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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model Version 8.3

This model package report documents the groundwater flow component of the Plateau to River Groundwater Model (P2R Model), which is a groundwater flow and contaminant fate and transport (F&T) simulation model used to support remedial activities conducted by CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company at the Hanford Site in Washington State. The objective of this report is to describe the modeling objectives, conceptualization, model implementation, calibration, sensitivity, uncertainty, configuration control, limitations, and future model enhancements of the groundwater flow component of the P2R Model.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

AI for Science: Report on the Department of Energy (DOE) Town Halls on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Science

The report documents the DOE Town Halls held during 2019 at Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and in Washington, DC. From July to October 2019, the Argonne, Oak Ridge, and Berkeley National Laboratories hosted a series of four town hall meetings attended by more than 1,000 U.S. scientists and engineers. The goal of the town hall series was to examine scientific opportunities in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data, and high-performance computing (HPC) in the next decade, and to capture the big ideas, grand challenges, and next steps to realizing these opportunities. In this report and in the Department of Energy (DOE) laboratory community, we use the term “AI for Science” to broadly represent the next generation of methods and scientific opportunities in computing, including the development and application of AI methods (e.g., machine learning, deep learning, statistical methods, data analytics, automated control, and related areas) to build models from data and to use these models alone or in conjunction with simulation and scalable computing to advance scientific research. The AI for Science town hall discussions focused on capturing the transformational uses of AI that employ HPC and/or data analysis, leveraging data sets from HPC simulations or instruments and user facilities, and addressing scientific challenges unique to DOE user facilities and the agency’s wide-ranging fundamental and applied science enterprise.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Residue Specific Characterization of Electrostatics, Conformational Heterogeneity, and Dynamics of Electron Transfer Proteins with Linear and Nonlinear Infrared Spectroscopy. Final Report

The goal of this research project was to further our understanding of biological electron transfer through the development and application of new methods for studying proteins and their complexes with high spatial and temporal detail. The approach was based on incorporation of reporter bonds with distinct vibrational frequencies at specific locations in proteins and their characterization through the interaction of the bonds with pulses of infrared light. The project focused on the proteins plastocyanin (Pc) and cytochrome (cyt) f, two electron transfer partners in photosynthesis. The first thrust of the project was the incorporation of carbon deuterium bonds as non-perturbative probes at a ligand to the copper ion of Pc and their use to detect changes in the bonding due to the number of electrons at the metal and how the bonding changes upon association with cyt f. Toward developing more advanced approaches to characterize proteins, we incorporated a stronger reporter, the cyano group of cyanophenylalanine, at several locations in Pc and measured the frequency dynamics in the absence and presence of cyt f. The acquired data improved the current model for the protein complex. Notably, the data indicated that the majority of the population is involved in a loosely bound complex, providing insight into the nature of the ensembles formed by electron transfer protein complexes that is not available via other approaches. In addition to learning about the protein complex, we made strides toward developing and improving the new experimental approach to study highly dynamic behaviors of proteins.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Final Report – Cooperative Research and Development Agreement between National Energy Technology Laboratory and Praxair, Inc.

Praxair and DOE-NETL entered into a collaborative research and development agreement (CRADA) in March 2019 to evaluate economic viability of chemical looping processes for hydrogen, CO, and syngas production in comparison to state-of-the-art conventional processes. Praxair had developed process configurations for producing hydrogen and CO using chemical looping processes. NETL had modeling and system design experience for the chemical looping reactor system. The goal for NETL is to provide performance and design information regarding the chemical looping portion of a potential commercial plant. Praxair’s goal is to evaluate chemical looping processes and try to identify a process that can be commercially relevant within a few years. A key to success for the program will be to develop a chemical looping reactor system that enables significant capital cost reduction and performance improvement for the overall process. This report describes chemical looping-based CO production process, chemical looping reactor system and oxygen carrier material as well as summary of technoeconomic analysis results. Also included in the report are a list of assumptions that were used for designing the chemical looping plant and a list of areas for further study required to validate some of these assumptions in future efforts. The initial goal was to design two chemical looping plants. Case 1 would produce 1 MM scfd Hydrogen from NG, and Case 2 would co-produce hydrogen and 5 MM scfd CO from NG. However, later in the collaboration, it was decided to drop Case 1 as Case 2 process already included hydrogen production.

