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Results for “Measurement”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Measuring K S 0 K ± interactions using pp collisions at s = 7 TeV
We present the first measurements of femtoscopic correlations between the K$^0_S$ and K ± particles in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV measured by the ALICE experiment. The observed femtoscopic correlations are consistent with final-state interactions proceeding solely via the a 0 (980) resonance. The extracted kaon source radius and correlation strength parameters for K$^0_S$K - are found to be equal within the experimental uncertainties to those for K$^0_S$K + . Results of the present study are compared with those from identical-kaon femtoscopic studies also performed with pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV by ALICE and with a K$^0_S$K ± measurement in Pb–Pb collisions at s NN =2.76 TeV. Combined with the Pb–Pb results, our pp analysis is found to be compatible with the interpretation of the a 0 (980) having a tetraquark structure instead of that of a diquark.
Algal Biomass Constituent Analysis: Method Uncertainties and Investigation of the Underlying Measuring Chemistries
Algal biomass compositional analysis data form the basis of a large number of techno-economic process analysis models that are used to investigate and compare different processes in algal biofuels production. However, the analytical methods used to generate these data are far from standardized. This work investigated the applicability of common methods for rapid chemical analysis of biomass samples with respect to accuracy and precision. This study measured lipids, protein, carbohydrates, ash, and moisture of a single algal biomass sample at 3 institutions by 8 independent researchers over 12 separate workdays. Results show statistically significant differences in the results from a given analytical method among laboratories but not between analysts at individual laboratories, suggesting consistent training is a critical issue for empirical analytical methods. Significantly different results from multiple lipid and protein measurements were found to be due to different measurement chemistries. We identified a set of compositional analysis procedures that are in best agreement with data obtained by more advanced analytical procedures. The methods described here and used for the round robin experiment do not require specialized instrumentation, and with detailed analytical documentation, the differences between laboratories can be markedly reduced.
Bubble Point Measurements of Three Binary Mixtures of Refrigerants: R-32/1234yf, R-32/1234ze(E), and R-1132a/1234yf
In this article, bubble point pressures of three binary mixtures at two compositions each have been measured utilizing a static method. The mixtures studied were difluoromethane + 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R-32/1234yf), difluoromethane + (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R-32/1234ze(E)), and 1,1-difluoroethene + 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R-1132a/1234yf). For all of the mixtures, the minimum temperature measured was 270 K. The maximum temperatures measured for the R-32/1234ze(E), R-32/1234yf, and R-1132a/1234yf mixtures were 360, 345, and 325 K, respectively. A total of 100 bubble point pressures are reported and compared to available literature data relative to the REFPROP database. Lemmon, E. W. [ NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, 10.0; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program: Gaithersburg, 2018]. Additionally, the bubble point pressures obtained in this study are modeled using the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state. The PC-SAFT model parameters, as well as deviations of this work and literature data from the model, are reported.
Entangled Photon Correlations Allow a Continuous-Wave Laser Diode to Measure Single-Photon, Time-Resolved Fluorescence
Fluorescence lifetime experiments are a standard approach for measuring excited state dynamics and local environment effects. Here, we show that entangled photon pairs produced from a continuous-wave (CW) laser diode can replicate pulsed laser experiments without phase modulation. As a proof of principle, picosecond fluorescence lifetimes of indocyanine green are measured in multiple environments. Here, the use of entangled photons has three unique advantages. First, low power CW laser diodes and entangled photon source design lead to straightforward on-chip integration for a direct path to distributable fluorescence lifetime measurements. Second, the entangled pair wavelength is easily tuned by temperature or electric field, allowing a single source to cover octave bandwidths. Third, femtosecond temporal resolutions can be reached without requiring major advances in source technology or external phase modulation. Entangled photons could therefore provide increased accessibility to time-resolved fluorescence while also opening new scientific avenues in photosensitive and inherently quantum systems.
