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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

DFT simulation of conductivity of the p-type doped and charge-injected cis-polyacetylene

Semiconducting conjugated polymers (CPs) have shown great potential in organic solar cells and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), due to their tunable electronic and optical properties. In this study, we compare computational predictions of electronic and optical properties of ensembles of cis-polyacetylene (cis-PA) multiple oligomers in two different forms (a) undoped cis-PA and (b) cis-PA doped by phosphorous fluoride (PF¯ 6 ) via density functional theory (DFT) with hybrid functionals. The comparison of undoped cis-PA under the constraint of injected charge carrier and cis-PA doped by PF¯ 6 shows that either doping or injection provides very similar features in electronic structure and optical properties. Doped and injected are similar to each other and different from the pristine, undoped PA. Computed results also indicate that the injection of charge carriers and adding p-type doping into the semiconducting CP model both greatly affect the conductivity. Furthermore, these observations provide a better understanding and practical use of the properties of polyacetylene films for flexible electronic applications.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

THE OCCURRENCE AND SPEED OF CMEs RELATED TO TWO CHARACTERISTIC EVOLUTION PATTERNS OF HELICITY INJECTION IN THEIR SOLAR SOURCE REGIONS

Long-term (a few days) variation of magnetic helicity injection was calculated for 28 solar active regions that produced 47 coronal mass ejections (CMEs) to find its relationship to the CME occurrence and speed using SOHO/MDI line-of-sight magnetograms. As a result, we found that the 47 CMEs can be categorized into two different groups by two characteristic evolution patterns of helicity injection in their source active regions, which appeared for {approx}0.5-4.5 days before their occurrence: (1) a monotonically increasing pattern with one sign of helicity (Group A; 30 CMEs in 23 active regions) and (2) a pattern of significant helicity injection followed by its sign reversal (Group B; 17 CMEs in 5 active regions). We also found that CME speed has a correlation with average helicity injection rate with linear correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.63 for Group A and Group B, respectively. In addition, these two CME groups show different characteristics as follows: (1) the average CME speed of Group B (1330 km s{sup -1}) is much faster than that of Group A (870 km s{sup -1}), (2) the CMEs in Group A tend to be single events whereas those in Group B mainly consist of successive events, and (3) flares related to the CMEs in Group B are relatively more energetic and impulsive than those in Group A. Our findings therefore suggest that the two CME groups have different pre-CME conditions in their source active regions and different CME characteristics.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Triggering collapse of the presolar dense cloud core and injecting short-lived radioisotopes with a shock wave. IV. effects of rotational axis orientation

Both astronomical observations of the interaction of Type II supernova remnants (SNRs) with dense interstellar clouds as well as cosmochemical studies of the abundances of daughter products of short-lived radioisotopes (SLRIs) formed by supernova nucleosynthesis support the hypothesis that the Solar System's SLRIs may have been derived from a supernova. This paper continues a series devoted to examining whether or not such a shock wave could have triggered the dynamical collapse of a dense, presolar cloud core and simultaneously injected sufficient abundances of SLRIs to explain the cosmochemical evidence. Here, we examine the effects of shock waves striking clouds whose spin axes are oriented perpendicular, rather than parallel, to the direction of propagation of the shock front. The models start with 2.2 M{sub ⊙} cloud cores and shock speeds of 20 or 40 km s{sup −1}. Central protostars and protoplanetary disks form in all models, although with their disk spin axes aligned somewhat randomly. The disks derive most of their angular momentum not from the initial cloud rotation, but from the Rayleigh-Taylor fingers that also inject shock wave SLRIs. Injection efficiencies, f{sub i}, the fraction of the incident shock wave material injected into the collapsing cloud core, are ∼0.04–0.1 in these models, similar to when the rotation axis is parallel to the shock propagation direction. Evidently, altering the rotation axis orientation has only a minor effect on the outcome, strengthening the case for this scenario as an explanation for the Solar System's SLRIs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

High frequency pacing of edge localized modes by injection of lithium granules in DIII-D H-mode discharges

