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At least 631 records · Page 35

Optimizing Irregular Communication with Neighborhood Collectives and Locality-Aware Parallelism

Irregular communication often limits both the performance and scalability of parallel applications. Typically, applications individually implement irregular communication as point-to-point, and any optimizations are integrated directly into the application. As a result, these optimizations lack portability. It is difficult to optimize point-to-point messages within MPI, as the interface for single messages provides no information on the collection of all communication to be performed. However, the persistent neighbor collective API, released in the MPI 4 standard, provides an interface for portable optimizations of irregular communication within MPI libraries. This paper presents methods for implementing existing optimizations for irregular communication within neighborhood collectives, analyzes the impact of replacing point-to-point communication in existing codebases such as Hypre BoomerAMG with neighborhood collectives, and finally shows up to a 1.38x speedup on sparse matrix-vector multiplication communication within a BoomerAMG solve through the use of our optimized neighbor collectives. Here, the authors analyze three implementations of persistent neighborhood collectives for Alltoallv: an unoptimized wrapper of standard point-to-point communication, and two locality-aware aggregating methods. The second locality-aware implementation exposes an non-standard interface to perform additional optimization, and the authors present the additional 0.07x speedup from the extended interface. All optimizations are available in an open-source codebase, MPI Advance, which sits on top of MPI, allowing for optimizations to be added into existing codebases regardless of the system MPI install.

AMG↗

Extending SEER for Extreme Heterogeneity

Heterogeneous and multi-device nodes are increasingly common in high-performance computing and data centers, yet existing programming models often lack simple, transparent, and portable support for these diverse architectures. The main contribution of this work is the development of novel SEER capabilities to address this challenge by providing a descriptive programming model that allows applications to seamlessly leverage heterogeneous nodes across various device types. SEER uses efficient memory management and can select the proper device[s] depending on the computational cost of the applications. This is completely transparent to the programmer, thereby providing a highly productive programming environment. Integrating extreme heterogeneity into the SEER library as shown with the use of NVIDIA and AMD GPUs simultaneously allows it to expand and exploit the performance possibilities. Our analysis based on the well-known Conjugate Gradient algorithm reports accelerations above 1.5 × on computationally demanding steps of such an algorithm by using both architectures simultaneously.

Teranishi, Keita [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000166472690)↗

Evaluating Mass Analyzers as Candidates for Small, Portable, Rugged Single Point Mass Spectrometers for Analysis of Permanent Gases

For Space Shuttle launch safety, there is a need to monitor the concentration of H2, He, O2 and Ar around the launch vehicle. Currently a large mass spectrometry system performs this task, using long transport lines to draw in samples. There is great interest in replacing this stationary system with several miniature, portable, rugged mass spectrometers which act as point sensors which can be placed at the sampling point. Five commercial and two non-commercial analyzers are evaluated. The five commercial systems include the Leybold Inficon XPR-2 linear quadrupole, the Stanford Research (SRS-100) linear quadrupole, the Ferran linear quadrupole array, the ThermoQuest Polaris-Q quadrupole ion trap, and the IonWerks Time-of-Flight (TOF). The non-commercial systems include a compact double focusing sector (CDFMS) developed at the University of Minnesota, and a quadrupole ion trap (UF-IT) developed at the University of Florida. The System Volume is determined by measuring the entire system volume including the mass analyzer, its associated electronics, the associated vacuum system, the high vacuum pump and rough pump. Also measured are any ion gauge controllers or other required equipment. Computers are not included. Scan Time is the time required for one scan to be acquired and the data to be transferred. It is determined by measuring the time required acquiring a known number of scans and dividing by said number of scans. Limit of Detection is determined first by performing a zero-span calibration (using a 10-point data set). Then the limit of detection (LOD) is defined as 3 times the standard deviation of the zero data set. (An LOD of 10 ppm or less is considered acceptable.)