Bayham, Samuel↗
DOE OSTI2020

Phase Equilibria and Thermochemistry of Advanced Fuels: Modeling Burnup Behavior (Final Report)

Achieving the goal of developing advanced fuel concepts that meet the DOE objectives of being robust, demonstrating high performance, and are more tolerant of accident conditions than current fuel systems will require a thorough understanding of the thermophysical and thermochemical properties of the constituent materials. Non-oxide fuel systems are being explored under the Advanced Fuels Program that hold significant promise for improved performance and accident tolerance, including the uranium silicide-based system considered in the current work. Prospective cladding materials currently considered that contribute to improved accident tolerance include silicon carbide composites and ferritic alloys (Fe-Cr-Al base compositions). Thus, the effort developed thermochemical models and values, supported with targeted experiments, to evaluate the ferritic alloy and silicon carbide composite cladding systems in contrast to current zirconium alloy cladding. The developed detailed understanding will serve to aid in relatively early screening of candidate systems to avoid wasted effort, guide development of new fuel forms, and to provide a basis for predicting and modeling fuel performance. Major deliverables for the project included: Thermochemical assessment and models of phases in the U-Si and U-Si-N systems; thermochemical evaluation supported by experimental measurements of fuel-cladding interactions of silicide fuel with baseline zirconium, ceramic composite, and ferritic alloy cladding; thermochemical assessment and models of phases supported by experimental measurements for silicide fuel with key fission products provided in a dataset and reported in refereed publications. Within the project a significantly refined U-Si phase diagram was developed and reported that now includes homogeneity ranges for key phases, such at the U 3 Si 2 proposed fuel phase, and settles issues with regard to uncertainty in the stability of some phases. Computational efforts together with key experiments has determined phase formation in interactions between U 3 Si 2 and Zircaloy-4 cladding material, a ferritic FeCrAlY alloy of interest as an advanced cladding material, and silicon carbide, also of interest as a fiber-reinforced composite cladding. As expected, very significant reactions occur between U3Si2 and Zircaloy-4, with much less interaction at higher temperatures for the ferritic alloy, and finally interactions with SiC only in the region of contact. A potentially major issue is the stability of U 3 Si 2 fuel that has undergone significant burnup. The result is the loss of the uranium metal, liberating silicon, and the formation of concomitant fission product elements that either dissolve in the U 3 Si 2 phase or form independent, and possibly silicide phases. A combination of experimental determinations of phase formation of U 3 Si 2 reacted with representative fission products yttrium, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, and molybdenum and first principles calculations has helped understand the fuel chemistry. The behavior of the U 3 Si 2 phase and the partitioning of silicon to possible fission product phases with burnup was thus determined, with significant dissolution in U 3 Si 2 of cerium, gadolinium, zirconium, and plutonium predicted along with independent phase formation of a U-Mo-Si ternary phase, yttrium silicide, and elemental selenium. It can be concluded that at significant burnup there will be a very minor amount of the U 3 Si 2 fuel phase that will decompose to a lower silicide or a uranium alloy as silicon preferentially forms a secondary phase.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Composite Analysis for Low Level Waste Disposal in the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site (FY2019 Annual Status Report)

In accordance with DOE M 435.1-1 requirements and as implemented by DOE/RL-2000-29, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Richland Operations Office has prepared this annual summary for fiscal year (FY) 2019. Originally reported in PNNL-11800 and PNNL-11800, Addendum 1, the Hanford Site Composite Analysis was approved through issuance of a 2002 memorandum. As required by DOE/RL-2000-29, an annual evaluation of new information and data developed by a number of onsite programs was completed. The reporting period for this annual evaluation is FY 2019 (October 1, 2018, through September 30, 2019). The information provided in this evaluation includes activities performed in FY 2019 that are considered pertinent to the Hanford Site Composite Analysis - information that could change source terms considered, and monitoring, research, and development results.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

W.A. Parish Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture and Sequestration Demonstration Project (Final Technical Report)

