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DOE OSTI2023

Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Constraints on extensions to Λ CDM with weak lensing and galaxy clustering

We constrain six possible extensions to the Λ cold dark matter (CDM) model using measurements from the Dark Energy Survey’s first three years of observations, alone and in combination with external cosmological probes. The DES data are the two-point correlation functions of weak gravitational lensing, galaxy clustering, and their cross-correlation. We use simulated data vectors and blind analyses of real data to validate the robustness of our results to astrophysical and modeling systematic errors. In many cases, constraining power is limited by the absence of theoretical predictions beyond the linear regime that are reliable at our required precision. The Λ CDM extensions are dark energy with a time-dependent equation of state, nonzero spatial curvature, additional relativistic degrees of freedom, sterile neutrinos with eV-scale mass, modifications of gravitational physics, and a binned σ 8 ( z ) model which serves as a phenomenological probe of structure growth. For the time-varying dark energy equation of state evaluated at the pivot redshift we find ( w p , w a ) = ( - 0.9 9 - 0.17 + 0.28 , - 0.9 ± 1.2 ) at 68% confidence with z p = 0.24 from the DES measurements alone, and ( w p , w a ) = ( - 1.0 3 - 0.03 + 0.04 , - 0. 4 - 0.3 + 0.4 ) with z p = 0.21 for the combination of all data considered. Curvature constraints of Ω k = 0.0009 ± 0.0017 and effective relativistic species N eff = 3.1 0 - 0.16 + 0.15 are dominated by external data, though adding DES information to external low-redshift probes tightens the Ω k constraints that can be made without cosmic microwave background observables by 20%. For massive sterile neutrinos, DES combined with external data improves the upper bound on the mass m eff by a factor of 3 compared to previous analyses, giving 95% limits of ( Δ N eff , m eff ) ≤ ( 0.28 , 0.20 eV ) when using priors matching a comparable Planck analysis. For modified gravity, we constrain changes to the lensing and Poisson equations controlled by functions Σ ( k , z ) = Σ 0 Ω Λ ( z ) / Ω Λ , 0 and μ ( k , z ) = μ 0 Ω Λ ( z ) / Ω Λ , 0 , respectively, to Σ 0 = 0. 6 - 0.5 + 0.4 from DES alone and ( Σ 0 , μ 0 ) = ( 0.04 ± 0.05 , 0.0 8 - 0.19 + 0.21 ) for the combination of all data, both at 68% confidence. Overall, we find no significant evidence for physics beyond Λ CDM .

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Azimuthal Correlations within Exclusive Dijets with Large Momentum Transfer in Photon-Lead Collisions

The structure of nucleons is multidimensional and depends on the transverse momenta, spatial geometry, and polarization of the constituent partons. Such a structure can be studied using high-energy photons produced in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions. The first measurement of the azimuthal angular correlations of exclusively produced events with two jets in photon-lead interactions at large momentum transfer is presented, a process that is considered to be sensitive to the underlying nuclear gluon polarization. This study uses a data sample of ultraperipheral lead-lead collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV , corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.38 nb - 1 , collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measured second harmonic of the correlation between the sum and difference of the two jet transverse momentum vectors is found to be positive, and rising, as the dijet transverse momentum increases. A well-tuned model that has been successful at describing a wide range of proton scattering data from the HERA experiments fails to describe the observed correlations, suggesting the presence of gluon polarization effects.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Towards Full Field-of-View Fourier Ptychography for Extreme Ultraviolet Microscope

We evaluate various Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) reconstruction algorithms using both simulated and experimental data acquired from an Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV, 13.5 nm wavelength) microscope. We specifically focus on the algorithms' ability to robustly address field-dependent aberrations, which enables increased spatial resolution and quantitative phase imaging across an expanded field of view. We systematically compare the algorithms' performance under aberrations for a single zoneplate imaging system, utilizing Fourier Ring Correlation (FRC) as a systematic metric for assessing reconstruction quality. Furthermore, we explore the impact of systematic errors on the reconstruction of experimental data, aiming to increase the effective field of view by 25-fold, from the nominal 5x5 um2 diffraction-limited area. Additionally, our evaluation incorporates innovative FPM-adjacent methodologies, including the Angular Ptychographic Imaging with Closed-form method (APIC), for reconstructing EUV images.