Arkin, C. Richard↗

Raman spectroscopy coupled with ambient ionization mass spectrometry: A forensic laboratory investigation into rapid and simple dual instrumental analysis techniques

We present a laboratory experiment, developed around a pair of instrumental analysis techniques, Raman spectroscopy and ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), conducted by senior chemistry undergraduate students for bulk analysis of over-the-counter drugs using benchtop versions of the two instruments, as well as trace analysis of illicit drugs utilizing the corresponding portable instruments. The identification and confirmation of seized drugs is a routine operation in forensic laboratories that can be simplified using these two instrumental techniques in tandem. Bulk samples are readily analyzed using conventional Raman spectroscopy followed by paper cone spray ionization (PCSI) MS, while trace analysis is allowed by a simple single-substrate dual-analyzer method using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) from paper followed by paper spray ionization (PSI) MS. The introduction of these novel strategies to the students exposed them to potential career paths in forensic science by means of a hands-on experience that provided fundamental knowledge about this set of analytical methods, including intercomparisons of their performance, as well as practical issues like costs, regulations and databases. The use of portable instrumentation represents an additional learning experience for the students, considering that it is cutting-edge technology that is just now being transferred from academic to industrial labs and that it allows a valuable discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of bringing the laboratory to the field.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

CommBench: Micro-Benchmarking Hierarchical Networks with Multi-GPU, Multi-NIC Nodes

Modern high-performance computing systems have multiple GPUs and network interface cards (NICs) per node. The resulting network architectures have multilevel hierarchies of subnetworks with different interconnect and software technologies. These systems offer multiple vendor-provided communication capabilities and library implementations (IPC, MPI, NCCL, RCCL, OneCCL) with APIs providing varying levels of performance across the different levels. Understanding this performance is currently difficult because of the wide range of architectures and programming models (CUDA, HIP, OneAPI). We present CommBench, a library with cross-system portability and a high-level API that enables developers to easily build microbenchmarks relevant to their use cases and gain insight into the performance (bandwidth & latency) of multiple implementation libraries on different networks. We demonstrate CommBench with three sets of microbenchmarks that profile the performance of six systems. Our experimental results reveal the effect of multiple NICs on optimizing the bandwidth across nodes and also present the performance characteristics of four available communication libraries within and across nodes of NVIDIA, AMD, and Intel GPU networks.

Hidayetoglu, Mert↗

Numerical eigen-spectrum slicing, accurate orthogonal eigen-basis, and mixed-precision eigenvalue refinement using OpenMP data-dependent tasks and accelerator offload

Performing a variety of numerical computations efficiently and, at the same time, in a portable fashion requires both an overarching design followed by a number of implementation strategies. All of these are exemplified below as we present transitioning the PLASMA numerical library from relying on dependence-driven large tasks to achieving utilization of fine grain tasking and offload to hardware accelerators while keeping its core dependence sets: OpenMP source code pragmas and runtime for most system-level functionality and basic low-level numerical kernels provided directly by hardware vendors or open source projects with vendor contributions. We also present new algorithmic methods and their efficient parallel implementations including fine grained tasking for eigen-spectrum slicing and offload for mixed-precision eigenvalue refinement. We provide performance, scaling, and numerical results showing sizable gains over the available solutions from either the open source and vendor-provided packages.

Luszczek, Piotr↗

Evaluating Mass Analyzers as Candidates for Small, Portable, Rugged Single Point Mass Spectrometers for Analysis of Permanent Gases

For Space Shuttle launch safety, there is a need to monitor the concentration Of H2, He, O2, and Ar around the launch vehicle. Currently a large mass spectrometry system performs this task, using long transport lines to draw in samples. There is great interest in replacing this stationary system with several miniature, portable, rugged mass spectrometers which act as point sensors which can be placed at the sampling point. Five commercial and two non-commercial analyzers are evaluated. The five commercial systems include the Leybold Inficon XPR-2 linear quadrupole, the Stanford Research (SRS-100) linear quadrupole, the Ferran linear quadrupole array, the ThermoQuest Polaris-Q quadrupole ion trap, and the IonWerks Time-of-Flight (TOF). The non-commercial systems include a compact double focusing sector (CDFMS) developed at the University of Minnesota, and a quadrupole ion trap (UF-IT) developed at the University of Florida.

