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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2014

Spinoff 2013

Topics covered include: Innovative Software Tools Measure Behavioral Alertness; Miniaturized, Portable Sensors Monitor Metabolic Health; Patient Simulators Train Emergency Caregivers; Solar Refrigerators Store Life-Saving Vaccines; Monitors Enable Medication Management in Patients' Homes; Handheld Diagnostic Device Delivers Quick Medical Readings; Experiments Result in Safer, Spin-Resistant Aircraft; Interfaces Visualize Data for Airline Safety, Efficiency; Data Mining Tools Make Flights Safer, More Efficient; NASA Standards Inform Comfortable Car Seats; Heat Shield Paves the Way for Commercial Space; Air Systems Provide Life Support to Miners; Coatings Preserve Metal, Stone, Tile, and Concrete; Robots Spur Software That Lends a Hand; Cloud-Based Data Sharing Connects Emergency Managers; Catalytic Converters Maintain Air Quality in Mines; NASA-Enhanced Water Bottles Filter Water on the Go; Brainwave Monitoring Software Improves Distracted Minds; Thermal Materials Protect Priceless, Personal Keepsakes; Home Air Purifiers Eradicate Harmful Pathogens; Thermal Materials Drive Professional Apparel Line; Radiant Barriers Save Energy in Buildings; Open Source Initiative Powers Real-Time Data Streams; Shuttle Engine Designs Revolutionize Solar Power; Procedure-Authoring Tool Improves Safety on Oil Rigs; Satellite Data Aid Monitoring of Nation's Forests; Mars Technologies Spawn Durable Wind Turbines; Programs Visualize Earth and Space for Interactive Education; Processor Units Reduce Satellite Construction Costs; Software Accelerates Computing Time for Complex Math; Simulation Tools Prevent Signal Interference on Spacecraft; Software Simplifies the Sharing of Numerical Models; Virtual Machine Language Controls Remote Devices; Micro-Accelerometers Monitor Equipment Health; Reactors Save Energy, Costs for Hydrogen Production; Cameras Monitor Spacecraft Integrity to Prevent Failures; Testing Devices Garner Data on Insulation Performance; Smart Sensors Gather Information for Machine Diagnostics; Oxygen Sensors Monitor Bioreactors and Ensure Health and Safety; Vision Algorithms Catch Defects in Screen Displays; and Deformable Mirrors Capture Exoplanet Data, Reflect Lasers.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2015

Dynamic Modeling of Ascent Abort Scenarios for Crewed Launches

For the last 30 years, the United States's human space program has been focused on low Earth orbit exploration and operations with the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs. After nearly 50 years, the U.S. is again working to return humans beyond Earth orbit. To do so, NASA is developing a new launch vehicle and spacecraft to provide this capability. The launch vehicle is referred to as the Space Launch System (SLS) and the spacecraft is called Orion. The new launch system is being developed with an abort system that will enable the crew to escape launch failures that would otherwise be catastrophic as well as probabilistic design requirements set for probability of loss of crew (LOC) and loss of mission (LOM). In order to optimize the risk associated with designing this new launch system, as well as verifying the associated requirements, NASA has developed a comprehensive Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) of the integrated ascent phase of the mission that includes the launch vehicle, spacecraft and ground launch facilities. Given the dynamic nature of rocket launches and the potential for things to go wrong, developing a PRA to assess the risk can be a very challenging effort. Prior to launch and after the crew has boarded the spacecraft, the risk exposure time can be on the order of three hours. During this time, events may initiate from either of the spacecraft, the launch vehicle, or the ground systems, thus requiring an emergency egress from the spacecraft to a safe ground location or a pad abort via the spacecraft's launch abort system. Following launch, again either the spacecraft or the launch vehicle can initiate the need for the crew to abort the mission and return to the home. Obviously, there are thousands of scenarios whose outcome depends on when the abort is initiated during ascent as to how the abort is performed. This includes modeling the risk associated with explosions and benign system failures that require aborting a spacecraft under very dynamic conditions, particularly in the lower atmosphere, and returning the crew home safely. This paper will provide an overview of the PRA model that has been developed of this new launch system, including some of the challenges that are associated with this effort. Key Words: PRA, space launches, human space program, ascent abort, spacecraft, launch vehicles

