A geological criterion applied to Lunar Orbiter V photographs
Lunar crater origin determination by terrestrial volcanic and meteoritic craters and maars geological criteria application to Lunar Orbiter 5 photographs
Seeger, C. R.↗
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Geologic setting of the Apollo 14 samples
Apollo 14 lunar module landing site geology, studying samples from regolith and block ejecta deposit around young crater
Hait, M. H.↗
Lunar Apennine-Hadley region - Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements
Lunar Apennine-Hadley region geological implications from high resolution earth-based radar map and Lunar Orbiter photography
Carr, M. H.↗
Geologic uses of earth-orbital photography
Earth orbital photography for geologic applications, discussing advantages over aerial photography
Lowman, P. D., Jr.↗
Third annual earth resources program review. Volume 1: Geology and geography
Geology and geography aspects of earth resources program-conferences
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Linear geologic structure and magic rock discrimination as determined from infrared data
Color infrared photographs of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana show the distribution of mafic dikes and amphibolite bodies. Lineaments that cross grassy plateaus can be identified as dikes by the marked constrast between the dark rocks and the red vegetation. Some amphibolite bodies in granitic terrain can also be detected by infrared photography and their contacts can be accurately drawn due to enchanced contrast of the two types of rock in the near infrared. Reflectance measurements made in the field for amphibolite and granite show that the granite is 25% to 50% more reflective in the near infrared than in the visible region. Further enhancement is due to less atmospheric scattering than in the visible region. Thermal infrared images of the Mill Creek, Oklahoma test site provided information on geologic faults and fracture systems not obtainable from photographs. Subtle stripes that cross outcrop and intervening soil areas and which probably record water distribution are also shown on infrared photographs.
Offield, T. W.↗
Geologic interpretation of Apollo 6 stereophotography from Baja California to west Texas
Excellent space photography of parts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico was obtained during the unmanned Apollo 6 spaceflight. Two features of this photography made it useful for geologic interpretations: its vertical stereocoverage and its exposure under a relatively low angle of solar illumination through an unusually cloud-free and clear atmosphere. The structural patterns, which were topographically enhanced by the longer shadows, were annotated on the photographs, in order to analyze their trends with respect to the continental tectonic framework, and to attempt to correlate the pattern with known copper or other base metal deposits. The annotated fracture patterns showed the regional trends and their distribution. The area studied was a 100- to 105-mile swath of terrain covering a total land area of approximately 60,000 square statute miles. The coverage began from a point centered on Punta Colnett on the Pacific coast of Baja California and extended to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico and west Texas.
Gawarecki, S. J.↗
Geologic terrain mapping from earth-satellite and ultra-high aerial photographs
A proposal is made for mapping from aerial photographs from the EROS program. Three kinds of maps (geomorphic or landform, soil, and surficial deposit) are being prepared at 1:250,000 scale for an 8000-square-mile area between Tucson and Ajo, Arizona. Nine cameras used on NASA mission 101 provided color, color infrared, and multispectral air photos from about 60,000 feet above the terrain and with photo scales ranging from 1:60,000 to 1:240,000. This area was selected because it provides a good sample of desert terrain and is suited for improving and testing the photointerpretive techniques for mapping geologic terrain features with small-scale photos.
Morrison, R. B.↗
Geology of selected lava tubes in the Bend Area, Oregon
Longitudinal profiles representing 5872.5 m of mapped lava tubes and a photogeologic map relating lava tubes to surface geology, regional structure and topography are presented. Three sets of lava tubes were examined: (1) Arnold Lava Tube System (7km long) composed of collapsed and uncollapsed tube segments and lava ponds, (2) Horse Lava Tube System (11 km long) composed of parallel and anastomosing lava tube segments, and (3) miscellaneous lava tubes. Results of this study tend to confirm the layered lava hypothesis of Ollier and Brown (1965) for lava tube formation; however, there are probably several modes of formation for lava tubes in general. Arnold System is a single series of tubes apparently formed in a single basalt flow on a relatively steep gradient. The advancing flow in which the tubes formed was apparently temporarily halted, resulting in the formation of lava ponds which were inflated and later drained by the lava tube system. Horse System probably formed in multiple, interconnected flows. Pre-flow gradient appears to have been less than for Arnold System, and resulted in meandrous, multiple tube networks.
Greely, R.↗
Multispectral techniques for general geological surveys evaluation of a four-band photographic system
A general geological survey at 1:62,500 scale of the well exposed rocks of the White Mountains and the adjacent volcanic desert plateau is reported. The tuffs, granites, sedimentary rocks and metavolcanic rocks in this arid region are varicolored and conventional black and white aerial photographs have been a useful mapping aid. A large number of true color and false color aerial photographs and multispectral viewer screen images of the study area are evaluated in order to consider what imagery is the most useful for distinguishing rock types. Photographs of true color film are judged the most useful for recognizing geographic locations.
