Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “multispectral imaging”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2014

Geologic Mapping of Ejecta Deposits in Oppia Quadrangle, Asteroid (4) Vesta

Oppia Quadrangle Av-10 (288-360 deg E, +/- 22 deg) is a junction of key geologic features that preserve a rough history of Asteroid (4) Vesta and serves as a case study of using geologic mapping to define a relative geologic timescale. Clear filter images, stereo-derived topography, slope maps, and multispectral color-ratio images from the Framing Camera on NASA's Dawn spacecraft served as basemaps to create a geologic map and investigate the spatial and temporal relationships of the local stratigraphy. Geologic mapping reveals the oldest map unit within Av-10 is the cratered highlands terrain which possibly represents original crustal material on Vesta that was then excavated by one or more impacts to form the basin Feralia Planitia. Saturnalia Fossae and Divalia Fossae ridge and trough terrains intersect the wall of Feralia Planitia indicating that this impact basin is older than both the Veneneia and Rheasilvia impact structures, representing Pre-Veneneian crustal material. Two of the youngest geologic features in Av-10 are Lepida (approximately 45 km diameter) and Oppia (approximately 40 km diameter) impact craters that formed on the northern and southern wall of Feralia Planitia and each cross-cuts a trough terrain. The ejecta blanket of Oppia is mapped as 'dark mantle' material because it appears dark orange in the Framing Camera 'Clementine-type' colorratio image and has a diffuse, gradational contact distributed to the south across the rim of Rheasilvia. Mapping of surface material that appears light orange in color in the Framing Camera 'Clementine-type' color-ratio image as 'light mantle material' supports previous interpretations of an impact ejecta origin. Some light mantle deposits are easily traced to nearby source craters, but other deposits may represent distal ejecta deposits (emplaced greater than 5 crater radii away) in a microgravity environment.

Asteroids↗
NASA NTRS1983

High-density Schottky barrier IRCCD sensors for remote sensing applications

It is pointed out that the ambitious goals envisaged for the next generation of space-borne sensors challenge the state-of-the-art in solid-state imaging technology. Studies are being conducted with the aim to provide focal plane array technology suitable for use in future Multispectral Linear Array (MLA) earth resource instruments. An important new technology for IR-image sensors involves the use of monolithic Schottky barrier infrared charge-coupled device arrays. This technology is suitable for earth sensing applications in which moderate quantum efficiency and intermediate operating temperatures are required. This IR sensor can be fabricated by using standard integrated circuit (IC) processing techniques, and it is possible to employ commercial IC grade silicon. For this reason, it is feasible to construct Schottky barrier area and line arrays with large numbers of elements and high-density designs. A Pd2Si Schottky barrier sensor for multispectral imaging in the 1 to 3.5 micron band is under development.

Elabd, H.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multispectral and thermal surface imagery and surface elevation mosaics - Pendleton Feb 2023

This data set contains high-resolution image products (orthomosaics) acquired from midsized uncrewed aerial systems that have been processed for value-added quality. The instrument Altum multispectral imager by Micasense, captures in six bands (blue - 475nm, green - 560nm, red - 668nm, red edge - 717nm, near-infrared - 840 and LWIR/thermal - 11000nm. The optical bands are converted to reflectance via custom code using the instantaneous band horizontal irradiance ratio to the radiance of the pixel. The code used to develop these images first uses tools from the Micasense Python library to apply dark level corrections, row gradient corrections, and radiometric corrections. Next, it uses the processing API from Agisoft Metashape software to align and mosaic the processed imagery, following the processes developed by the USGS' structure from motion workflow documentation. Captures from different altitudes are used to produce an orthomosaic at each height. A tif image containing information related to the six spectral bands, and a digital elevation model (DEM), a tif image containing information related to the elevation of the surveyed terrain. 1 https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-281.pdf 2 https://micasense.github.io/imageprocessing/MicaSense%20Image%20Processing%20Setup.html 3 https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1039/ofr20211039.pdf

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multispectral and thermal surface imagery and surface elevation mosaics - SGP July 2022