Bigler, Mark↗
NASA NTRS2015

Dynamic Modeling of Ascent Abort Scenarios for Crewed Launches

For the last 30 years, the United States' human space program has been focused on low Earth orbit exploration and operations with the Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs. After over 40 years, the U.S. is again working to return humans beyond Earth orbit. To do so, NASA is developing a new launch vehicle and spacecraft to provide this capability. The launch vehicle is referred to as the Space Launch System (SLS) and the spacecraft is called Orion. The new launch system is being developed with an abort system that will enable the crew to escape launch failures that would otherwise be catastrophic as well as probabilistic design requirements set for probability of loss of crew (LOC) and loss of mission (LOM). In order to optimize the risk associated with designing this new launch system, as well as verifying the associated requirements, NASA has developed a comprehensive Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) of the integrated ascent phase of the mission that includes the launch vehicle, spacecraft and ground launch facilities. Given the dynamic nature of rocket launches and the potential for things to go wrong, developing a PRA to assess the risk can be a very challenging effort. Prior to launch and after the crew has boarded the spacecraft, the risk exposure time can be on the order of three hours. During this time, events may initiate from either the spacecraft, the launch vehicle, or the ground systems, thus requiring an emergency egress from the spacecraft to a safe ground location or a pad abort via the spacecraft's launch abort system. Following launch, again either the spacecraft or the launch vehicle can initiate the need for the crew to abort the mission and return home. Obviously, there are thousands of scenarios whose outcome depends on when the abort is initiated during ascent and how the abort is performed. This includes modeling the risk associated with explosions and benign system failures that require aborting a spacecraft under very dynamic conditions, particularly in the lower atmosphere, and returning the crew home safely. This paper will provide an overview of the PRA model that has been developed of this new launch system, including some of the challenges that are associated with this effort.

Bigler, Mark↗
NASA NTRS2014

Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination VII: Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Six Stardust Interstellar Candidates Measured with the Advanced Photon Source 2-ID-D Microprobe

The NASA Stardust spacecraft exposed an aerogel collector to the interstellar dust passing through the solar system. We performed X-ray fluorescence element mapping and abundance measurements, for elements 19 < or = Z < or = 30, on six "interstellar candidates," potential interstellar impacts identified by Stardust@Home and extracted for analyses in picokeystones. One, I1044,3,33, showed no element hot-spots within the designated search area. However, we identified a nearby surface feature, consistent with the impact of a weak, high-speed particle having an approximately chondritic (CI) element abundance pattern, except for factor-of-ten enrichments in K and Zn and an S depletion. This hot-spot, containing approximately 10 fg of Fe, corresponds to an approximately 350 nm chondritic particle, small enough to be missed by Stardust@Home, indicating that other techniques may be necessary to identify all interstellar candidates. Only one interstellar candidate, I1004,1,2, showed a track. The terminal particle has large enrichments in S, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn relative to Fe-normalized CI values. It has high Al/Fe, but does not match the Ni/Fe range measured for samples of Al-deck material from the Stardust sample return capsule, which was within the field-of-view of the interstellar collector. A third interstellar candidate, I1075,1,25, showed an Al-rich surface feature that has a composition generally consistent with the Al-deck material, suggesting that it is a secondary particle. The other three interstellar candidates, I1001,1,16, I1001,2,17, and I1044,2,32, showed no impact features or tracks, but allowed assessment of submicron contamination in this aerogel, including Fe hot-spots having CI-like Ni/Fe ratios, complicating the search for CI-like interstellar/interplanetary dust.