The Petra Nova Project (Project) is a commercial scale post-combustion carbon capture project developed by a joint venture between NRG Energy, Inc. (NRG) and JX Nippon Oil Exploration (EOR) Limited (JX). The Project is designed to separate and capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from an existing coal-fired unit’s flue gas slipstream at NRG’s W.A. Parish Electric Generating Station (WAP) located southwest of Houston, Texas. The captured CO2 is dried, compressed, and transported via an 81-mile pipeline to the West Ranch oilfield (West Ranch) in Jackson County, Texas, where it is injected to boost oil production. The Project, which is partially funded by a grant (Grant) from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) under the Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI) Round 3, uses the Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide Recovery advanced amine-based CO 2 absorption technology (KM-CDR Process®), which was jointly developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) and the Kansai Electric Power Co. Inc., to treat and capture at least ninety percent (90%) of the CO 2 from a 240-megawatt equivalent (MWe) flue gas slipstream off of Unit 8 at WAP. When operating at full capacity, the Project captures approximately 5,200 short tons of CO 2 per day, which would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere, representing the largest commercial scale deployment of post-combustion CO2 capture technology at a coal power plant to date. Under the Grant, the Project was managed in 3 phases: (1) Phase 1: Project Definition / Front End Engineering Design (FEED) (2) Phase 2: Detailed Engineering, Procurement & Construction (3) Phase 3: Demonstration and Monitoring. On December 29, 2016, commercial operation of the Project was achieved, ending Phase 2 and starting Phase 3, a 3-year demonstration period running from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019. The key objectives of Phase 3 were to (a) demonstrate the specific advanced technologies constructed during Phase 2 and (b) monitor the injected CO 2 at West Ranch to demonstrate technologies and protocols for monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA). As of the end of Phase 3, Petra Nova captured 3,904,978 short tons of CO 2 (3,542,537 metric tons) that was transported to West Ranch. To support the DOE obligation to monitor, verify, and account for the sequestered CO 2 at West Ranch, Petra Nova contracted with the Bureau of Economic Geology (in the Jackson School of Geosciences at The University of Texas at Austin) to (a) design a monitoring program, (b) draft an MVA Plan for DOE review and approval, and (c) working with Petra Nova and the operator of West Ranch to manage and report on the MVA activity. This report discussed the technical aspects of the project during each of the 3 phases of the project as identified above.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

DARMA/vt FY20 Mid-Year Status Report

The goal of this report is to provide a comprehensive status report of the research & development conducted in the context of the DARMA project by the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2020. It follows in particular [LBS+19] and [PL19].

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

EBS Task Force: Task 9/FEBEX Modeling Final Report: Thermo-Hydrological Modeling with PFLOTRAN

This report outlines Sandia National Laboratories modeling studies applied to Stage 1 and Stage 2 of the Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment in Crystalline Host Rock (FEBEX) in situ test for the SKB EBS Task Force Task 9. The FEBEX test was a full-scale test conducted over ~18 years at the Grimsel, Switzerland Underground Research Laboratory (URL) managed by NAGRA. It involved emplacing simulated waste packages, in the form of welded cylindrical heaters, inside a tunnel in crystalline granitic rock and surrounded by a bentonite barrier and cement plug. Sensors emplaced within the bentonite monitored the wetting-up, heating, and drying out of the bentonite barrier, and the large resulting data set provides an excellent opportunity for validation of multiphysics Thermal-Hydrological (TH), Thermal-Hydrologic-Chemical (THC), and Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical (THM) modeling approaches for underground nuclear waste storage and the performance of engineered bentonite barriers. The present status of the EBS Task Force is finalizing Task 9, which follows years of modeling studies of the FEBEX test, by many notable modeling teams (Gens et al., 2009; Sanchez et al. 2010; 2012; Samper et al., 2018). These modeling studies generally use two-dimensional axisymmetric meshes, ignoring threedimensional effects, gravity and asymmetric wetting and dry out of the bentonite engineered barrier. This study investigates these effects with use of the PFLOTRAN THC code with massively parallel computational methods in modeling FEBEX Stage 1 and Stage 2 results. The PFLOTRAN numerical code is an open source, state-of-the-art, massively parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport code operating in a high-performance computing environment (Hammond et al., 2014). Section 2 describes the applied partial differential equations describing mass, momentum and energy balance used in this study, considerations derived by assuming phase equilibrium between gas and liquid phases, constitutive equations for granite, cement plug, and bentonite domains, and specific approaches for use inthe PFLOTRAN code. Section 3 describes the geometry, meshing, and model set-up. Section 4 describes modeling results, Section 5 compares modeling results to field testing data, and Section 6 gives conclusions. The Appendix provides detailed information required by the EBSTask Force for final reporting.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

WNR Facility FP90L Visual Inspection Report

An external and internal visual inspection of FP90L was performed March 2020. This report presents the results from this visual inspection, detailing individual components and their relative location along FP90L within the WNR facility bulk shield. This report will present the data gathered from this visual inspection. Then, utilizing available facility drawings as well as LIDAR data from surveys performed in the spring/summer of 2019, this inspection data will be merged with previous efforts and studies regarding the WNR facility to document a more complete representation of the current state of WNR FP90L.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