This data set contains high-resolution image products (orthomosaics) acquired from midsized uncrewed aerial systems that have been processed for value-added quality. The instrument itself, a multispectral imager, the Altum by Micasense, captures six spectral bands (red, green blue, NIR, red edge, and LWIR/thermal1) as radiance, which is converted to reflectance via custom code. The code used to develop these images first uses tools from the Micasense Python library2 to apply dark level corrections, row gradient corrections, and radiometric corrections. Next, it uses the processing API from Agisoft Metashape software to align and mosaic the processed imagery, following the processes developed by the USGS' structure from motion workflow documentation.3 Captures at different altitudes (recorded in MSL) produce an orthomosaic, a tif image containing information related to the six spectral bands, and a digital elevation model (DEM), a tif image containing information related to the elevation of the surveyed terraine. Metadata included in every image can be used to extract lat, lon, and reflectance values. 1 https://www.arm.gov/publications/tech_reports/handbooks/doe-sc-arm-tr-281.pdf 2 https://micasense.github.io/imageprocessing/MicaSense%20Image%20Processing%20Setup.html 3 https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1039/ofr20211039.pdf

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1993

Predicting LANDSAT MSS endmember signatures from corresponding higher resolution TM fraction images

The approach to predicting Landsat Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) endmember signatures from fraction images derived from high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data is presented. The purpose, conducted in the Mogi-Guacu study site located in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was to determine if information derived from a mixture model applied to higher resolution TM data could serve as ground truth for the lower resolution MSS sensor. The Constrained Least Squares (CLS) method was used to generate vegetation, soil, and shade fraction images from the TM data. The resulting images were then used to estimate the endmember spectral response for MSS data by regressing each MSS spectral channel against the corresponding proportion values estimated for the same resolution cells from the TM mixture model. The evaluation of the predicted signatures was performed by comparing the corresponding fraction images derived from both the MSS and TM data acquired on 14 Sep. 1986. The techniques serves as a potential tool for integrating information in global studies where remote sensors with different spectral and spatial resolutions were used.

Shimabukuro, Yosio E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Landsat image data quality studies

Preliminary results of the Landsat-4 Image Data Quality Analysis (LIDQA) program to characterize the data obtained using the Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument on board the Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 satellites are reported. TM design specifications were compared to the obtained data with respect to four criteria, including spatial resolution; geometric fidelity; information content; and image relativity to Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data. The overall performance of the TM was rated excellent despite minor instabilities and radiometric anomalies in the data. Spatial performance of the TM exceeded design specifications in terms of both image sharpness and geometric accuracy, and the image utility of the TM data was at least twice as high as MSS data. The separability of alfalfa and sugar beet fields in a TM image is demonstrated.

Schueler, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Utilization of an Airborne Plant Chlorophyll Imaging System for Detection of Septic System Malfunction

Malfunctioning, or leaking, sewer systems increase the supply of water and nutrients to surface vegetation. Excess nutrients and harmful bacteria in the effluent pollute ground water and local water bodies and are dangerous to humans and the aquatic ecosystems. An airborne multispectral plant chlorophyll imaging system (PCIS) was used to identify growth patterns in the vegetation covering onsite and public sewer systems. The objective was to evaluate overall performance of the PCIS as well as to determine the best operational configuration for this application. The imaging system was flown in a light aircraft over selected locations Mobile County, Alabama. Calibration panels were used to help characterize instrument performance. Results demonstrated that the PCIS performed well and was capable of detecting septic leakage patterns from altitudes as high as 915 m. From 915 m, 6 of 18 sites were suspected to have sewage leakage. Subsequent ground inspections confirmed leakage on 3 of the 6 sites. From 610 m, 3 of 8 known leakage sites were detected. Tree cover and shadows near residential structures prevented detection of several known malfunctioning systems. Also some leakages known to occur in clear areas were not detected. False detections occurred in areas characterized by surface water drainage problems or recent excavation.