Stardust↗
NASA NTRS2016

Wind-US Users Guide Version 3.0

Wind-US is a computational platform which may be used to numerically solve various sets of equations governing physical phenomena. Currently, the code supports the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations of fluid mechanics, along with supporting equation sets governing turbulent and chemically reacting flows. Wind-US is a product of the NPARC Alliance, a partnership between the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) and the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC) dedicated to the establishment of a national, applications-oriented flow simulation capability. The Boeing Company has also been closely associated with the Alliance since its inception, and represents the interests of the NPARC User's Association. The "Wind-US User's Guide" describes the operation and use of Wind-US, including: a basic tutorial; the physical and numerical models that are used; the boundary conditions; monitoring convergence; the files that are read and/or written; parallel execution; and a complete list of input keywords and test options. For current information about Wind-US and the NPARC Alliance, please see the Wind-US home page at http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/winddocs/ and the NPARC Alliance home page at http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/. This manual describes the operation and use of Wind-US, a computational platform which may be used to numerically solve various sets of equations governing physical phenomena. Wind-US represents a merger of the capabilities of four CFD codes - NASTD (a structured grid flow solver developed at McDonnell Douglas, now part of Boeing), NPARC (the original NPARC Alliance structured grid flow solver), NXAIR (an AEDC structured grid code used primarily for store separation analysis), and ICAT (an unstructured grid flow solver developed at the Rockwell Science Center and Boeing).

Navier-Stokes equation↗
NASA NTRS2016

Wind-US Users Guide Version 4.0

Wind-US is a computational platform which may be used to numerically solve various sets of equations governing physical phenomena. Currently, the code supports the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations of fluid mechanics, along with supporting equation sets governing turbulent and chemically reacting flows. Wind-US is a product of the NPARC Alliance, a partnership between the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) and the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC) dedicated to the establishment of a national, applications-oriented flow simulation capability. The Boeing Company has also been closely associated with the Alliance since its inception, and represents the interests of the NPARC User's Association. The "Wind-US User's Guide" describes the operation and use of Wind-US, including: a basic tutorial; the physical and numerical models that are used; the boundary conditions; monitoring convergence; the files that are read and/or written; parallel execution; and a complete list of input keywords and test options. For current information about Wind-US and the NPARC Alliance, please see the Wind-US home page at http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/winddocs/ and the NPARC Alliance home page at http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/.

fluid dynamics↗
NASA NTRS2017

Beyond Control Centers

For NASA's Resource Prospector (RP) Lunar Rover Mission, we are moving away from a control center concept, to a fully distributed operation utilizing control nodes, with decision support from anywhere via mobile devices. This operations concept will utilize distributed information systems, notifications, mobile data access, and optimized mobile data display for off-console decision support. We see this concept of operations as a step in the evolution of mission operations from a central control center concept to a mission operations anywhere concept. The RP example is part of a trend, in which mission expertise for design, development and operations is distributed across countries and across the globe. Future spacecraft operations will be most cost efficient and flexible by following this distributed expertise, enabling operations from anywhere. For the RP mission we arrived at the decision to utilize a fully distributed operations team, where everyone operates from their home institution, based on evaluating the following factors: the requirement for physical proximity for near-real time command and control decisions; the cost of distributed control nodes vs. a centralized control center; the impact on training and mission preparation of flying the team to a central location. Physical proximity for operational decisions is seldom required, though certain categories of decisions, such as launch abort, or close coordination for mission or safety-critical near-real-time command and control decisions may benefit from co-location. The cost of facilities and operational infrastructure has not been found to be a driving factor for location in our studies. Mission training and preparation benefit from having all operators train and operate from home institutions.

Operations↗
NASA NTRS2019

Controlled Rest: Profile of Use, Challenges, and Best Practices

Despite the introduction of flight, duty, and rest time regulations to reduce the risk of sleepiness, airline pilots often encounter elevated sleepiness during flight. To combat this sleepiness, in some instances, pilots can take a short nap on the flight deck (controlled rest) to improve their alertness. Little is known, however, as to when and how often this countermeasure is used operationally. Methods: Forty-four pilots from a European carrier wore actiwatches and filled in an electronic sleep and work diary for approximately 2 weeks resulting in data from 239 flights. Self-reported in-flight rest periods were used to set rest intervals and sleep was estimated within these intervals using Philips Actiware 6.0.9. Wake threshold selection was set to medium; sleep threshold detection algorithm was set to 10 immobile minutes at sleep onset and sleep end. Timing of sleep periods was analyzed relative to home base time. Results: Preliminary analyses showed that controlled rest was taken on 46% (n=110) of flights. On 23 flights (10%) pilots reported taking two controlled rest periods. Sleep, as estimated by actigraphy, was achieved during 80% (n=106) of controlled rest periods. The mean sleep duration was 32 (± 12) minutes estimated within successful controlled rest periods. Approximately two-thirds (67.5%, n=81) of all rest periods were initiated during home base time night (0000h-0800h). On 11% (n=26) of flights, pilots also reported taking bunk rest (longer rest period in a designated sleeping facility).Conclusion:This study shows that controlled rest is commonly used as a countermeasure to sleepiness on the flight deck. Further analysis is required to determine what other factors contribute to the decision to take controlled rest, and how effective it is in reducing sleepiness on the flight deck.