Crowder, D., F.↗
Evaluation of the MSFC facsimile camera system as a tool for extraterrestrial geologic exploration
Utility of the Marshall Space Flight (MSFC) facsimile camera system for extraterrestrial geologic exploration was investigated during the spring of 1971 near Merriam Crater in northern Arizona. Although the system with its present hard-wired recorder operates erratically, the imagery showed that the camera could be developed as a prime imaging tool for automated missions. Its utility would be enhanced by development of computer techniques that utilize digital camera output for construction of topographic maps, and it needs increased resolution for examining near field details. A supplementary imaging system may be necessary for hand specimen examination at low magnification.
Wolfe, E. W.↗
Reginal Geology of Hadley Rille, part F
Local geology of Hadley Rille near the landing site of Apollo 15 is described. Orbital photography from the Hasselblad, metric, and panoramic cameras is used to study regional relationships of the rille. The shape of the rille due to various natural causes is examined, along with stratigraphic measurements of mare materials.
Howard, K. A.↗
Preliminary geologic map of the region around the candidate Proclus Apollo landing site, part J
The Proclus Crater region was mapped to test the value, for photogeologic mapping purposes, of Apollo 15 metric photographs and to estimate the scientific value of the area as a potential landing site. Adjacent frames of the metric photography were overlapped with the base frame to provide stereographic images. Because of the high quality of the photographs, it was found that the geologic units could be more definitely interpreted and dated than those of earlier maps. The photographs tend to confirm the earlier interpretation of the rugged area as composed of bedrock uplifted when the Crisium basin formed. They also suggest that an earlier predominantly volcanic interpretation of the terra in this area might be replaced by an interpretation in which mass wasting and fracturing play the major roles in producing different terrain types. It was concluded that because of apparent lithologic homogeneity, the terra of the Proclus region is an undesirable objective for an extensive manned lunar landing mission.
Wilhelms, D. E.↗
Fourth Annual Earth Resources Program Review. Volume 3: US Geological Survey Programs
Use of ERTS remote sensing for solving environmental pollution problems, mineral exploration, geological mapping, and hydrological studies conferences
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Near infrared iron absorption bands: Applications to geologic mapping and mineral exploration
A spectroscopic analysis of the difference in reflectance of iron-rich and iron-poor minerals was made. Attempts were made to use these minima contrast in geological mapping and metallic mineral exploration of large areas from near infrared and visible satellite images. Data cover pertinent laboratory spectroscopic investigations, applications of spectral differences to the discrimination of two important metamorphic rock types, and mineral exploration by aircraft in Beartooth Mountains, Montana.
Rowan, L. C.↗
Planetary geology, stellar evolution and galactic cosmology
Field studies of selected basalt flows in the Snake River Plain, Idaho, were made for comparative lunar and Mars geological investigations. Studies of basalt lava tubes were also initiated in Washington, Oregon, Hawaii, and northern California. The main effort in the stellar evolution research is toward the development of a computer code to calculate hydrodynamic flow coupled with radiative energy transport. Estimates of the rotation effects on a collapsing cloud indicate that the total angular momentum is the critical parameter. The study of Paschen and Balmer alpha lines of positronium atoms in the center of a galaxy is mentioned.
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Applications of remote sensor data to geologic and economic analysis on the Bonanza Test Site, Colorado
Recent studies conducted in the Bonanza Test Site, Colorado, area indicated that: (1) more geologic structural information is available from remote sensing data than from conventional techniques; (2) greater accuracy results from using remote sensing data; (3) all major structural features were detected; (4) of all structural interpretations, about 75% were correct; and (5) interpretation of remote sensing data will not supplant field work, but it enables field work to be done much more efficiently.
Reeves, R. G.↗
Geologic setting and petrology of Apollo 15 anorthosite /15415/.
The geological setting, petrography and history of this Apollo 15 lunar rock sample are discussed, characterizing the sample as coarse-grained anorthosite composed largely of calcic plagioclase with small amounts of three pyroxene phases. The presence of shattered and granulated minerals in the texture of the rock is traced to two or more fragmentation events, and the presence of irregular bands of coarsely recrystallized plagioclase and minor pyroxene crossing larger plagioclase grains is traced to an earlier thermal metamorphic event. It is pointed out that any of these events may have affected apparent radiometric ages of elements in this rock. A comparative summarization of data suggests that this rock is the least-deformed member of a suite of similar rocks ejected from beneath the regolith at Spur crater.
Wilshire, H. G.↗