Arkin, C. Richard↗

Developing multi-gene CRISPRa/i programs to accelerate DBTL cycles in ABF hosts engineered for chemical production

This project developed and implemented a modular CRISPR activation and interference (CRISPRa/i) platform to accelerate strain optimization and pathway development for industrially relevant microbial hosts. By integrating multiplexed transcriptional perturbation tools with data-driven Design–Build–Test–Learn (DBTL) workflows, the team achieved reductions in cycle time and enhanced production of industrial aromatics, particularly 4-aminocinnamic acid (4-ACA), in Pseudomonas putida. Key accomplishments included: ● Development of a robust, tunable CRISPRa/i system in P. putida that enabled efficient multi-target gene regulation via guide RNA (gRNA) programs ● Completion of two full DBTL cycles, guided by machine learning (ML) models trained on transcriptomic and performance data, reducing engineering time by over 30% ● Optimization of multi-gene regulatory programs to balance expression of host and pathway modules, improve 4-ACA titers, and resolve metabolic bottlenecks ● Demonstration of system portability through a limited proof-of-concept extension in Acinetobacter baylyi, underscoring the generalizability of the approach ● Evaluation of strain performance on lignocellulosic biomass-derived substrates, demonstrating the feasibility of converting renewable carbon into aromatic building blocks These results illustrate the feasibility of applying ML-guided CRISPRa/i perturbation strategies to accelerate strain development in complex microbial systems. The resulting tools and datasets contribute to DOE objectives by improving platform predictability, reducing development costs, and enabling broader access to sustainable, economically viable bioproduction technologies.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Biomedical engineering tasks

Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic bioinstrumentation work centered on the development of a new electrode system harness for Project Skylab. Evaluation of several silver electrode configurations proved superior impedance voltage performance for silver/silver chloride electrodes mounted flush by using a paste adhesive. A portable ECG processor has been designed and a breadboard unit has been built to sample ECG input data at a rate of 500 samples per second for arrhythmia detection. A small real time display driver program has been developed for statistical analysis on selected QPS features. Engineering work on a sleep monitoring cap assembly continued.

Source record↗

A new instrument for the determination of radio path delay due to atmospheric water vapor

A new water-vapor radiometer is being developed to determine atmospheric path-delay corrections for geodynamics applications. The radiometer has microwave channels at 20.7, 22.2, and 31.4 GHz, and includes new features which should promote radiometric precision while at the same time reduce instrument complexity. The instrument will be compact, portable, and will possess a self-diagnostic capability to ensure reliability. The performance objective is the determination of the line-of-sight path delay through the atmosphere due to water vapor with a one-sigma error less than 0.5 cm at the zenith.

Janssen, M. A.↗

Image tools for UNIX

This talk features two simple and useful tools for digital image processing in the UNIX environment. They are xv and pbmplus. The xv image viewer which runs under the X window system reads images in a number of different file formats and writes them out in different formats. The view area supports a pop-up control panel. The 'algorithms' menu lets you blur an image. The xv control panel also activates the color editor which displays the image's color map (if one exists). The xv image viewer is available through the internet. The pbmplus package is a set of tools designed to perform image processing from within a UNIX shell. The acronym 'pbm' stands for portable bit map. Like xv, the pbm plus tool can convert images from and to many different file formats. The source code and manual pages for pbmplus are also available through the internet. This software is in the public domain.

Banks, David C.↗

The Software Element of the NASA Portable Electronic Device Radiated Emissions Investigation

NASA Langley Research Center's (LaRC) High Intensity Radiated Fields Laboratory (HIRF Lab) recently conducted a series of electromagnetic radiated emissions tests under a cooperative agreement with Delta Airlines and an interagency agreement with the FAA. The frequency spectrum environment at a commercial airport was measured on location. The environment survey provides a comprehensive picture of the complex nature of the electromagnetic environment present in those areas outside the aircraft. In addition, radiated emissions tests were conducted on portable electronic devices (PEDs) that may be brought onboard aircraft. These tests were performed in both semi-anechoic and reverberation chambers located in the HIRF Lab. The PEDs included cell phones, laptop computers, electronic toys, and family radio systems. The data generated during the tests are intended to support the research on the effect of radiated emissions from wireless devices on aircraft systems. Both tests systems relied on customized control and data reduction software to provide test and instrument control, data acquisition, a user interface, real time data reduction, and data analysis. The software executed on PC's running MS Windows 98 and 2000, and used Agilent Pro Visual Engineering Environment (VEE) development software, Common Object Model (COM) technology, and MS Excel.

Koppen, Sandra V.↗

Blood Analyzer

In the 1970's, NASA provided funding for development of an automatic blood analyzer for Skylab at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). ORNL devised "dynamic loading," which employed a spinning rotor to load, transfer, and analyze blood samples by centrifugal processing. A refined, commercial version of the system was produced by ABAXIS and is marketed as portable ABAXIS MiniLab MCA. Used in a doctor's office, the equipment can perform 80 to 100 chemical blood tests on a single drop of blood and report results in five minutes. Further development is anticipated.