Hilditch, Cassie J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Examining Circadian Disadvantages in the National Basketball Association's (NBA) Playoffs

Introduction: Prior research on travel in the National Basketball Association’s (NBA) regular season has shown that teams journeying west relative to their home base face circadian disadvantages for evening games, while those traveling east have advantages. The current study extends previous research by examining these effects within the NBA playoffs. We hypothesized that teams would have a greater circadian advantage during eastward compared to westward travel. Methods: In 2013, the NBA implemented a 7-game series playoff structure, in which teams play an alternating home/away 2-2-1-1-1 format for the Finals. Data for all 499 postseason games played during the 2013-14 to 2018-2019 seasons were collected from Basketball-Reference and FiveThirtyEight. We investigated the impact of direction of travel based on home base city (same time zone, westward, eastward) and time zones traveled on actual game outcomes, Elo rating differences (i.e., a team quality metric based on wins and losses), Elo predicted win probability, and team scoring for visiting teams. Results: Teams had lower Elo predicted win probabilities following 3-hour westward than same time zone and all eastward travel, while 3-hour eastward travel related to higher probabilities of winning compared to same time zone and all westward travel (p < .02, d > .95). Teams travelling westward with 2-hour time changes lost significantly more games than those experiencing 1-hour westward (p = .04, OR = 2.45), 1-hour eastward (p = .05, OR = 2.34), and 3-hour eastward changes (p = .02, OR = 4.68). Scoring was significantly higher following eastward travel compared to both westward (p = .001, d = 0.60) and same time zone travel (p = .003, d = 0.44). There were no statistically clear differences in team quality based on overall direction of travel or number of time zones traveled, and game outcomes based on direction of travel (p > .05). Conclusion: Overall direction of travel was related to team scoring, while number of time zones traveled was associated with Elo predicted win probability and game outcomes. Generally, teams travelling eastward and within the same time zone gained an advantage over those travelling westward. Adjustment to travel and time zone changes appear to influence certain aspects of in-game performances and outcomes in the NBA playoffs.

circadian misalignment↗
NASA NTRS2020

Mitigating fatigue on the flight deck: how is controlled rest used in practice?

Controlled Rest (CR) refers to a short, voluntary nap opportunity taken by pilots on the flight deck as a countermeasure to unanticipated sleepiness in flight. This study explores the profile of CR use in a long-haul commercial airline. Forty-four pilots wore actiwatches and filled in an application-based sleep/work diary for approximately 2 weeks resulting in complete records from 239 flights. Timing of sleep periods and flight schedules were analyzed relative to home-base time. Pearson correlations were used to assess the influence of pilot demographics on CR use. A mixed-effects logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of schedule factors on CR. CR was taken on 46% (n=110) of flights, with 80% (n=106/133) of all CR attempts estimated by actigraphy to have successfully achieved sleep. Average sleep duration during successful rest periods was estimated as 31.7 ± 12.2 minutes. CR was more frequent on return (60%, n=71) vs. outbound flights (33%, n=39); 2-pilot (69%, n=83) vs. >2-pilot flights (23%, n=27); <10h (63%, n=80) vs. >10h duration flights (27%, n=30); and night (55%, n=76) vs. day flights (34%, n=34) (all p≤0.001). There was no significant difference for direction of travel (eastbound: 51%, n= 57; westbound: 40%, n= 44; p=0.059). Of note, 22% (n=26) of augmented flights contained both CR and bunk rest. Data from this airline show that CR is most commonly used as a countermeasure to sleepiness on flights <10h duration (2-pilot crews) and home-base nighttime flights. Future studies are required to determine the generalizability of these results to other airlines.