Nanoscale Measurements of Charge Transfer at Cocatalyst/Semiconductor Interfaces in BiVO 4 Particle Photocatalysts
Semiconductor photocatalyst particles convert solar energy to fuels like H 2 . The particles are often assumed to provide crystalline-facet-dependent electron-hole separation. A common strategy is to deposit HER electrocatalyst on electron-selective facets and OER electrocatalyst on hole-selective facets. A precise understanding of how charge-carrier-selective contacts emerges and how they rationally designed, however, is missing. Using a combination of ex-situ and in-situ conducting-AFM experiments and new ionomer/catalyst-semiconductor test structures, we show how heterogeneity in charge-carrier selectivity can be measured at the nanoscale. We discover that the presence of interface water/electrolyte is critical to induce hole selectivity between the CoO x water-oxidation catalyst and the BiVO 4 light absorber. pH-dependent measurements suggest that negative surface charge on the semiconductor is central to inducing hole selectivity. Furthermore, the work also demonstrates a new approach to control local pH and introduce water using thin-film ionomers compatible with conductive-AFM measurements.
Sample-Averaged Biexciton Quantum Yield Measured by Solution-Phase Photon Correlation
The brightness of nanoscale optical materials such as semiconductor nanocrystals is currently limited in high excitation flux applications by inefficient multiexciton fluorescence. We have devised a solution-phase photon correlation measurement that can conveniently and reliably measure the average biexciton-to-exciton quantum yield ratio of an entire sample without user selection bias. This technique can be used to investigate the multiexciton recombination dynamics of a broad scope of synthetically underdeveloped materials, including those with low exciton quantum yields and poor fluorescence stability. Here in this study, we have applied this method to measure weak biexciton fluorescence in samples of visible-emitting InP/ZnS and InAs/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals, and to demonstrate that a rapid CdS shell growth procedure can markedly increase the biexciton fluorescence of CdSe nanocrystals.
Error reduction of phasor measurement unit data considering practical constraints
Not provided.
The 235 U prompt fission neutron spectrum measured by the Chi-Nu project at LANSCE
The Chi-Nu experiment aims to accurately measure the prompt fission neutron spectrum for the major actinides. At the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), fission can be induced with neutrons ranging from 0.7 MeV and above. Using a two arm time-of-flight (TOF) technique, the fission neutrons are measured in one of two arrays: a 22- 6 Li glass array for lower energies, or a 54-liquid scintillator array for outgoing energies of 0.5 MeV and greater. Presented here are the collaboration's preliminary efforts at measuring the 235 U PFNS.
Improving nuclear data evaluations with predictive reaction theory and indirect measurements
Nuclear reaction data required for astrophysics and applications is incomplete, as not all nuclear reactions can be measured or reliably predicted. Neutron-induced reactions involving unstable targets are particularly challenging, but often critical for simulations. In response to this need, indirect approaches, such as the surrogate reaction method, have been developed. Nuclear theory is key to extract reliable cross sections from such indirect measurements. We describe ongoing efforts to expand the theoretical capabilities that enable surrogate reaction measurements. We focus on microscopic predictions for charged-particle inelastic scattering, uncertainty-quantified optical nucleon-nucleus models, and neural-network enhanced parameter inference.
Phase-controlled, heterodyne laser-induced transient grating measurements of thermal transport properties in opaque material
The methodology for a heterodyned laser-induced transient thermal grating technique for non-contact, non-destructive measurements of thermal transport in opaque material is presented here. Phase-controlled heterodyne detection allows us to isolate pure phase or amplitude transient grating signal contributions by varying the relative phase between reference and probe beams. The phase grating signal includes components associated with both transient reflectivity and surface displacement whereas the amplitude grating contribution is governed by transient reflectivity alone. By analyzing the latter with the two-dimensional thermal diffusion model, we extract the in-plane thermal diffusivity of the sample. Measurements on a 5 μm thick single crystal PbTe film yielded excellent agreement with the model over a range of grating periods from 1.6 to 2.8 μm. The measured thermal diffusivity of 1.3 × 10 -6 m 2 /s was found to be slightly lower than the bulk value.