2020 State of the Science Report, Chapter 14: Summary and Path Forward

The 2020 State of the Science report collates and presents the current understanding of interactions between marine renewable energy (MRE) systems and the marine environment, with an emphasis on their effects on marine animals, habitats, and oceanographic systems, using publicly available information. The report places this information in context through lessons learned from research studies in the laboratory and in the field, modeling simulations, and deployments; monitoring around demonstration, pilot, and small commercial MRE projects; and identifies gaps in knowledge and makes recommendations for filling those gaps. In addition, strategies for moving toward a consistent and effective consenting or permitting (hereafter consenting) process and management of the potential effects of MRE development are highlighted. The status and recommendations from each of the priority interactions between MRE devices and the environment are summarized here, and the management strategies for facilitating development are discussed. Finally, a path forward toward commercial MRE development is explored. https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-14-summary-path-forward

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2020

MCNP calculations concerning the UW 137 Cs release event (Final Report)

This document supersedes earlier reports (LA-UR-19-32358 and LA-UR-20-22216) that discussed MCNP-calculated conversion factors (count rate per unit activity per unit area) for collimated 2”x2” NaI detectors (Ludlum model 44-10 and Thermo model SPA3) in contact with duct and plenum walls. Specifically, for duct and plenum dimensions and construction details of interest to the University of Washington ¹³⁷Cs release event. This document also corrects some of the data presented in the earlier LA-UR reports.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Engineered Barrier Systems (FY19 Report)

This report describes research and development (R&D) activities conducted during fiscal year 2019 (FY19) specifically related to the Engineered Barrier System (EBS) R&D Work Package in the Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) Campaign supported by the United States (U.S.) Department of Eneregy (DOE). The R&D activities focus on understanding EBS component evolution and interactions within the EBS, as well as interactions between the host media and the EBS. A primary goal is to advance the development of process models that can be implemented directly within the Genreric Disposal System Analysis (GDSA) platform or that can contribute to the safety case in some manner such as building confidence, providing further insight into the processes being modeled, establishing better constraints on barrier performance, etc.The FY19 EBS activities involved not only modeling and analysis work, but experimental work as well. The report documents the FY19 progress made in seven different research areas as follows: (1) thermal analysis for the disposal of dual purpose canisters (DPCs) in sedimentary host rock using the semianalytical method, (2) tetravalent uranium solubility and speciation, (3) modeling of high temperature, thermal-hydrologic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupled processes, (4) integration of coupled thermalhydrologic- chemical (THC) model with GDSA using a Reduced-Order Model, (5) studying chemical controls on montmorillonite structure and swelling pressure, (6) transmission x-ray microscope for in-situ nanotomography of bentonite and shale, and (7) in-situ electrochemical testing of uranium dioxide under anoxic conditions. The R&D team consisted of subject matter experts from Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), the University of California Berkeley, and Mississippi State University. In addition, the EBS R&D work leverages international collaborations to ensure that the DOE program is active and abreast of the latest advances in nuclear waste disposal. For example, the FY19 work on modeling coupled THMC processes at high temperatures relied on the bentonite properties from the Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment (FEBEX) Field Test conducted at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. Overall, significant progress has been made in FY19 towards developing the modeling tools and experimental capabilities needed to investigate the performance of EBS materials and the associated interactions in the drift and the surrounding near-field environment under a variety of conditions including high temperature regimes.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Advanced Engine and Fuel Technologies Annual Progress Report (FY2019)