A newly installed Lithium Granule Injector (LGI) was used to pace edge localized modes (ELM) in DIII-D. ELM pacing efficiency was studied injecting lithium granules of nominal diameter 0.3–0.9mm, speed of 50–120 m s -1 and average injection rates up to 100 Hz for 0.9mm granules and up to 700 Hz for 0.3mm granules. The efficiency of ELM triggering was found to depend strongly on size of the injected granules, with triggering efficiency close to 100% obtained with 0.9mm diameter granules, lower with smaller sizes, and weakly depending on granule velocity. Robust ELM pacing was demonstrated in ITER-like plasmas for the entire shot length, at ELM frequencies 3–5 times larger than the ‘natural’ ELM frequency observed in reference discharges. Within the range of ELM frequencies obtained, the peak ELM heat flux at the outer strike point was reduced with increasing pacing frequency. The peak heat flux reduction at the inner strike point appears to saturate at high pacing frequency. Lithium was found in the plasma core, with a concurrent reduction of metallic impurities and carbon. Altogether, high frequency ELM pacing using the lithium granule injection appears to be compatible with both H-mode energy confinement and attractive H-mode pedestal characteristics, but further assessment is need

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Destabilization of counter-propagating Alfvénic instabilities by tangential, co-current neutral beam injection

Injection of high-energy neutrals is a common tool to heat the plasma and drive current non-inductively in fusion devices. Once neutrals ionize, the resulting energetic particles can drive instabilities that are detrimental for the performance and the predictability of plasma discharges. A broad deposition profile of neutrals from neutral beam injection, e.g. by aiming the beam tangentially on the outboard midplane (i.e. off-axis), is often assumed to limit those undesired effects by reducing the radial gradient of the EP density, thus reducing the drive for instabilities. However, this paper presents new evidence that tangential neutral beam injection, including off-axis injection near the plasma mid-radius, can also lead to undesired effects such as the destabilization of Alfvénic instabilities. Time-dependent analysis with the TRANSP code indicates that instabilities are driven by a combination of radial and energy gradients in the distribution function of the energetic particles. Finally, the mechanisms for wave-particle interaction revealed by the energetic particle phase space resolved analysis are the basis to identify strategies to mitigate or suppress the observed instabilities.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

ELM frequency enhancement and discharge modification through lithium granule injection into EAST H-modes

The injection of impurity granules into fusion research discharges can serve as a catalyst for ELM events. For sufficiently low ELM frequencies, and granule sizes above a threshold, this can result in full control of the ELM cycle, referred to as ELM pacing. For this research, we extend the investigation to conditions where the natural ELM frequency is too high for ELM pacing to be realized. Utilizing multiple sizes of lithium granules and classifying their effects by granule size, we demonstrate that ELM mitigation through frequency multiplication can be used at ELM triggering rates that nominally make ELM pacing unrealizable. We find that above a size threshold, injected granules promptly trigger ELMs and commensurately enhance the ELM frequency. Below this threshold size, injection of an individual granule does not always lead to the prompt triggering of an ELM; however, collective ablation in the edge pedestal region does enhance the ELM frequency. Furthermore, Li granules too small to individually trigger ELMs were injected into EAST H-mode discharges at frequencies up to 2.3 kHz; collectively the granules were observed to enhance the natural ELM frequency up to 620 Hz, resulting in a ~2.4 × multiplication of the natural ELM frequency and a 50% decrease of the ELM size.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Observations of wall conditioning by means of boron powder injection in DIII-D H-mode plasmas

In this paper, we report observations from the DIII-D tokamak indicating that boron (B) powder injection in tokamak plasmas improves wall conditions similarly to glow discharge boronization (GDB). Isotopically enriched B powder (B 11 > 95%) was introduced gravitationally in a sequence of H-mode plasma discharges at rates up to ~160 mg s -1 for durations up to 3 s. Boron injection to cumulative amounts ≤0.1 g appeared to improve wall conditions similarly to boronization, with indications of reduced wall fueling, reduced recycling at the outer strike point and reduced impurity content at breakdown. Post-mortem analysis of graphite samples exposed to far scrape-off layer plasma fluxes during boron injection confirm the formation of a B-C layer, with average surface composition B:C ~ 1. The results suggest that injecting boron-rich powders in tokamak plasmas can effectively replenish boron films on carbon plasma facing components to improve wall conditions and extend the duration of the beneficial effects of GDB.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