Gu, Chaoying↗

DOE OSTI2020

Analytic Thermal Model of an Optical Fiber Based Gamma Thermometer and its Application in a University Research Reactor

This paper describes and validates, by comparison with numerical modeling results, an analytical model of thermal transport in an optical fiber based gamma thermometer (OFBGT) that is appropriate for use in university research reactors. The maximum temperature difference between the thermal mass and the outer sheath ( Δ T ) for the OFBGT design that we have considered is approximately 50 ∘ C , for the OFBGT in the Central Irradiation Facility of the Ohio State University Research Reactor (OSURR) with the reactor operating at full power (450 kW). The maximum value of Δ T that is predicted by the analytic model for the OFBGT design is smaller by approximately 1.1 °C than the value of Δ T which is predicted by the numerical model, for the same OFBGT design, but including all the details of the design. We have used the analytical model of thermal transport in an OFBGT to determine a normalized Modulation Transfer Function M T F ′ ( k ) ) for the OFBGT. We conclude that MTF ′ ( k OSU ) > 0.99 , where k OSU is the spatial frequency for the axial dependence of the reactor power distribution in the

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2025

MIC-DP: A Scalable Correlation-Aware Differential Privacy Framework for High-Dimensional Data

Conventional differential privacy (DP) assumes record independence, limiting effectiveness on real-world datasets with temporal, spatial, or structural correlations. These dependencies undermine privacy guarantees and degrade utility in domains like healthcare, IoT, and smart city analytics. We propose Maximum Information Correlated Differential Privacy (MIC-DP), a novel framework that dynamically calibrates noise based on statistical dependencies. MIC-DP uses the Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC) to capture both linear and nonlinear correlations without explicit modeling, enabling adaptive sensitivity adjustment and improved privacy–utility trade-offs. Evaluations on healthcare (MIMIC), demographic (ACI), and synthetic datasets show that MIC-DP reduces mean absolute error (MAE) by up to 5.2% under strict privacy budgets (ϵ≤1), with aggregate utility improvements reaching 18% across datasets and evaluation metrics. MIC-DP provides formal (ϵ,δ)-privacy guarantees, scales efficiently with feature count, and supports deployment in moderate-scale, privacy-sensitive applications. Its tunable performance and runtime efficiency make MIC-DP suitable for privacy-sensitive applications where low-latency analytics and strong privacy guarantees must coexist. These results demonstrate MIC-DP’s effectiveness as a correlation-aware solution for practical DP.

Yang, Wenjun [Univ. of Washington, Tacoma, WA (Uni↗

DOE OSTI2024

Bacterial community dynamics as a result of growth-yield trade-off and multispecies metabolic interactions toward understanding the gut biofilm niche

Abstract Bacterial communities are ubiquitous, found in natural ecosystems, such as soil, and within living organisms, like the human microbiome. The dynamics of these communities in diverse environments depend on factors such as spatial features of the microbial niche, biochemical kinetics, and interactions among bacteria. Moreover, in many systems, bacterial communities are influenced by multiple physical mechanisms, such as mass transport and detachment forces. One example is gut mucosal communities, where dense, closely packed communities develop under the concurrent influence of nutrient transport from the lumen and fluid-mediated detachment of bacteria. In this study, we model a mucosal niche through a coupled agent-based and finite-volume modeling approach. This methodology enables us to model bacterial interactions affected by nutrient release from various sources while adjusting individual bacterial kinetics. We explored how the dispersion and abundance of bacteria are influenced by biochemical kinetics in different types of metabolic interactions, with a particular focus on the trade-off between growth rate and yield. Our findings demonstrate that in competitive scenarios, higher growth rates result in a larger share of the niche space. In contrast, growth yield plays a critical role in neutralism, commensalism, and mutualism interactions. When bacteria are introduced sequentially, they cause distinct spatiotemporal effects, such as deeper niche colonization in commensalism and mutualism scenarios driven by species intermixing effects, which are enhanced by high growth yields. Moreover, sub-ecosystem interactions dictate the dynamics of three-species communities, sometimes yielding unexpected outcomes. Competitive, fast-growing bacteria demonstrate robust colonization abilities, yet they face challenges in displacing established mutualistic systems. Bacteria that develop a cooperative relationship with existing species typically obtain niche residence, regardless of their growth rates, although higher growth yields significantly enhance their abundance. Our results underscore the importance of bacterial niche dynamics in shaping community properties and succession, highlighting a new approach to manipulating microbial systems.

Microbiology↗

DOE OSTI2026

Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) Core Project Final Report: Fiscal Years 2022-2024

The Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) at the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR) is a world-leading solar calibration and measurement facility and maintains and disseminates the World Radiation Reference (essentially the W/m2) for the United States that is essential for traceable and accurate measurements of solar radiation at all solar generation facilities. SRRL operates two calibration facilities that meet International Standards Organization-17025 (ISO-17025) standards and provide unique high-quality calibrations to NREL and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories. The Baseline Measurement System (BMS) at SRRL provides a high-quality record of solar irradiance and surface meteorological conditions. SRRL capabilities are used to develop (1) improved methods for the calibration of solar radiometers; (2) new standards through the ISO, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the American Standards for Testing of Materials (ASTM) International; (c) solar radiation and meteorological models; and (d) advanced instrumentation and methods for operating solar measurement stations. The SRRL datasets are also critical for the validation of new models and datasets, such as the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The research and development of solar radiation measurement systems and resource modeling techniques are essential for advancing the scientific basis for producing reliable resource data. Specifically, the spatial, temporal, and spectral (wavelength dependency) characteristics of the solar resource are required in several different time frames for various project phases.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1972