Spiering, Bruce A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Multispectral and geomorphic studies of processed Voyager 2 images of Europa

High resolution images of Europa taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft were used to study a portion of Europa's dark lineations and the major white line feature Agenor Linea. Initial image processing of images 1195J2-001 (violet filter), 1198J2-001 (blue filter), 1201J2-001 (orange filter), and 1204J2-001 (ultraviolet filter) was performed at the U.S.G.S. Branch of Astrogeology in Flagstaff, Arizona. Processing was completed through the stages of image registration and color ratio image construction. Pixel printouts were used in a new technique of linear feature profiling to compensate for image misregistration through the mapping of features on the printouts. In all, 193 dark lineation segments were mapped and profiled. The more accurate multispectral data derived by this method was plotted using a new application of the ternary diagram, with orange, blue, and violet relative spectral reflectances serving as end members. Statistical techniques were then applied to the ternary diagram plots. The image products generated at LPI were used mainly to cross-check and verify the results of the ternary diagram analysis.

Meier, T. A.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Real-Time On-Board Processing Validation of MSPI Ground Camera Images

The Earth Sciences Decadal Survey identifies a multiangle, multispectral, high-accuracy polarization imager as one requirement for the Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystem (ACE) mission. JPL has been developing a Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (MSPI) as a candidate to fill this need. A key technology development needed for MSPI is on-board signal processing to calculate polarimetry data as imaged by each of the 9 cameras forming the instrument. With funding from NASA's Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) Program, JPL is solving the real-time data processing requirements to demonstrate, for the first time, how signal data at 95 Mbytes/sec over 16-channels for each of the 9 multiangle cameras in the spaceborne instrument can be reduced on-board to 0.45 Mbytes/sec. This will produce the intensity and polarization data needed to characterize aerosol and cloud microphysical properties. Using the Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA including PowerPC440 processors we have implemented a least squares fitting algorithm that extracts intensity and polarimetric parameters in real-time, thereby substantially reducing the image data volume for spacecraft downlink without loss of science information.

Earth Sciences Decadal Survey↗
NASA NTRS1974

Geological photointerpretation of the Paraguana Peninsula using ERTS-A multispectral photography

A methodology was developed to evaluate multispectral analysis of orbital imagery on the interpretation of geology, coastal geomorphology and sedimentary processes. The images analyzed were obtained during the pass of ERTS satellite over the center region of Venezuela on October 19, 1972. ERTS-1 multispectral images in black and white paper copies and transparencies of the 4 bands and false color composites at scales of 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000 were interpreted. Lithology and outcrop patterns of the following geological formations have been interpreted: igneous and metamorphic basement of Cocodite and Santa Ana, Jurassic-Cretaceous metamorphics of Pueblo Nuevo, Cantaure Miocene-Pliocene sediments, and Quaternary alluvium, dunes, beach ridges, bars and reefs. A prominent and extensive Paraguana tonal anomaly shaped as an 8 has been discovered at the NW of the Peninsula. Its erosional origin has exposed light toned lower beds at the center, with additional evidence of topographic depression and development of underground drainage of karst origin. Coastal geomorphology, its processes and energy has been interpreted with the help of wind direction analysis (ENE-WSW) at sea level through the orientation of transported materials (water vapor, water and sediments) by clouds, waves, sea current, plumes of suspended sediments associated to river outlets, dunes, sediment sources and shore-line orientation.

Albrizzio, C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Optical data processing and projected applications of the ERTS-1 imagery covering the 1973 Mississippi River Valley floods

Flooding along the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries was imaged by the multispectral scanner (MSS) on the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) on at least three orbits during the spring of 1973. The ERTS data provided the first opportunity for mapping the regional extent of flooding at the time the imagery was acquired. Special optical data processing techniques were used to produce a variety of multispectral color composites which enhanced floodplain details. One of these, a two-color composite of near infrared bands 6 and 7, was enlarged and registered to 1:250,0OO-scale topographic maps and used as the basis for preparation of flood image maps. Two specially filtered three-color composites of MSS bands 5, 6, and 7 and 4, 5, and 7 were prepared to aid in the interpretation of the data. The extent of the flooding was vividly depicted on a single image by two-color temporal composites produced on the additive-color viewer using band 7 flood data superimposed on pre-flood band 7 images. On May 24, when the floodwaters at St. Louis receded to bankfull stage, imagery was again obtained by ERTS. Analysis of temporal data composites of the pre-flood and post-flood band 7 images indicate that changes in surface reflectance characteristics caused by the flooding can be delineated, thus making it possible to map the overall area flooded without the necessity of a real-time system to track and image the peak flood waves. Regional planning and disaster relief agencies such as the Corps of Engineers, Office of Emergency Preparedness, Soil Conservation Service, interstate river basin commissions and state agencies, as well as private lending and insurance institutions, have indicated strong potential applications for ERTS image-maps of flood-prone areas.