3D radiation, density, and MHD structures following neon shattered pellet injection into stable DIII-D Super H-mode discharges

Six nominally repeat neon shattered pellet injection (SPI) shutdowns of stable DIII-D Super H-modes are studied to understand the 3D properties of the radiation and impurity transport. The radiation efficiency and radiation peaking determine whether first wall melting is expected following disruption mitigation in ITER. Previous studies make use of axisymmetric approximations to infer radiation efficiencies, but validating the high efficiency required by ITER necessitates improved accuracy, and this work contributes by exploring the 3D radiation and density structures that will inform forward modeling. When the neon shatter plume produced by the SPI reaches the plasma edge, m/n = 3/1 and 2/1 island O-points are observed to align with the injection trajectory in five out of six cases, suggesting that the injected material seeds the island O-points. Field aligned neon structures emitting Ne-I line radiation drift at 1 km/s in the ion diamagnetic drift direction during the pre-TQ, tracking the motion of the m/n = 2/1 island O-point. Neon fragments penetrate to the q = 2 surface by the time of the TQ. Techniques to constrain the 3D emissivity are explored, and one method constrains a 3D flux tube that is consistent with the radiation data, and when mapped to the interferometers, intersects the lasers that measure the highest density. The resulting structure derived from the radiation measurements exists near the 2/1 island X-point. In five repeatable discharges, the peak of the radiation in the toroidal direction exists in a 120° toroidal sector where the injection occurs, in contrast with the outlier discharge where the toroidal peak exists in the complementary 240° toroidal sector far from the injector, and where a 50% lower density rise is observed. In conclusion, the n = 1 phase behavior is markedly different in the outlier discharge, suggesting a possible dependence of the radiation structure and the assimilation efficiency on MHD.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

A novel path to runaway electron mitigation via deuterium injection and current-driven MHD instability

Relativistic electron (RE) beams at high current density (low safety factor, qa) yet very low free-electron density accessed with D2 secondary injection in the DIII-D and JET tokamak are found to exhibit large-scale MHD instabilities that benignly terminate the RE beam. In JET, this technique has enabled termination of MA-level RE currents without measurable first-wall heating. This scenario thus offers an unexpected alternate pathway to achieve RE mitigation without collisional dissipation. Benign termination is explained by two synergistic effects. First, during the MHD-driven RE loss events both experiment and MHD orbit-loss modeling supports a significant increase in the wetted area of the RE loss. Second, as previously identified at JET and DIII-D, the fast kink loss timescale precludes RE beam regeneration and the resulting dangerous conversion of magnetic to RE kinetic energy. During the termination, the RE kinetic energy is lost to the wall, but the current fully transfers to the cold bulk thus enabling benign Ohmic dissipation of the magnetic energy on longer timescales via a conventional current quench. Hydrogenic (D2) secondary injection is found to be the only injected species that enables access to the benign termination. D2 injection: 1) facilitates access to low qa in existing devices (via reduced collisionality & resistivity), 2) minimizes the RE avalanche by ‘purging’ the high-Z atoms from the RE beam, 3) drives recombination of the background plasma, reducing the density and Alfven time, thus accelerating the MHD growth. Furthermore, this phenomenon is found to be accessible when crossing the low qa stability boundary with rising current, falling toroidal field, or contracting minor radius - the latter being the expected scenario for vertically unstable RE beams in ITER. While unexpected, this path scales favorably to fusion-grade tokamaks and offers a novel RE mitigation scenario in principle accessible with the day-one disruption mitigation system (DMS) of ITER.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

First results of Ne shattered pellet injection for mitigating plasma disruption with full metal wall in EAST tokamak

