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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Integration of Clean Energy into Oil Field Operations

Integrating clean energy into oil and gas operations could reduce emissions and maximize higher-value use of produced hydrocarbons. In this published study, analysts from the Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis (JISEA) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) evaluated clean power technologies for an oil field in the Delaware Basin using NREL’s Renewable Energy Integration and Optimization, or REopt, tool. The analysts evaluated different configurations of distributed energy resources based on the technologies available and the load they could satisfy, available land, and hypothetical carbon pricing. The analysis is part of a collaborative program with industry to understand site-specific energy consumption and prices in the oil and gas supply chain and determine under what conditions clean energy options are economically attractive. This work was sponsored by a consortium including ConocoPhillips, Baker Hughes, Extraction Oil & Gas, Kinder Morgan, and the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America Foundation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of Fatty Acid Polyunsaturation on Synthesis and Properties of Emulsion Polymers Based on Plant Oil-Based Acrylic Monomers

This study demonstrated that polymerization behavior of plant oil-based acrylic monomers (POBMs) synthesized in one-step transesterification reaction from naturally rich in oleic acid olive, canola, and high-oleic soybean oils is associated with a varying mass fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acid fragments (linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acid esters) in plant oil. Using miniemulsion polymerization, a range of stable copolymer latexes was synthesized from 60 wt.% of each POBM and styrene to determine the impact of POBM chemical composition (polyunsaturation) on thermal and mechanical properties of the resulted polymeric materials. The unique composition of each plant oil serves as an experimental tool to determine the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid fragments on POBM polymerization behavior and thermomechanical properties of crosslinked films made from POBM-based latexes. The obtained results show that increasing polyunsaturation in the copolymers results in an enhanced crosslink density of the latex polymer network which essentially impacts the mechanical properties of the films (both Young’s modulus and toughness). Maximum toughness was observed for crosslinked latex films made from 50 wt.% of each POBM in the monomer feed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Plant Oil-Based Acrylic Latexes towards Multisubstrate Bonding Adhesives Applications

To investigate the utility of acrylic monomers from various plant oils in adhesives manufacturing, 25–45 wt. % of high oleic soybean oil-based monomer (HOSBM) was copolymerized in a miniemulsion with commercially applied butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), or styrene (St). The compositions of the resulting ternary latex copolymers were varied in terms of both “soft” (HOSBM, BA) and “rigid” (MMA or St) macromolecular fragments, while total monomer conversion and molecular weight of copolymers were determined after synthesis. For most latexes, results indicated the presence of lower and higher molecular weight fractions, which is beneficial for the material adhesive performance. To correlate surface properties and adhesive performance of HOSBM-based copolymer latexes, contact angle hysteresis (using water as a contact liquid) for each latex-substrate pair was first determined. The data showed that plant oil-based latexes exhibit a clear ability to spread and adhere once applied on the surface of materials differing by polarities, such as semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), bleached paperboard (uncoated), and tops coated with a clay mineral paperboard. The effectiveness of plant oil-based ternary latexes as adhesives was demonstrated on PET to PP and coated to uncoated paperboard substrates. As a result, the latexes with high biobased content developed in this study provide promising adhesive performance, causing substrate failure instead of cohesive/adhesive break in many experiments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1926

Experimental investigation of the physical properties of medium and heavy oils, their vaporization and use in explosion engines. Part I

While little has been accomplished in obtaining an abundant supply of light oils from coal and heavy oils, progress has been made on engine design to make use of the heavier oils. Progress has been made in two different directions which are outlined in this paper: the group of engines with medium and high-pressure carburetion in the cylinder; and the group of engines with low-pressure carburetion of the heavy oils before reaching the cylinder.

OILS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization with a Mixture of Absolute Ethanol and Iodized Oil for Poorly Visualized Endophytic Renal Masses Prior to CT-Guided Percutaneous Cryoablation