Study of the marine environment of the northern Gulf of California

The author has identified the following significant results. Preliminary analysis of the first three months of ERTS-1 imagery have revealed that the MSS images have particular utility for study of turbidity patterns, current phenomena, and bathymetry throughout the test area. Early indications are that well defined spatial distributions of turbidity exist in the northern Gulf of California, and that for any one point in time, these distributions vary with depth. From a single set of images, as many as 3 turbidity maps may be generated, each indicating a vertical spatial relationship of the turbidity masses. The spatial distribution of turbidity masses depend partially upon the coincident currents. In the band of deepest penetration, a map can be gathered which roughly corresponds to the bathymetry of the area. The extreme tides in the northern Gulf of California result in vast areas which can be classified as intertidal mud flats. Information on the amount of exposure at the varying tidal states is important in analysis of these mud flat areas as nursery ground for Mexican commercial fisheries.

Hendrickson, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Unsteady turbulent boundary layers with flow reversal

A theoretical study is carried out to search for the appearance of a singularity in a family of time-dependent turbulent boundary layers with embedded reverse-flow regions and determine the conditions necessary for its appearance. Further insight is gained into the development of unsteady turbulent boundary layers. The calculations performed for a family of prescribed external velocity distributions in which the relative importance of the effects of time-dependence, compared to those of spatial diffusion, are controlled by a given parameter. The conditions necessary for the appearance of a singularity appears to involve the existence of an appropriate relationship between the dominant velocities in the reversed-flow region and the rate of forward movement of the flow reversal point. The results support the hypothesis that a singularity will exist in the flow if and only if the typical reversed-flow velocities exceed the rate of penetration of the reversed flow into the oncoming boundary layer.

Patel, V. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Experimental study of noise reduction for an unstiffened cylindrical model of an airplane fuselage

Noise reduction measurements were made for a simplified model of an airplane fuselage consisting of an unstiffened aluminum cylinder 0.5 m in diameter by 1.2 m long with a 1.6-mm-thick wall. Noise reduction was first measured with a reverberant field pink-noise load on the cylinder exterior. Next, noise reduction was measured by using a propeller to provide a more realistic noise load on the cylinder. Structural resonance frequencies and acoustic reverberation times for the cylinder interior volume were also measured. Comparison of data from the relatively simple test using reverberant-field noise with data from the more complex propeller-noise tests indicates some similarity in both the overall noise reduction and the spectral distribution. However, all of the test parameters investigated (propeller speed, blade pitch, and tip clearance) had some effect on the noise-reduction spectra. Thus, the amount of noise reduction achieved appears to be somewhat dependent upon the spectral and spatial characteristics of the flight conditions. Information is also presented on cyclinder resonance frequencies, damping, and characteristics of propeller-noise loads.

Willis, C. M.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Synchrotron radiation as a probe of the inner magnetosphere of Jupiter

A short review is given on the characteristics of Jupiter's inner magnetosphere derived from radio observations in the decimetric wavelength range. A comparison of the data with sophisticated model calculations yields information on the magnetic field configuration and the electron distribution, its density, energy spectrum, and pitch angle dependence as a function of spatial coordinates. The latter information can be used to derive, e.g., the radial diffusion parameters plus the effects of the satellites, Jupiter's ring, and wave-particle interactions upon the electron distribution.

De Pater, I.↗

NASA NTRS1984

North-south asymmetries of solar particle events in upper stratospheric ozone

Stratospheric ozone depressions, following intense solar particle events (SPE) observed by the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on the Nimbus-4 satellite, indicate the existence of distinct asymmetries between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. These asymmetries are observed in the magnitude of the depressions above the 5-mb level, their temporal variations, and the spatial (i.e., latitude and longitude) dependence of these variations. Possible causes of asymmetries, shown by two events on August 4, 1972 and January 25, 1971, can be attributed to: (1) tilt of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with respect to the earth's dipole magnetic field which influences the precipitation of energetic solar particles into the polar atmospheres; (2) differences in ozone chemistry caused by the large change in atmospheric temperature between summer and winter hemispheres; (3) seasonal differences of the stratosphere's dynamic states which are affected by upward propagating planetary waves in winter in contrast to the relatively undisturbed zonal flows in summer; and (4) topographic asymmetry between Northern and Southern Hemispheres. These effects are shown by three-dimensional plots of the events in geographic coordinates and by color contour plots of the stratospheric ozone distributions in geomagnetic and geographic polar coordinates, respectively.

