Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “broadbands”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Improvement of Radiative Fluxes for the CERES FluxByCldTyp Data Product Based on Machine Learning Technique

The NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) product provides over 20 years of accurately observed top-of-the-atmosphere and surface flux data for climate studies. The interaction between clouds and radiation interaction is a key factor that dominate climate feedbacks but is not well understood. To further advance our understanding of the cloud-radiation interaction, a new CERES FluxByCldTyp (FBCT) product has been developed that contains radiative fluxes by cloud-type, which can provide more stringent constraints when validating models. The FBCT product utilizes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) narrow-band (NB) imager channel radiances partitioned by cloud-type within a CERES footprint to estimate their broadband fluxes. The MODIS multi-channel derived broadband fluxes were compared with the CERES observed footprint fluxes and were found to be within 1% and 2.5% for LW and SW, respectively, as well as being mostly free of cloud property dependencies. The FBCT all-sky and clear-sky monthly averaged fluxes were found to be consistent with the CERES SSF1deg product. This study takes advantage of recent progress in machine learning (ML) field by applying deep neural network algorithm to improve fluxes based on MODIS NB radiances. The preliminary study shows ML produce are an improvement over the current FBCT Edition 4 NB2BB algorithm. Furthermore, unlike Ed4 NB2BB, the new ML method convert NB radiances directly to broadband fluxes. For future Ed5, new NB radiances are proposed and used by ML to improve fluxes calculation. Preliminary results show significant LW improvement.

Sun, Moguo↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Improvement of Radiative Fluxes for the CERES FluxByCldTyp Data Product Based on Machine Learning Technique

The NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) product provides over 20 years of accurately observed top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) and surface flux data record for climate monitoring and diagnostic studies. The interaction between clouds and radiation interaction is a key factor that dominate climate feedbacks but is not well understood. To further advance our understanding of the cloud-radiation interaction, a new CERES FluxByCldTyp (FBCT) product has been developed that contains radiative fluxes by cloud-type, which can provide more stringent constraints when validating models and reveal more insight into the interactions between clouds and climate. For CERES partly cloudy and multiple cloud-type footprints, the FBCT product utilizes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) narrow-band (NB) imager channel radiances partitioned by cloud-type within a CERES footprint to estimate the cloud-type broadband fluxes. The MODIS multi-channel derived broadband fluxes were compared with the CERES observed footprint fluxes and were found to be within 1% and 2.5% for LW and SW, respectively, as well as being mostly free of cloud property dependencies. The FBCT all-sky and clear-sky monthly averaged fluxes were found to be consistent with the CERES SSF1deg product. This study takes advantage of recent progress in machine learning (ML) field by applying deep neural network algorithm to improve fluxes based on MODIS NB radiances. The preliminary study shows ML produce are an improvement over the current FBCT Edition 4 NB2BB algorithm. Furthermore, unlike Ed4 NB2BB, the new ML method convert NB radiances directly to broadband fluxes. For future Ed5, new NB radiances are proposed and used by ML to improve fluxes calculation. Prelimary results show significant LW improvement.

Moguo Sun↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Improving Radiative Fluxes for the CERES FluxByCldTyp Data Product Using Deep Neural Network

The NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) product provides over 20 years of accurately observed top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) and surface flux data record for climate monitoring and diagnostic studies. The interaction between clouds and radiation interaction is a key factor that dominate climate feedbacks but is not well understood. To further advance our understanding of the cloud-radiation interaction, a new CERES FluxByCldTyp (FBCT) product has been developed that contains radiative fluxes by cloud-type, which can provide more stringent constraints when validating models and reveal more insight into the interactions between clouds and climate. For CERES partly cloudy and multiple cloud-type footprints, the FBCT product utilizes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) narrow-band (NB) imager channel radiances partitioned by cloud-type within a CERES footprint to estimate the cloud-type broadband fluxes. The MODIS multi-channel derived broadband fluxes were compared with the CERES observed footprint fluxes and were found to be within 1% and 2.5% for LW and SW, respectively, as well as being mostly free of cloud property dependencies. The FBCT all-sky and clear-sky monthly averaged fluxes were found to be consistent with the CERES SSF1deg product. This study takes advantage of recent progress in machine learning (ML) field by applying deep neural network algorithm to improve fluxes based on MODIS NB radiances. The preliminary study shows ML produce are an improvement over the current FBCT Edition 4 NB2BB algorithm. Furthermore, unlike Ed4 NB2BB, the new ML method convert NB radiances directly to broadband fluxes. For future Ed5, new NB radiances are proposed and used by ML to improve fluxes calculation. Preliminary results show significant LW improvement.