PurposeTo retrospectively evaluate the feasibility of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) using a mixture of absolute ethanol and iodized oil to improve localization of endophytic renal masses on unenhanced computed tomography (CT) prior to CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation (PCA).Materials and MethodsOur institutional review board approved this retrospective study. From September 2011 to June 2015, 17 patients (mean age, 66.8 years) with stage T1a endophytic renal masses (mean diameter, 26.5 mm) underwent TAE using a mixture of absolute ethanol and iodized oil to improve visualization of small and endophytic renal masses on unenhanced CT prior to CT-guided PCA. TAE was considered successful that accumulated iodized oil depicted whole of the tumor edge on CT. PCA was considered successful when the iceball covered the entire tumor with over a 5 mm margin. Oncological and renal functional outcomes and complications were also evaluated.ResultsTAE was successfully performed in 16 of 17 endophytic tumors. The 16 tumors were performed under CT-guided PCA with their distinct visualization of localization and safe ablated margin. During the mean follow-up period of 15.4 ± 5.1 months, one patient developed local recurrence. Estimated glomerular filtration rate declined by 8 % with statistical significance (P = 0.01). There was no procedure-related significant complication.ConclusionTAE using a mixture of absolute ethanol and iodized oil to improve visualization of endophytic renal masses facilitated tumor localization on unenhanced CT, permitting depiction of the tumor edge as well as a safe margin for ablation during CT-guided PCA, with an acceptable decline in renal function.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Applied Aspects of the Study of Thermodynamic Parameters of Oil Disperse Systems

For intensification of oil refining without using secondary processes, thermodynamic parameters of gas condensate and residual fuel oil blends were calculated from experimental investigations involving inverse gas chromatography. Apparently, from thermodynamic parameters of gas condensate and residual fuel oil blend, it is possible to determine the optimal ratio of the components for increasing the yield of light fractions. It is likely that the new colloidal structure of the blend of the disperse system (residual fuel oil) with the homogeneous system (gas condensates) forms via formation of a semicolloidal system followed by restructurization due to intermolecular interaction and dissolution processes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Vanadium and Nickel Distribution in Resin Fractions of High-Sulfur Heavy Oils

The mechanisms of occurrence and distribution of vanadium and nickel in resins and their fractions are studied with reference to high-sulfur heavy oils of Tatarstan, Samara Oblast (region), and Kazakhstan deposits. For all the investigated heavy oils, the content of vanadium and nickel in resins increase in direct proportion to the increase in contents of these metals in the oils. The resins were fractionated into benzene and alcohol-benzene fractions by adsorption chromatographic separation on silica gel. The alcohol-benzene fractions are characterized as being more polar on account of a larger content of oxygen-bearing structural groups. The special features of vanadium and nickel content and distribution in resin fractions are disclosed for heavy oils of various production complexes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Evaluation of alternatives for the evolution of palm oil mills into biorefineries

Six alternatives for the conversion of an average Colombian palm oil mill (30 t/h) of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) into biorefineries were evaluated. The alternatives studied were: (C1) Production of biogas from the Palm Oil Mill Effluents (POME), (C2) Composting of empty fruit bunches (EFB) and fiber, (C3) Biomass combustion for high pressure steam combined heat and power, (C4) Pellets production, (C5) Biochar production and, (C6) Biochar and bio-oil production. The available biomass could result in up to 125 kWh of electricity, 207 kg of compost, 125 kg of pellet, 44 kg of biochar and 63 kg of bio-oil per metric ton of FFB. The global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), net energy ratio (NER), capital expenditures (CAPEX), operational costs (OPEX), net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) were calculated for all the alternatives. GHG reductions of more than 33% could be achieved. Anaerobic digestion and composting contributed to 30% reduction of the EP. The CAPEX for all of the biorefinery alternatives studied varies between 0.7 $/t and 2.8 $/t of FFB. The OPEX varies between 1.6 $/t and 7.3 $/t of FFB. The NPV for viable scenarios ranged between 2.5 million and 13.9 million US dollars. The IRR calculated varied between 3% and 56% and the payback periods were between 3 and 8 years. The total extra incomes reached values up to 15.2 $/t of FFB. Overall the pellets production biorefinery was the preferred alternative.

palm oil mill, biorefinery comparison, Life Cycle ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Enhanced crude oil depletion by constructed bacterial consortium comprising bioemulsifier producer and petroleum hydrocarbon degraders