Disruption mitigation poses a significant and unresolved challenge for ITER and future fusion reactor devices. To mitigate the effect of plasma disruption, a Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) system has been developed and the first rapid shutdown experiments have been successfully performed in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak with full metal wall. The experiments confirmed the system’s capability to inject 5 mm diameter neon (Ne) pellets at velocities ranging from 100 to 400 m s −1 , with a maximum injected quantity of 13.2 Pa m 3 . Compared to unmitigated disruptions, the total radiation power was significantly higher with the respective use of SPI and Massive Gas Injection (MGI). Additionally, the radiation distribution and divertor heat flux were compared between SPI and MGI methods. The results demonstrated that SPI exhibited shorter cooling time, stronger core radiation and more uniform poloidal radiation distribution compared to MGI, indicating deeper deposition using SPI. Furthermore, during plasma shutdown, the electron temperature and peak heat flux near outer divertor strike points were reduced by 40% and 50% respectively, with SPI, in comparison to MGI. These findings serve as a valuable reference for implementing SPI technology as the baseline approach for disruption mitigation in ITER.

EAST↗
DOE OSTI2026

Simultaneous ELM suppression and divertor detachment via synergistic boron powder and neon injection in EAST

A novel approach for simultaneous power exhaust and edge-localized mode (ELM) control is presented in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak discharges, which utilize an ITER-like tungsten divertor. Real-time injection of boron (B) powder and neon (Ne) gas overcomes their limitations encountered when used separately. Pure Ne seeding leads to a narrow operational window constrained by core impurity accumulation and H-mode to L-mode back transitions, while pure solid B injection (SBI) is insufficient for effective divertor cooling. In comparison, their combined use achieves a stable, stationary, ELM-suppressed H-mode with adequate power exhaust. This synergistic scenario features partial energy detachment at the outer divertor while maintaining good plasma confinement (H 98 ∼ 1) with minimal degradation. Two key features of this scenario are: (1) the SBI triggers a persistent Edge Harmonic Mode (EHM), which provides a crucial continuous particle transport channel, preventing Ne and tungsten/molybdenum accumulation without flushing out by ELM, and (2) the B + Ne mixture allows for active optimization of the radiated power profile. Core radiation can be reduced by substituting a portion of the Ne with B, leveraging their complementary non-coronal equilibrium radiation efficiencies. This combined B + Ne injection scheme presents a promising pathway toward integrated core-edge scenarios, offering the potential to minimize total impurity throughput while leveraging an actuator (powder injection) already being considered for ITER.

Boron↗
DOE OSTI2025

MEOP based 3 He polarization and injection system for experiments below 1 K

Metastability exchange optical pumping (MEOP) is a widely used technique for producing polarized 3 He. In connection with an experiment to search for the electric dipole moment of the neutron (nEDM) we have built a MEOP based 3 He polarization and injection system to prepare 80 % polarized 3 He at room temperature which will be injected into a ∼ 400 mK measurement cell filled with superfluid 4 He. We describe the polarization and injection system, which is designed to allow for final concentrations of 10 -8 –10 -10 of 80% polarized 3 He in the superfluid filled measurement cell. Only ≈ 0.72% polarization loss due to gradients is expected during injection.

Gas systems and purification↗
DOE OSTI2015

SIMULATIONS AND THEORY OF ION INJECTION AT NON-RELATIVISTIC COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS

We use kinetic hybrid simulations (kinetic ions-fluid electrons) to characterize the fraction of ions that are accelerated to non-thermal energies at non-relativistic collisionless shocks. We investigate the properties of the shock discontinuity and show that shocks propagating almost along the background magnetic field (quasi-parallel shocks) reform quasi-periodically on ion cyclotron scales. Ions that impinge on the shock when the discontinuity is the steepest are specularly reflected. This is a necessary condition for being injected, but it is not sufficient. Also, by following the trajectories of reflected ions, we calculate the minimum energy needed for injection into diffusive shock acceleration, as a function of the shock inclination. We construct a minimal model that accounts for the ion reflection from quasi-periodic shock barrier, for the fraction of injected ions, and for the ion spectrum throughout the transition from thermal to non-thermal energies. This model captures the physics relevant for ion injection at non-relativistic astrophysical shocks with arbitrary strengths and magnetic inclinations, and represents a crucial ingredient for understanding the diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Squeezing properties of a two-transverse-mode degenerate optical parametric oscillator with an injected signal