sleepiness↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Controlled Rest: Investigating the Use of an In-Flight Sleepiness Countermeasure

INTRODUCTION: Sleepiness is commonly reported amongst commercial airline pilots and is recognized as a safety risk due to its impact on performance. Controlled Rest (CR) refers to a short, voluntary nap opportunity taken by pilots on the flight deck as a countermeasure to unanticipated sleepiness in flight. This study explores the profile of CR use in a long-haul commercial airline. METHODS: Forty-four pilots filled in an application-based sleep/work diary and wore actiwatches for approximately 2 weeks. Complete data sets from 239 flights including sleep diaries, actigraphy, and schedules were merged and analyzed. Sleep diary entries were used to set CR intervals in the actigraphy software, which was then used to predict sleep within these intervals. All time-stamps of sleep periods and flight schedules were adjusted for home-base time of the pilots. Pearson Correlations were used to assess the influence of pilot demographics on CR use. A mixed-effects logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of schedule factors on CR. RESULTS: Pilots reported taking CR on 46% (n=110) of observed flights. Average CR attempt duration was 43.1 ± 11.0 minutes. Eighty-percent (n=106/133) of all CR attempts were estimated by actigraphy to have successfully achieved sleep with an average sleep duration during successful rest periods of 31.7 ± 12.2 minutes. Captains reported taking CR on 38% of flights (n=39/102), compared to First Officers reporting 52% (n=71/137) of flights with CR (p=0.131). Age, experience, BMI, and sleep need were not associated with the percentage of flights with CR (all p>0.244). The following schedule factors were associated with a higher frequency of CR: night (55%, n=76) vs. day flights (34%, n=34); <10h (63%, n=80) vs. >10h duration flights (27%, n=30); return (60%, n=71) vs. outbound flights (33%, n=39); and 2-pilot (69%, n=83) vs. >2-pilot flights (23%, n=27) (all p≤0.001). There was a trend for more CR on eastbound flights, but this was not significant (eastbound: 51%, n= 57; westbound: 40%, n= 44; p=0.059). Of note, 22% (n=26) of augmented flights (>2-pilots) contained both CR and Bunk Rest (in a designated rest facility). DISCUSSION: Data from this airline show that pilots commonly use CR to mitigate sleepiness in-flight, especially on flights <10h duration and during home-base nighttime flights. Future studies are required to determine generalizability of these results to other airlines.

sleepiness↗
NASA NTRS2021

Commanding Curiosity from the Couch: MSL Remote Operations, Challenges, and Path Ahead

This paper describes how the Mars ScienceLaboratory (MSL) project prepared for and successfully beganCuriosity rover Mars operations from their homes in responseto the COVID-19 work-from-home orders. In a very shortperiod, the team developed procedures and executed a remoteoperations readiness test in parallel with the team's support fornominal operations. Continuing regular rover operations withan entirely remote team had not previously been consideredfeasible due to a variety of factors. These included both thehuman factors, such as multiple concurrent person-to-personinteractions of the uplink planning team, as well as technicalfactors, such as reliance on powerful workstations dedicated tographically intensive software tools used for planning. The testwas conducted on March 12th, with both the downlink anduplink teams successfully simulating a near full planning day.The JPL administration announced the transition to mandatorytelework on Monday, March 16th. MSL stood down the uplinkplanning originally scheduled for the next day while downlinkcontinued monitoring the rover. Full operations then resumedper schedule with nearly the entire operations team teleworkingon Friday, March 20th, during which the team planned roveractivities for three Martian days (sols). These activities includedthe successful drilling of the "Edinburgh" rock target, a highlycomplex contact science activity.As of October 1st, 2020, the Mars Science Laboratory missionoperations team has conducted 88 remote tactical uplink shiftsfor a total of 190 sols of planned rover activity, which accountsfor more than 6% of the mission to date. In this period the roverhas completed four drilling campaigns and driven over 1150meters towards its next major science target – a sulfate bearinggeologic unit at the foot of Mount Sharp. Success has not beenwithout its challenges. Many of these have been addressed whileothers will remain in some form until the team can safely returnto JPL, which in turn is the largest challenge for the future.