Morris Deutsch↗
NASA NTRS1974

Earth Observatory Satellite system definition study. Report 5: System design and specifications. Volume 7: Specification for EOS low cost readout station

The functional, performance, and design requirements for the Low Cost Readout Station (LCRS) which supports the Earth Observatory Satellite (EOS) data system are described. The basic LCRS consists of all hardware and software needed to acquire and track the EOS-A or EOS-B satellite and receive, record, process, and annotate the instrument data from the satellites. The LCRS also provides appropriate interfaces with the unique local user provided display and extractive processing equipment. The LCRS has the capability of acquiring image data from the EOS-A and the EOS-B satellites over a ground area defines by a 500 kilometer radius from the coordinates of the station. The LCRS is also capable of receiving and processing both, but not simultaneously, full five band Multispectral Scanner (MSS) image data and various modes of the Compacted Thematic (CTM) data.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

LANDSAT-1 and LANDSAT-2 flight evaluation report

The LANDSAT-1 spacecraft was launched from the Western Test Range on 23 July 1972, at 18:08:06.508Z. The launch and orbital injection phase of the space flight was nominal and deployment of the spacecraft followed predictions. Orbital operations of the spacecraft and payload subsystems were satisfactory through Orbit 147, after which an internal short circuit disabled one of the Wideband Video Tape Recorders (WBVTR-2). Operations resumed until Orbit 196, when the Return Beam Vidicon failed to respond when commanded off. The RBV was commanded off via alternate commands. LANDSAT-1 continued to perform its imaging mission with the Multispectral Scanner and the remaining Wideband Video Tape Recorder providing image data.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

Urban land use monitoring from computer-implemented processing of airborne multispectral data

Machine processing techniques were applied to multispectral data obtained from airborne scanners at an elevation of 600 meters over central Indianapolis in August, 1972. Computer analysis of these spectral data indicate that roads (two types), roof tops (three types), dense grass (two types), sparse grass (two types), trees, bare soil, and water (two types) can be accurately identified. Using computers, it is possible to determine land uses from analysis of type, size, shape, and spatial associations of earth surface images identified from multispectral data. Land use data developed through machine processing techniques can be programmed to monitor land use changes, simulate land use conditions, and provide impact statistics that are required to analyze stresses placed on spatial systems.

Todd, W. J.↗
DOE OSTI2021

NASA's surface biology and geology designated observable: A perspective on surface imaging algorithms

The 2017-2027 National Academies' Decadal Survey, Thriving on Our Changing Planet, recommended Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) as a "Designated Targeted Observable" (DO). The SBG DO is based on the need for capabilities to acquire global, high spatial resolution, visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR; 380 - 2500 nm; ~30 m pixel resolution) hyperspectral (imaging spectroscopy) and multispectral midwave and thermal infrared (MWIR: 3-5 µm; TIR: 8-12 µm; ~60 m pixel resolution) measurements with sub-monthly temporal revisits over terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal marine habitats. To address the various mission design needs, an SBG Algorithms Working Group of multidisciplinary researchers has been formed to review and evaluate the algorithms applicable to the SBG DO across a wide range of Earth science disciplines, including terrestrial and aquatic ecology, atmospheric science, geology, and hydrology. Here, we summarize current state-of-the-practice VSWIR and TIR algorithms that use airborne or orbital spectral imaging observations to address the SBG DO priorities identified by the Decadal Survey: (i) terrestrial vegetation physiology, functional traits, and health; (ii) inland and coastal aquatic ecosystems physiology, functional traits, and health; (iii) snow and ice accumulation, melting, and albedo; (iv) active surface composition (eruptions, landslides, evolving landscapes, hazard risks); (v) effects of changing land use on surface energy, water, momentum, and carbon fluxes; and (vi) managing agriculture, natural habitats, water use/quality, and urban development. We review existing algorithms in the following categories: snow/ice, aquatic environments, geology, and terrestrial vegetation, and summarize the community-state-of-practice in each category. Finally, this effort synthesizes the findings of more than 130 scientists.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1998

