicon wafers and estimate the accuracy of this imaging technique to assess the crystal thickness. Via spectroscopic micro-ellipsometry measurements, we characterize the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index of α-RuCl 3 nanoflakes of varying thickness in the visible and near-infrared. Building on these results, we simulate the optical contrast of α-RuCl 3 nanoflakes with thicknesses below 100 nm on SiO 2 /Si substrates under different illumination conditions. We compare the simulated optical contrast with experimental values extracted from optical microscopy images and obtain good agreement. Finally, we show that optical contrast imaging allows us to retrieve the thickness of the RuCl 3 nanoflakes exfoliated on an oxidized silicon substrate with a mean deviation of –0.2 nm for thicknesses below 100 nm with a standard deviation of only 1 nm. Our results demonstrate that optical contrast can be used as a non-invasive, fast, and reliable technique to estimate the α-RuCl 3 thickness.

2D materials↗

Solvent-Induced Swelling Behaviors of Microphase-Separated Polystyrene- block -Poly(ethylene oxide) Thin Films Investigated Using In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Block copolymers have attracted considerable interest in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, because these polymers afford well-defined nanostructures via self-assembly. An in-depth understanding of solvent effects on the physicochemical properties of these microdomains is crucial for their preparation and utilization. Herein, we employed in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and single-molecule fluorescence techniques to gain detailed insights into microdomain properties in polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) films exposed to ethanol- and water-saturated N 2 . We observed a quick increase and a subsequent gradual decrease in the ellipsometric thickness of PS-b-PEO films upon exposure to ethanol-saturated N 2 . This observation was unexpected because ethanol-saturated N 2 induced negligible thickness change for PS and PEO homopolymer films. The similarity in maximum thickness gain observed under ethanol- and water-saturated N 2 implied the swelling of PEO microdomains. Ethanol vapor permeation through the PEO microdomains was supported by the red-shift of the ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence emission of Nile red in PS-b-PEO films. Single-molecule tracking data showed the initial enhancement and subsequent reduction of the diffusion of hydrophilic sulforhodamine B molecules in PS-b-PEO films upon exposure to ethanol-saturated N 2 , consistent with the spectroscopic ellipsometry results. Furthermore, the higher ethanol susceptibility of the PEO microdomains was attributable to their amorphous nature, as shown by FTIR data.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Asteroid surface compositions from infrared spectroscopic observations - Results and prospects

Advances in IR detector technology, the increased availability of large aperture telescopes, and the techniques of Fourier transform spectroscopy now permit IR (with wavelengths greater than 1 micron) spectroscopic observations of asteroid surfaces. Asteroids already observed include Ceres, Vesta, and Eros. These initial results demonstrate that such studies can contribute new data concerning asteroid compositions. Some of the most diagnostic features of mineral spectra are in the IR spectral region, and for featureless spectra characterized only by slopes the extension of the spectral reflectivity curve into the IR provides tighter constraints on possible mineralogies. A systematic study of additional asteroids should exploit even further this new observational link to problems of meteorite origin and solar system evolution.

Larson, H. P.↗

Fe‐Triazolate Metal–Organic Frameworks as Water Oxidation Catalysts with Dual Photoanode Functionality

Artificial photosynthesis is an emerging technology that achieves renewable fuels, such as hydrogen, from sunlight. Its realization depends on finding highly active and stable catalysts of water splitting and photoactive materials for light absorption. To be scalable, these should contain only abundant elements. Here, for the first time, Fe-triazolate (Fe(ta) 2 ) and its metal substituted derivatives (Fe-Metal(ta) 2 ) Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are characterized as new dual-function materials for photo-absorption and water oxidation catalysis in acidic media. The materials were studied by a range of structural, spectroscopic, and computational density functional theory (DFT) techniques. Fe(ta) 2 and Fe-Mn(ta) 2 were found to be highly active and stable in chemical and photochemical water oxidation, and in addition function as photoanodes, with photo-electrocatalytic currents (∼2.00 x 10 −3 Acm −2 at + 1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl) at pH = 1. The possibility of a unique catalytic mechanism where O─O bond formation is possible from the coupling of two adjacent Fe IV = O fragments was demonstrated by DFT analysis. Thus, Fe-triazolate MOF has been established as a new, stable, scalable, versatile, and efficient platform for sustainable energy conversion in the realm of artificial photosynthesis.

Artificial photosynthesis↗