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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

An implementation of a high-order generalized finite difference method for solving the time-harmonic cold plasma wave equation in toroidal geometry

A high-order physics-informed meshless finite difference numerical technique is introduced for solving the time-harmonic cold plasma wave equation in toroidal geometries, presenting a novel application of the generalized finite difference (GFD) method to plasma wave simulations. The algorithm employs an irregular distribution of computational points, with local point density informed by the shortest wavelength derived from the cold plasma dispersion relation. Numerical stability and robustness are addressed using regularization techniques. The algorithm, implemented for two spatial dimensions, solves for the wave electric field and is demonstrated to achieve convergence rates of $\mathcal{O}$($\mathcal{h}$ $\mathcal{P}$ )⁠. Verification tests reproduce plane wave solutions, and example simulations of ion cyclotron resonance heating and electron cyclotron resonance heating demonstrate its capability, approaching realistic tokamak plasma scenarios. This work contributes to laying a foundation for the GFD method to be used in more sophisticated, optimized, and physically realistic full-wave simulations in time-harmonic plasma wave research.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Soft x-ray high-harmonic generation in an anti-resonant hollow core fiber driven by a 3 μ m ultrafast laser

High-harmonic upconversion driven by a mid-infrared femtosecond laser can generate coherent soft x-ray beams in a tabletop-scale setup. Here, we report on a compact ytterbium-pumped optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) laser system seeded by an all-fiber front-end and employing periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) nonlinear media operated near the pulse fluence limits of current commercially available PPLN crystals. The OPCPA delivers 3 µm wavelength pulses with 775 µJ energy at 1 kHz repetition rate, with transform-limited 120 fs pulse duration, diffraction-limited beam quality, and ultrahigh 0.33% rms energy stability over >18 h. Using this laser, we generate soft x-ray high harmonics (HHG) in argon gas by focusing into a low-loss, high-pressure gas-filled anti-resonant hollow core fiber (ARHCF), generating coherent light at photon energies up to the argon L-edge (250 eV) and carbon K-edge (284 eV), with high beam quality and ∼1% rms energy stability. This work demonstrates soft x-ray HHG in a high-efficiency guided-wave phase matched geometry, overcoming the high losses inherent to mid-IR propagation in unstructured waveguides, or the short interaction lengths of gas cells or jets. The ARHCF can operate in the long term without damage and with the repetition rate, stability, and robustness required for demanding applications in spectromicroscopy and imaging. Finally, we discuss routes for further optimizing the soft x-ray HHG flux by driving He at higher laser intensities using either the signal (1.5 μm) or idler wavelengths (3 μm).

Femtosecond lasers↗
DOE OSTI2011

Highly efficient second-harmonic generation of intense femtosecond pulses with a significant effect of cubic nonlinearity

A highly efficient (73%) second-harmonic generation of femtosecond pulses in a 1-mm-thick KDP crystal at a fundamentalharmonic peak intensity of 2 TW cm{sup -2} has been demonstrated experimentally. In a 0.5-mm-thick KDP crystal, a 50% efficiency has been reached at a peak intensity of 3.5 TW cm{sup -2}. We examine the key factors that limit the conversion efficiency and present numerical simulation results on further temporal compression of second-harmonic pulses.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Generation of tunable mid-IR radiation by second harmonic in a CdGeAs{sub 2} crystal

Tunable mid-IR radiation is obtained during second harmonic generation of tunable CO{sub 2}-laser radiation using a CdGeAs{sub 2} crystal. Its angular tuning characteristics at the CO{sub 2}- laser wavelength, angular acceptance angle and spectral acceptance are measured. For second harmonic generation at 10.6 {mu}m, the conversion efficiency in the CdGeAs{sub 2} crystal is 90 times higher than that in the ZnGeP{sub 2} crystal.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Second-harmonic generation efficiency for multifrequency ytterbium-doped fibre laser radiation

The second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency for cw Yb-doped fibre laser radiation, which is characterised by many longitudinal modes with random phases, is compared with the SHG efficiency for amplified single-frequency Nd : YAG laser radiation in ppLN and KTP crystals, characterised by the type-I and type-IIphase matching, respectively. It is shown that the conversion efficiency into the second harmonic in the multifrequency regime for both crystals is higher by a factor of about 1.6, a value close to the calculated enhancement (2 for the Gaussian mode statistics). This difference is explained by possible deviation of the statistics of the Yb-doped fibre laser radiation from Gaussian, which is confirmed by measurements of the laser temporal dynamics. (laser optics 2012)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tunable coherent soft X-ray source based on the generation of high-order harmonic of femtosecond laser radiation in gas-filled capillaries