The aim of this work was to study the production of bioemulsifier by Rhodococcus erythropolis OSDS1, and the improvement of crude oil depletion efficiency using a consortium of petroleum hydrocarbon degraders and OSDS1. The results showed that R. erythropolis OSDS1 produced highly stable bioemulsifier under various salinity (0-35 g/L NaCl) and pH (5.0-9.0) conditions; more than 90% of the initial emulsification activity was retained after 168 h. Emulsification capacity of the bioemulsifier on different petroleum hydrocarbons was diesel > mineral oil/crude oil > gasoline. A mixed bacterial consortium combining OSDS1 and four other petroleum hydrocarbon degraders was constructed. GC-MS results revealed that the constructed consortium achieved 85.26% depletion efficiency of crude oil in 15 days, which was significantly higher than that of individual strains. During the process, we observed alkane hydroxylase gene ( alkB ) was successfully amplified from the consortium, confirming presence of crude oil degrading enzymes.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2019

Investigating the correlation of biomass recalcitrance with pyrolysis oil using poplar as the feedstock

Pyrolysis of five poplar samples with differing degrees of recalcitrance was performed; the correlations between the poplar enzymatic hydrolysis glucose yields and the physicochemical properties of pyrolysis product were studied in this work. Sugar release of five poplar samples varied from 48.1 to 112.3 mg/g for glucose, and 12.0 to 32.4 mg/g for xylose. The yield of pyrolysis products was calculated and the molecular weight distribution of pyrolysis oils was measured by GPC, ranging from 268 to 289 g/mol for its weight-average molecular weight. GC–MS analysis of the bio-oil exhibited a strong correlation between biomass recalcitrance and guaiacyl-type structures in bio-oils. The correlation between biomass recalcitrance and the ratio of syringyl-to-guaiacyl-type-related structures was also assessed. The results from quantitative 31 P NMR indicated some correlation between biomass recalcitrance and the guaiacyl hydroxyl groups in bio-oils. These conclusions illustrate correlations and differences between converting biomass to biofuels via the biological and thermal platform.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

In-situ hydrogenation of bio-oil/bio-oil phenolic compounds with secondary alcohols over a synthesized mesoporous Ni/CeO 2 catalyst

Mesoporous ceria, which was synthesized under supercritical conditions, was found to be an effective support material of Ni catalyst for the in-situ hydrogenation of m-cresol (a representative compound of bio-oil) using secondary alcohols of 2-propanol (2-PrOH) and 2-butanol (2-BuOH) as a hydrogen source (H-donor) to produce 3-methylcyclohexanol, 3-methylcyclohexene, and methylcyclohexane under a H2 gas-free atmosphere. The activities of different metal catalysts (Ni, Cu, and Co) for the in-situ hydrogenation of m-cresol were examined using 2-PrOH as a H-donor. Total and effective conversion of m-cresol achieved only over Ni/CeO 2 because of its fair catalytic properties, as determined by N2 adsorption-desorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The dependence of Ni/CeO2 performance on the reaction time (4-6 h) and Ni loading (3-9 wt%) was examined from the in-situ hydrogenation of m-cresol with 2-PrOH. The deactivation test of Ni/CeO 2 was performed by reusing the spent catalyst, which was then regenerated through successive oxidation and reduction, several times in the m-cresol transformation employing 2-PrOH as a H-donor. In addition to m-cresol, other phenolic model compounds of bio-oil, such as anisole, phenol, and guaiacol, were also treated by in-situ hydrogenation with 2-PrOH over Ni/CeO 2 . Although this catalyst was effective for phenol and guaiacol transformation, it was relatively ineffective for anisole conversion. The in-situ hydrogenation of crude bio-oil with 2-PrOH and 2-BuOH was accomplished over the Ni/CeO 2 catalyst, resulting in a refined bio-oil with a 37.5-38.9% lower oxygen content and a high heating value (HHV) of up to 25 MJ/kg.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Catalytic conversion of post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene oil over Zn-impregnated ZSM-5 catalysts

The catalytic conversion of post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (PCR-HDPE) pyrolysis oil was investigated using modified ZSM-5 zeolites, prepared under different conditions. The PCR-HDPE oil, obtained through pyrolysis at 500 °C followed by distillation at 165 °C, contained a naphtha fraction hydrocarbons suitable for catalytic upgrading. H/ZSM-5 converts PCR-HDPE naphtha fraction oil primarily into BTX, along with light paraffins and olefins. Introducing mesoporosity led to increased propylene yield at the expense of BTX. Zn impregnation onto H/ZSM-5 and H-meso/ZSM-5 enhanced BTX yield by up to 13 %. However, Zn-meso/ZSM-5 exhibited a lower BTX yield than Zn/ZSM-5 with the same Zn loadings, especially after additional steam treatment at 700 °C. Spent catalysts revealed no noticeable increase in metal contaminants such as calcium and aluminum that were present in the PCR-HDPE. Here, the Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst was stable for more than 50 h time on stream and showed promising potential for upgrading PCR-HDPE naphtha fraction oils.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Lube oil-dependent ash chemistry on soot oxidation reactivity in a gasoline direct-injection engine

Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are considered an enabling technology to meet stringent particulate matter (PM) regulations for gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines, which are known to produce significant PM emissions. While ash loading in filters has been recognized to be detrimental in filter performance by increasing back pressure, increased ash fractions in soot were observed to enhance soot oxidation. In this study, GDI soot samples derived from different gasoline/lube oil blends were evaluated to identify potential promoting factors when formulated lube oils were dosed into gasoline fuel. Ca-derived ash enhanced soot oxidation remarkably, while P- and ZDDP-derived ash deteriorated soot oxidation. It is apparent that the promoting effect of lube oil-derived ash is due mainly to the Ca component that is the most abundant among additive components in lube oil. Bulk and surface analyses of these ash compounds indicate that Ca-derived ash would be complex compounds, while the contribution of CaSO 4 , which is one of the most abundant ash compounds from diesel engines, is almost negligible. For the validation of the ash promoting impact in filters, the regeneration experiments were compared for a TWC-coated GPF in a GDI engine before and after ash loading was performed. The pressure drop of the ash-loaded GPF decreased noticeably in the initial regeneration stage and it increased gradually, whereas that of no ash-loaded GPF increased gradually without any reduction. So, it is concluded that the ash layer in the GPF assisted soot oxidation in the early regeneration stage when it was in close contact with soot.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2017

CO 2 Sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery at Depleted Oil/Gas Reservoirs

This study presents a quantitative evaluation of the operational and technical risks of an active CO 2 -EOR project. A set of risk factor metrics is defined to post-process the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for statistical analysis. The risk factors are expressed as measurable quantities that can be used to gain insight into project risk (e.g. environmental and economic risks) without the need to generate a rigorous consequence structure, which include (a) CO 2 injection rate, (b) net CO 2 injection rate, (c) cumulative CO 2 storage, (d) cumulative water injection, (e) oil production rate, (f) cumulative oil production, (g) cumulative CH 4 production, and (h) CO 2 breakthrough time. The Morrow reservoir at the Farnsworth Unit (FWU) site, Texas, is used as an example for studying the multi-scale statistical approach for CO 2 accounting and risk analysis. A set of geostatistical-based MC simulations of CO 2 -oil/gas-water flow and transport in the Morrow formation are conducted for evaluating the risk metrics. A response-surface-based economic model has been derived to calculate the CO 2 -EOR profitability for the FWU site with a current oil price, which suggests that approximately 31% of the 1000 realizations can be profitable. If government carbon-tax credits are available, or the oil price goes up or CO 2 capture and operating expenses reduce, more realizations would be profitable.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2018

Oil extraction in the Amazon basin and exposure to metals in indigenous populations

Highlights: • We assessed the body burdens of metals in two kukama communities after oil spills. • Median Hg levels were above values recommended by the Peruvian Ministry of Health. • 50% of the population had Hg levels higher than those recommended. • 17% of the study population had Cd levels higher than those recommended. • Oil spills may be a source of exposure to metals but other sources may contribute. Most oil extraction areas in the Peruvian Amazon are within indigenous territories. Poor environmental practices have exposed the indigenous population to metals. We conducted a survey in two indigenous Kukama communities to assess body burdens of metals after the occurrence of two major oil spills in 2014. Urine levels above those recommended by the Peruvian Ministry of Health were observed in 50% and 17% of the study population for mercury and cadmium, respectively.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Iodine 125 Brachytherapy With Vitrectomy and Silicone Oil in the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma: 1-to-1 Matched Case-Control Series