Stroupe, Ashley↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Calorie and Macronutrient Intake

Introduction: Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) has been associated with increased calorie intake and increased consumption of fats and carbohydrates, with inconsistent changes in protein. However, the majority of studies have either been observational field studies with no sleep intervention, or laboratory-based studies where food availability may not have reflected participants’ real-world choices. We hypothesized that calorie, fat, and carbohydrate intake would increase during a week of imposed CSR compared to a week of sleep satiation (SS) among individuals living in their home environment. Methods: Twelve healthy participants (6 females) kept a fixed sleep-wake schedule, with a constant waketime, at home for four weeks (actigraphy confirmed compliance). During weeks one and three, participants maintained 9 hours in bed. During weeks two and four, participants were randomly assigned to experimental weeks of 5 and 9 hours of time-in-bed in a crossover design. Participants documented their food consumption during both experimental weeks using a picture-based meal logging application (MealLogger). Intake of calories and macronutrients were classified by two blinded evaluators. Descriptive statistics were calculated in SAS (Cary, NC). Results: Participants averaged 4.43 ± 0.33 (SD) hours of sleep per night during CSR compared to 7.42 ± 0.42 hours during SS. Participants consumed a daily average of 1812 ± 672 kilocalories, 71 ± 31 grams of total fat, 217 ± 69 grams of carbohydrates, and 84 ± 40 grams of protein during CSR, compared to 1682 ± 514 kilocalories, 68 ± 23 grams of total fat, 198 ± 61 grams of carbohydrates, and 77 ± 32 grams of protein during SS. Conclusion: Preliminary descriptive findings suggest that, on average, participants consumed more calories, from an increase in consumption of each macronutrient group, during a week of sleep restriction compared to a week of sleep satiation. Further analysis is needed to determine whether these differences are statistically different and to identify when calories were consumed in each of the experimental conditions.

chronic sleep restriction↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Light as a Reactive Countermeasure to Sleep Inertia: Translating Laboratory Findings to the Field

Sleep inertia describes the brief period of impaired alertness, mood, and cognitive performance experienced after waking. Under laboratory settings, light exposure upon waking during a habitual sleep period has been shown to improve sleep inertia symptoms. We investigated whether a field-deployable light-emitting device would help to mitigate sleep inertia in a real-world setting. Thirty-six participants (18 female; 26.6 years ± 6.1) completed an at-home, within-subject, randomized crossover study. Participants followed their habitual sleep-wake schedule for five nights before an adaptation and experimental night. Forty-five minutes after bedtime on the experimental night, participants received a phone call and were instructed to wear light-emitting glasses with the light either on (light condition) or off (control). A 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), visual analog scales of mood (VASmood), and a 3-minute descending subtraction task (DST) were performed starting at +2, +12, +22, and +32 minutes after the call. Participants then went back to sleep and were called 45 minutes after lights out for the opposite condition. A series of mixed-effects models were performed with fixed effects of test bout, condition, test bout × condition, and a random effect of participant. Covariates included pre-sleep baseline scores, randomization order, sex, and sleep history. Participants rated themselves as more alert and energetic in the light condition compared to the control condition (VASalert-sleepy p = .01; VASlethargic-energetic p = .001). There was no effect of condition for DST outcomes, but there was a significant improvement in DST total responses in the light condition in a subset of participants waking from N3 (p = .03). There was a significant effect of condition for PVT outcomes, with faster responses (p < .001) and fewer lapses (p < .001) in the control condition. Our results under naturalistic at-home settings suggest that, similar to the in-laboratory study findings, the light intervention improved subjective alertness and mood, while working memory improved after waking from N3. Future studies of light interventions should include measures of visual acuity and comfort to assess the full feasibility and efficacy of interventions in real-world environments.

sleep inertia↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Light as a Reactive Countermeasure to Sleep Inertia: Translating Laboratory Findings to the Field