Sun, Moguo↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Aeroacoustic Optimization of Installed Propeller Configurations with Scattering and Shielding Effects

An optimization capability is developed for acoustic scattering and shielding of installed propellers and rotors, based on a spacetime Galerkin time domain boundary element method (TDBEM). The time domain approach is particularly suitable for efficient simulation of transient, rotating, and broadband noise sources such as propellers. The use of algorithmic differentiation allows efficient evaluation of design sensitivities required for gradient-based design optimization with a large number of design variables. We present a validation exercise for the coherent broadband scattering capability against an analytical solution, showing excellent agreement. We then demonstrate the optimization tool on a series of inverse design cases with broadband and rotating sources, as well as an optimization problem for a propeller-wing configuration. The results show good performance for optimization problems with the characteristics of realistic installed propeller configurations.

Maks J Groom↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Aeroacoustic Optimization of Installed Propeller Configurations with Scattering and Shielding Effects

An optimization capability is developed for acoustic scattering and shielding of installed propellers and rotors, based on a spacetime Galerkin time domain boundary element method (TDBEM). The time domain approach is particularly suitable for efficient simulation of transient, rotating, and broadband noise sources such as propellers. The use of algorithmic differentiation allows efficient evaluation of design sensitivities required for gradient-based design optimization with a large number of design variables. We present a validation exercise for the coherent broadband scattering capability against an analytical solution, showing excellent agreement. We then demonstrate the optimization tool on a series of inverse design cases with broadband and rotating sources, as well as an optimization problem for a propeller-wing configuration. The results show good performance for optimization problems with the characteristics of realistic installed propeller configurations.

Maks J Groom↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Influence of Source Type on Acoustic Liner Impedance in No Flow

This paper presents findings from a study conducted under a challenge of the International Forum for Aviation Research (IFAR), which consists of partners from various national research labs around the world. A series of normal incidence impedance tube tests are performed to identify differences in acoustic impedance for various types of source excitations. These source types include single-tone, multitone, and broadband. To better understand these differences, six unique acoustic liners are tested using these source types at various sound pressure levels and frequencies. Multitone sources of up to five discrete frequencies at a time (both harmonic and nonharmonic excitations) are included. Predictions are also shown to assess capability of capturing source type in the acoustic liner design process. It is determined that impedance behavior due to single-tone and broadband source excitations is largely well-understood and predictable. Multitone source excitations, however, yield unpredictable impedance characteristics that appear highly dependent on the summed coherent waveform that is incident upon the acoustic liner. Future work on this topic is warranted to improve impedance prediction capability of multitone excitation.

acoustic liner impedance multitone prediction sour↗
NASA NTRS1972

Antenna feeds and receivers

The results of 7 months of study, tradeoffs, test design, and fabrication are presented for an effort to modify three ground stations in support of the ATS-F program. As a result of tests on the existing feed system of the Rosman No. 2 85-foot antenna and on the transportable ground station (TGS) 40-foot antenna, it was determined that modifications of the existing phase-compensating rotary joints at Rosman are feasible. Other components must be completely replaced. In the TGS antenna feed system, it was found to be feasible to broadband the existing monopulse comparator by adding simple irises and posts; both spare and active comparators were modified. The TGS polarizers can be broadbanded by adjusting existing pins and adding two new pins. These modifications are also directly applicable to the Mojave 40-foot antenna. Detailed electrical and mechanical characteristics are presented for the new equipment, as well as installation plans to enable NASA and its contractors to determine the adequacy of the designs and to confirm that planned locations are both available and compatible with planned operational concepts.