Surface Emissivity Derived From Multispectral Satellite Data

Surface emissivity is critical for remote sensing of surface skin temperature and infrared cloud properties when the observed radiance is influenced by the surface radiation. It is also necessary to correctly compute the longwave flux from a surface at a given skin temperature. Surface emissivity is difficult to determine because skin temperature is an ill-defined parameter. The surface-emitted radiation may arise from a range of surface depths depending on many factors including soil moisture, vegetation, surface porosity, and heat capacity. Emissivity can be measured in the laboratory for pure surfaces. Transfer of laboratory measurements to actual Earth surfaces, however, is fraught with uncertainties because of their complex nature. This paper describes a new empirical approach for estimating surface skin temperature from a combination of brightness temperatures measured at different infrared wavelengths with satellite imagers. The method uses data from the new Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager to determine multispectral emissivities from the skin temperatures derived over the ARM Southern Great Plains domain.

Minnis, P.↗
NASA NTRS2021

NASA's Surface Biology and Geology Designated Observable: A Perspective on Surface Imaging Algorithms

The 2017–2027 National Academies’ Decadal Survey, Thriving on Our Changing Planet, recommended Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) as a “Designated Targeted Observable” (DO). The SBG DO is based on the need for capabilities to acquire global, high spatial resolution, visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR; 380–2500 nm; ~30 m pixel resolution) hyperspectral (imaging spectroscopy) and multispectral midwave and thermal infrared (MWIR: 3–5 μm; TIR: 8–12 μm; ~60 m pixel resolution) measurements with sub-monthly temporal revisits over terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal marine habitats. To address the various mission design needs, an SBG Algo-rithms Working Group of multidisciplinary researchers has been formed to review and evaluate the algorithms applicable to the SBG DO across a wide range of Earth science disciplines, including terrestrial and aquatic ecology, atmospheric science, geology, and hydrology. Here, we summarize current state-of-the-practice VSWIR and TIR algorithms that use airborne or orbital spectral imaging observations to address the SBG DO priorities identified by the Decadal Survey: (i) terrestrial vegetation physiology, functional traits, and health; (ii) inland and coastal aquatic ecosystems physiology, functional traits, and health; (iii) snow and ice accumulation, melting, and albedo; (iv) active surface composition (eruptions, landslides, evolving landscapes, hazard risks); (v) effects of changing land use on surface energy, water, momentum, and carbon fluxes; and (vi) managing agriculture, natural habitats, water use/quality, and urban development. We review existing algorithms in the following categories: snow/ice, aquatic environments, geology, and terrestrial vegetation, and summarize the community-state-of-practice in each category. This effort synthesizes the findings of more than 130 scientists.

Aquatic↗
NASA NTRS1972

Spectral reflectance measurements of plant soil combinations

Field and laboratory observations of plant and soil reflectance spectra were made to develop an understanding of the reflectance of solar energy by plants and soils. A related objective is the isolation of factors contributing to the image formed by multispectral scanners and return beam vidicons carried by ERTS or film-filter combinations used in the field or on aircraft. A set of objective criteria are to be developed for identifying plant and soil types and their changing condition through the seasons for application of space imagery to resource management. This is because the global scale of earth observations satellites requires objective rather than subjective techniques, particularly where ground truth is either not available or too costly to acquire. As the acquiring of ground truth for training sets may be impractical in many cases, attempts have been made to identify objectively standard responses which could be used for image interpretation.

Macleod, N. H.↗