We have carried out experimental and theoretical investigations of a tunable coherent soft X-ray radiation source in the 30 – 52 nm wavelength range based on the generation of high-order harmonics of femtosecond laser radiation propagating in a dielectric xenon-filled capillary. The long path of laser pulse propagation through the capillary permits tuning the generated harmonic wavelengths to almost completely span the range under consideration. (interaction of radiation with matter)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nonlinear harmonic mixing in an InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs laser on a germanium substrate

An InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs laser with quantum wells, grown on a lightly doped germanium substrate, is experimentally investigated. Generation on the second and sum harmonics is observed in this composite cavity laser, which confirms the possibility of efficient difference-harmonic generation. (lasers)

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Extracavity and external cavity second-harmonic generation in a periodically poled silica fibre

We have studied second-harmonic generation (SHG) of a cw single-frequency ytterbium-doped fibre laser, using a periodically poled silica fibre as a nonlinear medium for frequency conversion. All-fibre external cavity SHG has been investigated for the first time. A twofold increase in second-harmonic power in a fibre ring cavity has been demonstrated and possibilities of further optimising the fibre scheme have been analysed. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Modification of the spectrum of high harmonics by a weak vacuum ultraviolet field

Within the framework of the time-dependent effective range theory, we have calculated the spectra of high harmonics in a field containing an intense low-frequency component and a weak (perturbative) high-frequency component with a photon energy exceeding the ionisation potential of the atomic target. We have presented a quantum-mechanical substantiation of the quasi-classical theory [A.V. Flegel et al. Quantum Electron., 47, 222 (2017)], which describes additional generation channels of high harmonics induced by a weak high-frequency field. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Generation of the second harmonic in ridge waveguides formed in periodically poled lithium niobate

Generation of the second harmonic of semiconductor laser radiation in the IR range (980 – 1140 nm) in ridge waveguides with a large refractive index step, formed in periodically poled nonlinear LiNbO{sub 3} crystals, is demonstrated. Ridge waveguides have been prepared by precise cutting using a diamond microsaw. Spectral dependences of the SHG power and intensity distributions in the near field of second harmonic and pump radiations have been measured. The results obtained indicate good prospects of designing tunable laser radiation sources in the visible range due to the SHG in ridge waveguides formed in periodically poled nonlinear crystals under semiconductor laser pumping. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Prolate spheroidal harmonic expansion of gravitational field

As a modification of the oblate spheroidal case, a recursive method is developed to compute the point value and a few low-order derivatives of the prolate spheroidal harmonics of the second kind, Q{sub nm} (y), namely the unnormalized associated Legendre function (ALF) of the second kind with its argument in the domain, 1 < y < ∞. They are required in evaluating the prolate spheroidal harmonic expansion of the gravitational field in addition to the point value and the low-order derivatives of P-bar {sub nm}(t), the 4π fully normalized ALF of the first kind with its argument in the domain, |t| ≤ 1. The new method will be useful in the gravitational field computation of elongated celestial objects.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Alternating lags of QPO harmonics: A generic model and its application to the 67 mHz QPO of GRS 1915+105

A generic model for alternating lags in quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) harmonics is presented where variations in the photon spectrum are caused by oscillations in two parameters that characterize the spectrum. It is further assumed that variations in one of the parameters are linearly driven by variations in the other after a time delay t{sub d} . It is shown that alternating lags will be observed for a range of t{sub d} values. A phenomenological model based on this generic one is developed that can explain the amplitude and phase lag variation with energy of the fundamental and the next three harmonics of the 67 mHz QPO observed in GRS 1915+105. The phenomenological model also predicts the variation of the Bicoherence phase with energy, which can be checked by further analysis of the observational data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

TIME-DEPENDENT MULTI-GROUP MULTI-DIMENSIONAL RELATIVISTIC RADIATIVE TRANSFER CODE BASED ON SPHERICAL HARMONIC DISCRETE ORDINATE METHOD

We develop a time-dependent, multi-group, multi-dimensional relativistic radiative transfer code, which is required to numerically investigate radiation from relativistic fluids that are involved in, e.g., gamma-ray bursts and active galactic nuclei. The code is based on the spherical harmonic discrete ordinate method (SHDOM) which evaluates a source function including anisotropic scattering in spherical harmonics and implicitly solves the static radiative transfer equation with ray tracing in discrete ordinates. We implement treatments of time dependence, multi-frequency bins, Lorentz transformation, and elastic Thomson and inelastic Compton scattering to the publicly available SHDOM code. Our code adopts a mixed-frame approach; the source function is evaluated in the comoving frame, whereas the radiative transfer equation is solved in the laboratory frame. This implementation is validated using various test problems and comparisons with the results from a relativistic Monte Carlo code. These validations confirm that the code correctly calculates the intensity and its evolution in the computational domain. The code enables us to obtain an Eddington tensor that relates the first and third moments of intensity (energy density and radiation pressure) and is frequently used as a closure relation in radiation hydrodynamics calculations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Spatiotemporally resolved measurements of electric field around a piezoelectric transformer using electric-field induced second harmonic (E-FISH) generation