Mccall, B.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Gravitation research

Balloon measurements were made of the far infrared background radiation. The radiometer used and its calibration are discussed. An electromagnetically coupled broadband gravitational antenna is also considered. The proposed antenna design and noise sources in the antenna are reviewed. A comparison is made between interferometric broadband and resonant bar antennas for the detection of gravitational wave pulses.

Weiss, R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Low pressure ratio fan noise experiment and theory.

Evaluation of data obtained from noise measurements on a wind-tunnel model of a Q-FAN, a new low-pressure-ratio, low-noise propulsion system. It is found that both rotor blades and stator vanes contributed to the noise signature of the test fan. Tone noise at blade passage frequency and at the high harmonics of blade passage frequency was the result of unsteady inflow to the fan. Tone noise at twice blade passage frequency and several high harmonics resulted from interception of rotor blade wakes by the stators. The midfrequency broadband noise also resulted from interception of wakes by the stators. Rotor vortex noise contributed only at high frequencies where the level of stator broadband decayed.

Metzger, F. B.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A Computer Aided Broad Band Impedance Matching Technique Using a Comparison Reflectometer

An improved broadband impedance matching technique was developed. The technique is capable of resolving points in the waveguide which generate reflected energy. A version of the comparison reflectometer was developed and fabricated to determine the mean amplitude of the reflection coefficient excited at points in the guide as a function of distance, and the complex reflection coefficient of a specific discontinuity in the guide as a function of frequency. An impedance matching computer program was developed which is capable of impedance matching the characteristics of each disturbance independent of other reflections in the guide. The characteristics of four standard matching elements were compiled, and their associated curves of reflection coefficient and shunt susceptance as a function of frequency are presented. It is concluded that an economical, fast, and reliable impedance matching technique has been established which can provide broadband impedance matches.

Gordy, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Fundamental Consideration of Noise radiation by rotary wings

An historical review of progress in understanding of rotor noise is presented. Initial work was principally on propellers, but has many obvious applications to noise from rotary wings. Current understanding of rotor noise radiation is then reviewed in some detail. The principal noise sources appear to be: (1) discrete frequency due to distorted inflow; (2) low frequency broadband due to turbulent inflow, and (3) high frequency broadband due to tip effects. On a helicopter rotor each of these sources seems to be intimately connected with the shed vortex wakes. Tip modifications offer one method for controlling the effects. The implications for the designer are discussed. Rotor subjective noise levels appear to obey a velocity to the eighth power law, independent of thrust. Experiments to rectify some of the present deficiencies in knowledge are suggested.

Lowson, M. V.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Aero-acoustic design and test of a multiple splitter exhaust noise suppressor for a 0.914m diameter lift fan

A lift fan exhaust suppression system to meet future VTOL aircraft noise goals was designed and tested. The test vehicle was a 1.3 pressure ratio, 36 inch (91.44 cm) diameter lift fan with two chord rotor to stator spacing. A two splitter fan exhaust suppression system thirty inches (76.2 cm) long achieved 10 PNdB exhaust suppression in the aft quadrant compared to a design value of 20 PNdB. It was found that a broadband noise floor limited the realizable suppression. An analytical investigation of broadband noise generated by flow over the treatment surfaces provided very good agreement with the measured suppression levels and noise floor sound power levels. A fan thrust decrement of 22% was measured for the fully suppressed configuration of which 11.1% was attributed to the exhaust suppression hardware.

