Thermal infrared properties of the Martian atmosphere. III - Local dust clouds
Prior to and during the Martian global dust storms in 1977, local dust clouds were identified from thermal observations. Local dust clouds appear up to 40 K cooler than the surrounding region in the daytime and appear warm at night. In contrast to their well-developed and consistent thermal signatures, local dust clouds exhibited little albedo contrast. Multiple observations of the same areas show that local dust clouds form and dissipate in a few days or less, and clouds were observed to move with velocities of from 14 to at least 32 m/sec. Local dust clouds are common along the receding edge of the south polar cap (observed primarily for orbiter imaging) and in the restricted area -10 deg to -30 deg, 80 deg to 125 deg W (observed primarily by the infrared thermal mapper); several of the latter occurred over a ridge in Claritas Fossae, indicating strong topographic control. In their active growing stage, local dust clouds are probably about 8 km high and have relatively abrupt tops. The accumulation of dust from local clouds reached similar levels immediately prior to both global storms, supporting the hypothesis that such dust accumulations are responsible for triggering the global dust storms.