On behalf of the Vehicle Technologies Office of the U.S. Department of Energy, we are pleased to introduce the Fiscal Year (FY) 2019 Annual Progress Report for the Advanced Engine and Fuel Technologies Program. In support of the Vehicle Technology Office’s goal for future U.S. economic growth, the Program focuses on early-stage research and development to improve understanding of combustion processes, fuel properties, and emissions control technologies, generating knowledge and insight necessary for industry to cost-effectively develop the next generation of engines and fuels. One of the most promising and cost-effective approaches to improving the fuel economy of the U.S. vehicle fleet is to introduce the next generation of higher-efficiency, very-low-emission combustion engines that meet future federal emissions regulations into the passenger and commercial vehicle markets. Advanced fuel formulations that can incorporate non-petroleum-based blending agents could further enhance engine efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide fuel diversification. Also, innovations in combustion, fuels, emissions control, air control, turbomachinery, and energy recovery could potentially increase fuel economy considerably compared to today’s vehicles. The expected national economic, environmental, and energy security benefits from these next-generation engines and fuels would be significant inasmuch as the majority of vehicles sold over the next several decades will still include an engine. The Program has set the following goals for passenger and commercial vehicle fuel economy improvements. By 2030, increase light-duty engine efficiency to demonstrate 35% improvement in passenger vehicle fuel economy (25% improvement from engine efficiency and 10% from fuel co-optimization) relative to a 2015 baseline vehicle, while meeting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Tier 3 Emission and Fuel Standards. By 2030, improve heavy-duty engine efficiency by 35% relative to a 2009 baseline vehicle and identify cost-effective high-performance fuels that can further increase efficiency up to an additional 4%, while meeting prevailing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards. The Program utilized advanced combustion processes to increase engine efficiency, resulting in a modeled passenger vehicle fuel economy improvement of 19.4% (over a Model Year 2015 baseline) in FY 2019. This report highlights progress achieved by the Advanced Engine and Fuel Technologies Program during FY 2019. The nature, current focus, and recent progress of the Program are described together with summaries of National Laboratory, industry, and university projects that provide an overview of the exciting work being conducted to address critical technical barriers and challenges to commercializing the next generation of higher-efficiency engine, emissions control, and fuel technologies for passenger and commercial vehicles.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrification Annual Progress Report (FY2019)

During fiscal year 2019 (FY 2019), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) funded early stage research & development (R&D) projects that address Batteries and Electrification of the U.S. transportation sector. The VTO Electrification Sub-Program is composed of Electric Drive Technologies, and Grid Integration activities. The Electric Drive Technologies group conducts R&D projects that advance electric motors and power electronics technologies. The Grid and Charging Infrastructure group conducts R&D projects that advance grid modernization and electric vehicle charging technologies. This document presents a brief overview of the Electrification Sub-Program and progress reports for its R&D projects. Each of the progress reports provide a project overview and highlights of the technical results that were accomplished in FY 2019.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

FY2019 Technology Integration Annual Progress Report

The 2019 Technology Integration Annual Progress Report covers 30 multi-year projects funded by the Vehicle Technologies Office. The report includes information on 23 competitively awarded projects, ranging from safety training and design for maintenance facilities housing gaseous fuel vehicles, to electric vehicle community partner programs, to truck platooning with advanced driver assistance systems. It also includes seven projects conducted by several of VTO’s National Laboratory partners, Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. These projects range from a Technical Assistance project for business, industry, government and individuals, to the EcoCar Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition, and the Fuel Economy Information Project.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Radiolysis Data for Hydrogen Gas Generation During Gamma Irradiation of Pre-Corroded and Pristine Aluminum Samples - An Aluminum SNF Dry Storage Study Interim Report

Information and data from radiolysis testing to measure hydrogen (H₂) generated from hydrated oxides on aluminum exposed to ⁶⁰Co radiation were reviewed to evaluate hydrogen generation with radiation dose. Hydrogen generation rate is a primary input to the coupled thermal-chemical system model of the performance of aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel in a dry storage canister (ASNF-in-canister) over its storage life. Hydrogen generation data and hydrogen generation rate (hydrogen generated per absorbed radiation dose, $\Delta$(H₂)/$\Delta$(dose)) were reported in two reports for radiolysis testing [1, 2]. The testing involved first-time data¹ for radiolytic yield of hydrogen from hydrated-oxides-on-aluminum substrates, and from pristine (non-corroded) aluminum substrates. The laboratory-grown hydrated-oxides-on-aluminum substrates contained a ~ 5 μm film consisting of the trihydroxide bayerite (Al(OH)₃) with amounts of the oxyhydroxide boehmite (AlOOH). These specimens were assumed to also contain physisorbed water (unquantified). The pristine substrates were flat coupons of aluminum that were ground to a 600-grit finish but were not immersed in water to grow a hydrated oxide. The pristine substrates were tested as companion specimens to provide information on hydrogen generation from material without chemisorbed water and were assumed to contain physisorbed water (unquantified).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

SRNL Coulometer for LANL - SRNL-Testing 2020 (Final Report)

SRNL fabricated two coulometers that have been delivered to LANL. All testing for electrical components is performed by R&D engineering and the results are attached to this report. Instrument testing for the first instrument was completed on August 2018 and installation at LANL was completed February 2019. This report addresses testing performed at FH Analytical Laboratory for the second instrument that arrived at LANL on June 5th, 2020. The testing is performed using Plutonium working standards. The instrument was kept in a radiologically clean area. The component calibration of the second LANL coulometer was completed in SRNL Building 723-A.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