Purpose: We initially reported the radiation-attenuating effect of silicone oil 1000 centistokes for iodine 125. The purpose of this report was to compare the clinical outcomes in case patients who had iodine 125 brachytherapy with vitrectomy and silicone oil 1000 centistokes with the outcomes in matched control patients who underwent brachytherapy alone. Methods and Materials: Consecutive patients with uveal melanoma who were treated with iodine 125 plaque brachytherapy and vitrectomy with silicone oil with minimum 1-year follow-up were included. Control patients who underwent brachytherapy alone were matched for tumor size, location, and sex. Baseline patient and tumor characteristics and tumor response to radiation, final visual acuity, macular status, central macular thickness by ocular coherence tomography (OCT), cataract progression, and metastasis at last follow-up visit were compared. Surgical complications were also determined. Results: Twenty case patients met the inclusion criteria. The average follow-up time was 22.1 months in case patients and 19.4 months in control patients. The final logMAR vision was 0.81 in case patients and 1.1 in control patients (P=.071); 8 case patients and 16 control patients had abnormal macular findings (P=.011); and the average central macular thickness by OCT was 293.2 μm in case patients and 408.5 μm in control patients (P=.016). Eleven case patients (55%) and 1 control patient (5%) had required cataract surgery at last follow-up (P=.002). Four patients in the case group and 1 patient in the control group experienced metastasis (P=.18). Among the cases, intraoperative retinal tear occurred in 3 patients; total serous retinal detachment and macular hole developed in 1 case patient each. There was no case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, treatment failure, or local tumor dissemination in case patients or control patients. Conclusions: With up to 3 years of clinical follow-up, silicone oil during brachytherapy for the treatment of uveal melanoma resulted in fewer abnormal maculas, lower central macular thickness on OCT, and a trend toward better final visual acuity in comparison with matched control patients who underwent brachytherapy alone.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Generation of camelina mid-oleic acid seed oil by identification and stacking of fatty acid biosynthetic mutants

Modifying oilseeds to obtain a desired fatty acid composition is often necessary to enable use as feedstocks for specific applications such as food processing, biofuels, or biolubricants. A mutant population of camelina (Camelina sativa), an emerging specialty oilseed crop, was screened by high-throughput gas chromatography for lines with altered seed oil fatty acid composition. By leveraging knowledge of fatty acid synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations in orthologs of FATTY ACID ELONGASE1 (FAE1), FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2), FATTY ACID DESATURASE3 (FAD3), and β-KETO-ACYL-ACP SYNTHASE II (KASII; FAB1) were identified. The mutations altered conserved amino acid residues in the encoded proteins. The ability of the mutations in FAE1, FAD2 and FAD3 to affect enzyme function was demonstrated by comparing in vivo activities of wild-type and mutant alleles in yeast. In addition, expression of wild-type cDNA in camelina complemented fatty acid phenotypes of these mutants. As camelina has a hexaploid genome, the effect of a mutation in one of the three homeologs for each gene resulted in no or less severe growth phenotypes compared to similar mutations in Arabidopsis. Mid-oleic oils with nearly 40 % oleic acid and reduced very long-chain (≤C20) fatty acid content were obtained by crossing to obtain a fae1c/fad2a/fae1a/fad3a quadruple mutant. Little effect on total seed oil content was observed in the stacked mutant line. Finally, the resulting mid-oleic acid oil had improved oxidative stability due to reductions in polyunsaturated fatty acid content, increasing its utility for biofuels and other applications.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Separation of chemical groups from bio-oil aqueous phase via sequential organic solvent extraction

Bio-oil aqueous phase contains a considerable amount of furans, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and phenolics besides the major components of organic acids and anhydrosugars. The complexity of bio-oil aqueous phase limits its efficient utilization. To improve the efficiency of bio-oil biorefinery, this study focused on the separation of chemical groups from bio-oil aqueous phase via sequential organic solvent extractions. Due to their high recoverability and low solubility in water, four solvents (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) with different polarities were evaluated, and the optimum process conditions for chemical extraction were determined. Chloroform had high extraction efficiency for furans, phenolics, and ketones. In addition to these chemical groups, ethyl acetate had high extraction efficiency for organic acids. The sequential extraction by using chloroform followed by ethyl acetate rendered that 62.2 wt.% of original furans, ketones, alcohols, and phenolics were extracted to chloroform, over 62 wt.% acetic acid was extracted to ethyl acetate, resulting in a high concentration of levoglucosan (~53.0 wt.%) in the final aqueous phase. Chemicals separated via the sequential extraction could be used as feedstocks in biorefinery using processes such as catalytic upgrading of furans and phenolics to hydrocarbons, fermentation of levoglucosan to produce alcohols and diols, and hydrogen production from organic acids via microbial electrolysis.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