Comparisons of angularly and spectrally resolved Bremsstrahlung measurements to two-dimensional multi-stage simulations of short-pulse laser-plasma interactions
A 2-D multi-stage simulation model incorporating realistic laser conditions and a fully resolved electron distribution handoff has been developed and compared to angularly and spectrally resolved Bremsstrahlung measurements from high-Z planar targets. For near-normal incidence and 0.5-1 × 10{sup 20} W/cm{sup 2} intensity, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations predict the existence of a high energy electron component consistently directed away from the laser axis, in contrast with previous expectations for oblique irradiation. Measurements of the angular distribution are consistent with a high energy component when directed along the PIC predicted direction, as opposed to between the target normal and laser axis as previously measured.
Measurement of transmission efficiency for 400 MeV proton beam through collimator at Fermilab MuCool Test Area using Chromox-6 scintillation screen
The MuCool Test Area (MTA) at Fermilab is a facility to develop the technology required for ionization cooling for a future Muon Collider and/or Neutrino Factory. As part of this research program, feasibility studies of various types of RF cavities in a high magnetic field environment are in progress. As a unique approach, we have tested a RF cavity filled with a high pressure hydrogen gas with a 400 MeV proton beam in an external magnetic field (B = 3 T). Quantitative information about the number of protons passing through this cavity is an essential requirement of the beam test. The MTA is a flammable gas (hydrogen) hazard zone. Due to safety reasons, no active (energized) beam diagnostic instrument can be used. Moreover, when the magnetic field is on, current transformers (toroids) used for beam intensity measurements do not work due to the saturation of the ferrite material of the transformer. Based on these requirements, we have developed a passive beam diagnostic instrumentation using a combination of a Chromox-6 scintillation screen and CCD camera. This paper describes details of the beam profile and position obtained from the CCD image with B = 0 T and B = 3 T, and for high and low intensity proton beams. A comparison is made with beam size obtained from multi-wires detector. Beam transmission efficiency through a collimator with a 4 mm diameter hole is measured by the toroids and CCD image of the scintillation screen. Results show that the transmission efficiency estimated from the CCD image is consistent with the toroid measurement, which enables us to monitor the beam transmission efficiency even in a high magnetic field environment.
Thermal expansion measurements by x-ray scattering and breakdown of Ehrenfest;s relation in alloy liquids
Abstract not provided
Detecting low concentrations of plutonium hydride with magnetization measurements
We report the formation of plutonium hydride in 2 at. % Ga-stabilized δ-Pu, with 1 at. % H charging. We show that magnetization measurements are a sensitive, quantitative measure of ferromagnetic plutonium hydride against the nonmagnetic background of plutonium. It was previously shown that at low hydrogen concentrations, hydrogen forms super-abundant vacancy complexes with plutonium, resulting in a bulk lattice contraction. Here, we use magnetization, X-ray, and neutron diffraction measurements to show that in addition to forming vacancy complexes, at least 30% of the H atoms bond with Pu to precipitate PuH{sub x} on the surface of the sample with x ∼ 1.9. We observe magnetic hysteresis loops below 40 K with magnetic remanence, consistent with ferromagnetic PuH{sub 1.9}.
Measurement of the tradeoff between intrinsic emittance and quantum efficiency from a NaKSb photocathode near threshold
We measure the tradeoff between the quantum efficiency and intrinsic emittance from a NaKSb photocathode at three increasing wavelengths (635, 650, and 690 nm) at or below the energy of the bandgap plus the electron affinity, hν≤E{sub g}+E{sub a}. These measurements were performed using a high voltage dc gun for varied photocathode surface fields of 1.4−4.4 MV/m. Measurements of intrinsic emittance are performed using two different methods and were found to agree. At the longest wavelength available, 690 nm, the intrinsic emittance was 0.26 μm/mm-rms with a quantum efficiency of ∼10{sup −4}. The suitability of NaKSb emitting at threshold for various low emittance applications is discussed.