Sleep inertia describes the brief period of impaired alertness, mood, and cognitive performance experienced after waking. Under laboratory settings, light exposure upon waking during a habitual sleep period has been shown to improve sleep inertia symptoms. We investigated whether a field-deployable light-emitting device would help to mitigate sleep inertia in a real-world setting.\ Thirty-six participants (18 female; 26.6 years ± 6.1) completed an at-home, within-subject, randomized crossover study. Participants followed their habitual sleep-wake schedule for five nights before an adaptation and experimental night. Forty-five minutes after bedtime on the experimental night, participants received a phone call and were instructed to wear light-emitting glasses with the light either on (light condition) or off (control). A 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), visual analog scales of mood (VASmood), and a 3-minute descending subtraction task (DST) were performed starting at +2, +12, +22, and +32 minutes after the call. Participants then went back to sleep and were called 45 minutes after lights out for the opposite condition. A series of mixed-effects models were performed with fixed effects of test bout, condition, test bout × condition, and a random effect of participant. Covariates included pre-sleep baseline scores, randomization order, sex, and sleep history. Participants rated themselves as more alert and energetic in the light condition compared to the control condition (VASalert-sleepy p = .01; VASlethargic-energetic p = .001). There was no effect of condition for DST outcomes, but there was a significant improvement in DST total responses in the light condition in a subset of participants waking from N3 (p = .03). There was a significant effect of condition for PVT outcomes, with faster responses (p < .001) and fewer lapses (p < .001) in the control condition. Our results under naturalistic at-home settings suggest that, similar to the in-laboratory study findings, the light intervention improved subjective alertness and mood, while working memory improved after waking from N3. Future studies of light interventions should include measures of visual acuity and comfort to assess the full feasibility and efficacy of interventions in real-world environments.

sleep inertia↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Light as a Reactive Countermeasure to Sleep Inertia: Translating Laboratory Findings to the Field

Sleep inertia describes the brief period of impaired alertness, mood, and cognitive performance experienced after waking. Under laboratory settings, light exposure upon waking during a habitual sleep period has been shown to improve sleep inertia symptoms. We investigated whether a field-deployable light-emitting device would help to mitigate sleep inertia in a real-world setting. Thirty-six participants (18 female; 26.6 years ± 6.1) completed an at-home, within-subject, randomized crossover study. Participants followed their habitual sleep-wake schedule for five nights before an adaptation and experimental night. Forty-five minutes after bedtime on the experimental night, participants received a phone call and were instructed to wear light-emitting glasses with the light either on (light condition) or off (control). A 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), visual analog scales of mood (VASmood), and a 3-minute descending subtraction task (DST) were performed starting at +2, +12, +22, and +32 minutes after the call. Participants then went back to sleep and were called 45 minutes after lights out for the opposite condition. A series of mixed-effects models were performed with fixed effects of test bout, condition, test bout × condition, and a random effect of participant. Covariates included pre-sleep baseline scores, randomization order, sex, and sleep history. Participants rated themselves as more alert and energetic in the light condition compared to the control condition (VASalert-sleepy p = .01; VASlethargic-energetic p = .001). There was no effect of condition for DST outcomes, but there was a significant improvement in DST total responses in the light condition in a subset of participants waking from N3 (p = .03). There was a significant effect of condition for PVT outcomes, with faster responses (p < .001) and fewer lapses (p < .001) in the control condition. Our results under naturalistic at-home settings suggest that, similar to the in-laboratory study findings, the light intervention improved subjective alertness and mood, while working memory improved after waking from N3. Future studies of light interventions should include measures of visual acuity and comfort to assess the full feasibility and efficacy of interventions in real-world environments.

sleep inertia↗
NASA NTRS2023

A Regional Map of Mangrove Extent for Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia Shows Losses of 44% By 1996