When a piezoelectric transformer (PT) is actuated at its second harmonic frequency by a low input voltage, the generated electric field at the distal end can be sufficient to breakdown the surrounding gas, making them attractive power sources for non-equilibrium plasma generation. Understanding the potential and electric fields produced in the surrounding medium by the PT is important for effectively designing and using PT plasma devices. In this work, the spatiotemporally resolved characteristics of the electric field generated by a PT operating in open air have been investigated using the femtosecond electric field-induced second harmonic generation (E-FISH) method. Here, electric field components were determined by simultaneously conducting E-FISH measurements with the incident laser polarized in two orthogonal directions relative to the PT crystal. Results of this work demonstrate the spatial distribution of electric field around the PT’s output distal end and how it evolves as a function of time. Notably, the strongest electric field appears on the face of the PT’s distal surface, near the top and bottom edges and decreases by approximately 70% over 3 mm. The time delay between the PT’s input voltage and measured electric field indicates that there is an about 0.45 phase difference between the PT’s input voltage and output signal.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Parametric studies of stream instability-induced higher harmonics in plasma ionization breakdown near an emissive dielectric surface

Here, in this work, we comprehensively investigate the generation of higher harmonic (HH) electric fields normal to the applied rf electric field in multipactor-coexisting plasma breakdown by fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and a theoretical model. Firstly, a base case at driving frequency 1 GHz, transverse rf electric field amplitude 3 MV m –1 , and background gas pressure 0.2 Torr, is studied in detail. The enhanced harmonic frequency observed is around ten times the fundamental rf frequency, significantly lower than the Langmuir frequency. A theoretical model reveals that the fundamental mechanism of HHs generation is stream–plasma instability, which originates from stream-like secondary electron emission interacting with plasma. The resulting HH frequency and the growth rate of its oscillating amplitude from the theoretical model, agree well with the PIC simulations. With increasing pressure, the HH oscillations are found to be significantly reduced. This is because at higher pressure the gas ionization rate is higher, which causes a more rapidly increasing plasma density, leaving less time for the growth of instability. Furthermore, the parameter space in terms of background gas pressure and rf field amplitude within which the HHs appear is revealed. Finally, the effect of the driving rf frequency on HHs is also investigated, and it is found that the instability-induced oscillating HHs field remains when the driving frequency is increased to 2 GHz, however, it is highly reduced at higher driving frequency of 5 GHz, as oscillations at the fundamental frequency start playing a more important role.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Quantum stochastic thermodynamic on harmonic networks

Abstract Fluctuation theorems are symmetry relations for the probability to observe an amount of entropy production in a finite-time process. In a recent paper Pigeon et al (2016 New. J. Phys. 18 013009 ) derived fluctuation theorems for harmonic networks by means of the large deviation theory. Their novel approach is illustrated with various examples of experimentally relevant systems. As a main result, however, Pigeon et al provide new insight how to consistently formulate quantum stochastic thermodynamics, and provide new and robust tools for the study of the thermodynamics of quantum harmonic networks.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Extended quantitative rescattering model for simulating high-order harmonic streaking spectra by synchronization of an intense IR laser and a time-delayed attosecond XUV pulse

In this work, we theoretically investigate the modulated high-harmonic generation (HHG) driven by an intense few-cycle infrared (IR) laser field and a weak extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulse at a delayed time. We establish an extended quantitative rescattering (EQRS) model to simulate the HHG streaking spectra, with the ideas of correcting the IR ionization and the transition from the ground to continuum states in the strong-field approximation. The EQRS model has an accuracy comparable to that from “exactly” solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). We reveal that the fringes in the streaking spectra are caused by the interference between the attosecond XUV pulse and harmonics resulting from different recombination pathways under the intense IR laser. We then demonstrate that the XUV pulse can be accurately retrieved by treating the single-atom TDSE results or macroscopic propagation results as the “input” data. This work provides with a tool for efficiently simulating and thoroughly analyzing the XUV-assisted HHG, which could also enhance its capability for tracing the electron dynamics involved in the strong-field phenomena.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterizing particle-like charge-migration dynamics with high-order harmonic sideband spectroscopy

Here, we introduce high-order harmonic sideband spectroscopy and show that it can be a robust probe of charge migration (CM) in a halogenated carbon-chain molecule. We simulate both the CM and high-order harmonic generation (HHG) dynamics using ab initio time-dependent density-functional theory. We find that CM dynamics initiated along the molecular backbone induces sidebands in the HHG spectrum driven by a delayed laser pulse that is polarized perpendicular to the molecular axis. Monitoring the spectrum as either the HHG laser frequency or the relative delay is scanned allows for the extraction of detailed information about the time-domain characteristics of the CM process.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