Source record↗

Optical Breath Gas Extravehicular Activity Sensor for the Advanced Portable Life Support System

The infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity (EVA) in the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) measures and reports the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. It is nearing its end of life and there are a limited number remaining. Meanwhile, the next generation advanced portable life support system (PLSS) now being developed requires CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use. A laser diode (LD) spectrometer based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is being developed to address both applications by Vista Photonics, Inc. Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. Version 1.0 devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in 2011. The sensors incorporate a laser diode based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement. The prototypes are controlled digitally with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)/microcontroller architecture. Version 2.0 devices with improved electronics and significantly reduced wetted volumes were delivered to JSC in 2012. A version 2.5 upgrade recently implemented wavelength stabilized operation, better humidity measurement, and much faster data analysis/reporting. A wholly reconfigured version 3.0 will maintain the demonstrated performance of earlier versions while being backwards compatible with the EMU and offering a radiation tolerant architecture.

Wood, William R.↗

Portable Distortion Free Large Solid Angle Coverage Detector

Neutron single crystal diffractometers require large solid angle coverage for optimum performance. This can be achieved by tiling flat detectors in a cylindrical or spherical geometry, but results in large gaps in detector coverage and parallax distortion. The detector edges exhibit degraded resolution, distortion, and gamma rejection. Since the detector edge regions are a significant fraction of the detector active area, they must be removed from the experimental data set, requiring extra beam time to collect enough analysis data. A spherical detector with a continuous surface would effectively address this issue while eliminating most boundary ‘dead’ areas. Here we report on the development of a novel hemispherical shaped neutron detector using seamlessly tiled readout modules to form the desired shape. The heart of the detector is a specially developed curved neutron scintillator coupled to high resolution silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) Anger cameras via custom made fiber optic tapers (FOTs). The detector has been assembled and initial tests have been conducted at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) beamlines at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Here, in this work, we describe details of the scintillator design, fabrication and characterization, evaluation of individual detector modules, the details of the detector design implementation, and evaluation of the assembled detector at ORNL beamlines.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

The df: A proposed data format standard

A standard is proposed describing a portable format for electronic exchange of data in the physical sciences. Writing scientific data in a standard format has three basic advantages: portability; the ability to use metadata to aid in interpretation of the data (understandability); and reusability. An improperly formulated standard format tends towards four disadvantages: (1) it can be inflexible and fail to allow the user to express his data as needed; (2) reading and writing such datasets can involve high overhead in computing time and storage space; (3) the format may be accessible only on certain machines using certain languages; and (4) under some circumstances it may be uncertain whether a given dataset actually conforms to the standard. A format was designed which enhances these advantages and lessens the disadvantages. The fundamental approach is to allow the user to make her own choices regarding strategic tradeoffs to achieve the performance desired in her local environment. The choices made are encoded in a specific and portable way in a set of records. A fully detailed description and specification of the format is given, and examples are used to illustrate various concepts. Implementation is discussed.

Lait, Leslie R.↗

Generic Discretization Library

The GenDiL library is a collection of C++ software abstractions designed to discretize and solve partial differential equations (PDEs) for high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Its primary focus is on modern C++ generic programming, which helps ensure portability across various hardware architectures. The central idea behind the library is to provide building blocks for numerical algorithms-such as discretization methods and iteration patterns-so that domain experts can focus on the math, rather than the low-level details of hardware or implementation. By defining abstractions for data types, iteration over computational grids, and scheduling of operations, the library isolates the high-level PDE algorithms from the platform-specific optimizations needed to achieve efficient performance.

Dudouit, Yohann [Lawrence Livermore National Labor↗

Toward Scalable Benchmarks for Mass Storage Systems

This paper presents guidelines for the design of a mass storage system benchmark suite, along with preliminary suggestions for programs to be included. The benchmarks will measure both peak and sustained performance of the system as well as predicting both short- and long-term behavior. These benchmarks should be both portable and scalable so they may be used on storage systems from tens of gigabytes to petabytes or more. By developing a standard set of benchmarks that reflect real user workload, we hope to encourage system designers and users to publish performance figures that can be compared with those of other systems. This will allow users to choose the system that best meets their needs and give designers a tool with which they can measure the performance effects of improvements to their systems.

Miller, Ethan L.↗