Maeda, K.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Multigrid solution of inviscid transonic flow through rotating blade passages

A fast Euler solver for three dimensional inviscid transonic flow in rotating domains is described. The time dependent Euler equations are discretized spatially with finite volumes, and are advanced temporally with a multiple stage time stepping scheme. A dramatic increase in the rate of convergence for steady solutions is achieved with a multigrid algorithm that employs the multistage scheme as its smoothing procedure. The effectiveness of the multistage scheme as a multigrid driver is enhanced by the utilization of analytically determined combinations of the governing parameters.

Smith, Wayne A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

High resolution Viking Orbiter images: A useful data source for testing the viability of geomorphic processes attributed to Martian landforms

The diversity of landforms visible in the Viking images of Mars have led to a proliforation of geomorphic agents proposed to be active in shaping the Martian surface. While it is likely that numerous different processes have contributed to the geomorphology of Mars throughout Martian history, it is important that proposed Martian geomorphic agents be subjected to critical scrutiny by the scientific community. High resolution Viking Orbiter images represent a data set for investigating geomorphic processes on Mars. Geologic mapping of Mars can take place at a variety of scales, utilizing a variety of image resolutions, but an interpretation of the history of individual landforms is dependent upon the best available spatial resolution. These high resolution images provide the opportunity to examine proposed Martian geomorphic processes. It is clear that researchers may not interpret features in the same way but it is important that high resolution images of candidate features be made available to the scientific community so that a consensus can be reached. This procedure can provide a way to refine the understanding of geomorphic processes on Mars.

Zimbelman, James R.↗

NASA NTRS1989

On the role of ozone in the stability of Rossby normal modes

The role of ozone in the linear stability of Rossby normal modes is examined in a continuously stratified, extratropical baroclinic atmosphere. The flow is described by coupled equations for the quasi-geostraphic potential vorticity and ozone volume mixing ratio. A perturbation analysis is carried out under the assumption of weak diabatic heating, which is generated by Newtonian cooling and dynamics-ozone interaction. An expression for the propagation and growth characteristics is obtained analytically in terms of the vertically averaged wave activity, which depends explicitly on the wave spatial structure, photochemistry, and basic state distributions of wind, temperature, and ozone mixing ratio. Calculations show that stationary internal modes, whose amplitudes are largest in the stratosphre, are destabilized by dynamics-ozone interaction and Newtonian cooling, with e-folding times on the order of 20-40 days.

Nathan, Terrence R.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Visible light emission excited by interaction of Space Shuttle exhaust with the atmosphere

Ground-based video photography of firings of Space Shuttle Primary Reaction Control System (PRCS) engines show optical emissions extending nearly 4 km form the vehicle after steady state is reached. The total intensity and spatial distribution of these emissions depend on the angle between the spacecraft velocity vector and the engine exhaust axis. Candidate sources for this radiation are reviewed and the conclusion is reached that it is most likely due to vibrationally excited OH, formed by the reaction of fast ambient O atoms and H2O molecules in the exhaust.

Murad, E.↗

NASA NTRS1992

A hybrid multigrid technique for computing steady-state solutions to supersonic flows

Recently, Li and Sanders have introduced a class of finite difference schemes to approximate generally discontinuous solutions to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. These equations have the form together with relevant boundary conditions. When modelling hypersonic spacecraft reentry, the differential equations above are frequently given by the compressible Euler equations coupled with a nonequilibrium chemistry model. For these applications, steady state solutions are often sought. Many tens (to hundreds) of super computer hours can be devoted to a single three space dimensional simulation. The primary difficulty is the inability to rapidly and reliably capture the steady state. In these notes, we demonstrate that a particular variant from the schemes presented can be combined with a particular multigrid approach to capture steady state solutions to the compressible Euler equations in one space dimension. We show that the rate of convergence to steady state coming from this multigrid implementation is vastly superior to the traditional approach of artificial time relaxation. Moreover, we demonstrate virtual grid independence. That is, the rate of convergence does not depend on the degree of spatial grid refinement.

Sanders, Richard↗

NASA NTRS1993

Improvement of persistent magnetic field trapping in bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors

For type-II superconductors, magnetic field can be trapped due to persistent internal supercurrent. Quasi-persistent magnetic fields near 2 T at 60 K (and 1.4 T at 77 K) have been measured in minimagnets made of proton-irradiated melt-textured Y-Ba-Cu-O (MT-Y123) samples. Using the trapping effect, high-field permanent magnets with dipole, quadrupole, or more complicated configurations can be made of existing MT-Y123 material, thus bypassing the need for high-temperature superconductor (HTS) wires. A phenomenological current model has been developed to account for the trapped field intensity and profile in HTS samples. This model is also a guide to select directions of materials development to further improve field trapping properties. General properties such as magnetic field intensities, spatial distributions, stabilities, and temperature dependence of trapped field are discussed.

Chen, In-Gann↗