Southeast Asia is home to some of the planet’s most carbon-dense and biodiverse mangrove ecosystems. There is still much uncertainty with regards to the timing and magnitude of changes in mangrove cover over the past 50 years. While there are several regional to global maps of mangrove extent in Southeast Asia over the past two decades, data prior to the mid-1990s is limited due to the scarcity of Earth Observation data of sufficient quality and the historical limitations to publicly available EO. We present a classification of mangrove extent using Landsat 1-2 MSS Tier 2 data from 1972-1977 for three Southeast Asian countries: Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia. Mangrove extent land cover maps were generated using a Random Forest machine learning algorithm that effectively mapped a total of 15,420.51 km2. Accuracy assessments indicated that the classification for the mangrove and non-mangrove class had a producer’s accuracy of 79.63 % and 98.24 %a user’s accuracy of 89.58 % and 96.21 %, and an overall accuracy of 95.26 % . We found a decline of 6,830 km2 between the 1970’s and 2020, showing that44.29% of the mangrove area in these countries has been lost in the past 48 years. Most of this loss occurred between the 1970’s and 1996; rates of deforestation declined dramatically after 1996. This study also urges that these results be considered within the context of the local need for these coastal resources that helped them endure the political and financial challenges of their coastal homes.

Priscilla Baltezar↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Results for the Subjective Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire From HERA C5 and C6

BACKGROUND The impact of habitability on psychological and performance outcomes is recognized as an important factor in habitat and vehicle design—especially as missions increase in length. Formal evaluation of habitability’s impact is possible using the Spaceflight Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ), which was psychometrically validated by Roma et al. in 2022 [1]. The SHAQ survey systematically quantifies the relationships between habitat areas (e.g., bedroom, kitchen, hygiene area, office, etc.) and behavioral health and performance (BHP) outcomes (i.e., individual and team performance, mood, stress, sleep, social interaction), and considers the moderating effects of key habitability aspects (i.e., privacy, control, convenience, efficiency, comfort, social density) on that relationship. METHOD Respondents were HERA participants from Campaign 5 and 6 (n = 32). Data from three environments were used in our SHAQ analyses: SHAQ in HERA (in-mission), SHAQ at Home (pre-mission), and SHAQ in Hotel (pre- and post-mission for C6, just pre-mission for C5). For each habitat area, respondents are asked how that area layout impacts six BHP outcomes on a 201-point visual analog scale with the anchors: impairs, has no effect, and facilitates. They also had the option to respond “Not Applicable”. Follow up questions asked why six key habitability aspects (e.g., privacy) influenced the way the habitat area affected a given outcome. Participants indicated whether a habitat area’s habitability aspects were inadequate (low score) to adequate (midpoint) to ideal (high score), using a 201-point visual analog scale as well but were binned to a 7-point scale for analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION When comparing across environments, ratings of BHP outcomes were worse in HERA compared to home and pre-mission hotel, but rebounded for the post-mission hotel such that post-mission hotel rating were often higher than all previous ratings. Within HERA, ratings of how a habitat area impacted an outcome skewed towards facilitation with communal areas (i.e., galley and office) rated most facilitating. The follow up questions about why six key aspects related to habitability moderated outcomes indicated that most habitat areas were rated as having “adequate” habitability characteristics. Privacy was the only moderator with average scores below adequate for all habitat areas. The office had the most moderators scoring above adequate for all habitat areas. Ratings indicated small to moderate effects of layouts on BHP outcomes: with facilitating layouts averaging between 4 and 5, and impairing layouts averaging between 2 and 4. The sleeping module layout facilitated sleep, with ratings indicating adequate comfort but inadequate privacy. The galley layout facilitated social interaction and mood, with ratings indicating adequate efficiency and convenience. The office layout facilitated social interaction, team and individual performance, with ratings similarly indicating adequate efficiency and convenience. The hygiene module worsened individual performance, mood and stress, with ratings indicating less than adequate privacy and social density. Our findings suggest there is value in having dedicated team and individual spaces. REFERENCES [1] Roma, P. G., Landon, L.B., Spencer, C. A., Whitmire, A. M., & Williams, T. J. (2022). SHAQ: Development and Validation. Human Factors: Special Issue on Spaceflight, 65(6), 1074-1104. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by the NASA Human Research Program directed task Human Factors and Behavioral Performance in HERA (PI = S. Bell) to the BHP Lab. KBR Inc. and JES Tech authors were supported by KBR’s Human Health and Performance Contract NNJ15HK11B with NASA.

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