Stimpert, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Low-speed wind-tunnel investigation of the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of a translating grid choked flow inlet

The aerodynamic and acoustic performance of a translating grid choked-flow inlet was determined in a low-speed wind tunnel at free-stream velocities of 24, 32, and 45 m/sec and incidence angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 deg. The inlet was sized to fit a 13.97- centimeter-diameter fan with a design weight flow of 2.49 kg/sec. Measurements were made to determine inlet total pressure recovery, flow distortion, and sound pressure level for both choked and unchoked geometries over a range of inlet weight flows. For the unchoked geometry, inlet total pressure recovery ranged from 0.983 to 0.989 at incidence angles less than 40 deg. At 40 deg incidence angle, inlet cowl separation was encountered which resulted in lower values of pressure recovery and higher levels of fan broadband noise. For the choked geometry, increasing total pressure losses occurred with increasing inlet weight flow that prevented the inlet from reaching full choked conditions with the particular fan used. These losses were attributed to the high Mach number drag rise characteristics of airfoil grid. At maximum attainable inlet weight flow, the total pressure recovery at static conditions was 0.935. The fan blade passing frequency and other fan generated pure tones were eliminated from the noise spectrum, but the broadband level was increased.

Abbott, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The global distribution of natural and man-made ionospheric electric fields at 200 kHz and 540 kHz as observed by Ogo 6

An experiment on the polar-orbiting Ogo 6 spacecraft yielded real-time analog data in several broadband channels and essentially continuous tape-recorded data from two narrow-band (200-Hz) receivers operating at 200 and 540 kHz. The results show that the worldwide distributions of signals at 200 and 540 kHz falls into a number of different categories: (1) naturally generated broadband (auroral) hiss at polar latitudes with typical 200-kHz intensities of around 0.1 microvolt per meter per Hz to the 1/2 power, maximum intensities of up to several microvolt per meter per Hz to the 1/2 power, and generally lower intensities at 540 kHz; (2) nighttime midlatitude enhancements of a few microvolts per meter, which probably result either from a superposition of signals from a number of 200- and 540-kHz stations or from interference from intense signals of much higher frequencies; (3) well-defined signal peaks associated with individual ground stations operating at 200 kHz; (4) striking signal enhancements in the conjugate region of a low-latitude 200-kHz station (Ashkhabad), suggesting propagation in the whistler mode to the opposite hemisphere; and (5) occasional signal enhancements at the magnetic equator.

Laaspere, T.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Acoustic and aerodynamic performance of a 1.83 meter (6 foot) diameter 1.2 pressure ratio fan (QF-6)

A 1.2-pressure-ratio, 1.83-meter-(6-ft-) diameter experimental fan stage with characteristics suitable for use in STOL aircraft engines was tested for acoustic and aerodynamic performance. The design incorporated features for low noise, including absence of inlet guide vanes, low rotor-blade-tip speed, low aerodynamic blade loading, and long axial spacing between the rotor and stator rows. The stage was run with four nozzles of different area. The perceived noise along a 152.4 meter (500-ft) sideline was rear-quadrant dominated with a maximum design-point level of 103.9 PNdb. The acoustic 1/3-octave results were analytically separated into broadband and pure-tone components. It was found that the stage noise levels generally increase with a decrease in nozzle area, with this increase observed primarily in the broadband noise component. A stall condition was documented acoustically with a 90-percent-of-design-area nozzle.

Woodward, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effects of long-chord acoustically treated stator vanes on fan noise. 1: Effect of long chord (taped stator)

A set of long-chord stator vanes was designed to replace the vanes in an existing fan stage. The long vanes consisted of a turning section and axial extension pieces, both of which incorporated acoustic damping material. The acoustic damping material was made inactive for these tests by covering with metal tape, and the stator vanes were tested in three length configurations. Compared to the values for the original stage, broadband noise was reduced in the middle to high frequencies with the long stator vanes, but a broadband noise increase was observed at the low frequencies. No change was observed in the blade passage tone, but some aft end reduction in the overtones was observed.

Dittmar, J. H.↗