We study the classical and quantum properties of a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO) tuned to the first family of transverse modes at the down-converted frequency, under the injection of a resonant TEM{sub 10} mode. Unlike the usual single-mode DOPO with injected signal, large levels of squeezing are predicted even for relatively large injections. We interpret these results in connection with the spontaneous symmetry breaking predicted for this system in the absence of injection and with the existence of a bifurcation giving rise to the switching on of the (noninjected) TEM{sub 01} mode.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Biasing topological charge injection in topological matter

Here we explore the interplay between topologies in the momentum and real spaces to formulate a thermodynamic description of nonequilibrium injection of topological charges under external bias. We show that the edge modes engendered by the momentum-space topology can play a functional role of connecting the external reservoirs to the bulk transport of topological charges in the real space. We illustrate our general results with two examples: the spin-torque injection of skyrmions in an electrically biased integer quantum Hall system, and the vortex injection in a topological $p + ip$ superconductor coupled to heat reservoirs. Based on the universal fractional entropy of the Majorana zero modes bound to the vortices, their controllable injection proposed in this work could provide a route for creating and manipulating Majorana fermions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exotic energy injection in the early Universe. II. CMB spectral distortions and constraints on light dark matter

Here, we calculate the post-recombination contribution to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectral distortion due to general exotic energy injections, including dark matter (DM) decaying or annihilating to Standard Model particles. Upon subtracting the background distortion that would be present even without such energy injections, we find residual distortions that are still potentially large enough to be detectable by future experiments such as PIXIE. The distortions also have a high-energy spectral feature that is a unique signature of the injection of high-energy particles. We present a calculation of the global ionization history in the presence of decaying dark matter with sub-keV masses, and also show that previous calculations of the global ionization history in the presence of energy injection are not significantly modified by these additional spectral distortions. Our improved treatment of low-energy electrons allows us to extend calculations of the CMB anisotropy constraints for decaying DM down to arbitrarily low masses. We also recast these bounds as constraints on the coupling of axionlike particles to photons.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Comment on “Nonideal Fields Solve the Injection Problem in Relativistic Reconnection”

Sironi (hereafter S22) reported the correlation between high-energy particles and their crossings of regions with electric field larger than magnetic field (E > B regions) in kinetic simulations of relativistic magnetic reconnection. They claim that E > B regions (for vanishing guide fields) accelerate particles to the injection energy γ inj ~ σ (magnetization). S22 shows that if test particles are reset to low energies in E > B regions, injection is suppressed. Here, we reexamine these claims using a simulation resembling the reference case in S22 with no guide field. We show that E > B regions contribute very little to injection (~ 10% γ inj ) as they only host particles for a short duration. The energization before any E > B crossings has a comparable contribution, indicating E > B regions are not unique for pre-acceleration. A new test-particle simulation that zeroes out E during E > B does not strongly influence injection. We suggest that the procedure to exclude E > B acceleration in S22 partly removes acceleration outside E > B, leading to a false conclusion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Upgrade of the Spallation Neutron Source Injection and Extraction Kicker Pulse Verification Systems

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) injection system transports a chopped, 1ms H- ion beam from the linac into the accumulator ring, where two electrons are stripped from each ion, resulting in a proton beam propagating in the ring. The injection kickers use a 1400A current source with a 1ms discharge time to paint the optimum phase space of the injected proton population. The accumulation ring stacks 1us bunches from the 1ms beam pulse to increase peak beam current by a factor of ~1000. The accumulated beam is deflected by fourteen 33kV, 700ns pulsed extraction kicker magnets and delivered to the mercury target, where neutrons are spalled for science experiments. Protecting the accelerator from an errant beam—which may result from asynchronous firing or insufficient magnetic-field intensity in kicker systems—requires a system that monitors and verifies the pulsed current in the kicker magnets prior to and during each 60Hz beam pulse. In addition, the extraction system pulse-forming network (PFN) is verified to be correctly charged and ready for triggering prior to injecting the beam into the linac from the ion source. This paper describes the two verification systems requirements, limitations of the existing systems, and development of new systems.

Morris, B↗