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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

The EBLM project – IX. Five fully convective M-dwarfs, precisely measured with CHEOPS and TESS light curves

ABSTRACT Eclipsing binaries are important benchmark objects to test and calibrate stellar structure and evolution models. This is especially true for binaries with a fully convective M-dwarf component for which direct measurements of these stars’ masses and radii are difficult using other techniques. Within the potential of M-dwarfs to be exoplanet host stars, the accuracy of theoretical predictions of their radius and effective temperature as a function of their mass is an active topic of discussion. Not only the parameters of transiting exoplanets but also the success of future atmospheric characterization relies on accurate theoretical predictions. We present the analysis of five eclipsing binaries with low-mass stellar companions out of a subsample of 23, for which we obtained ultra-high-precision light curves using the CHEOPS satellite. The observation of their primary and secondary eclipses are combined with spectroscopic measurements to precisely model the primary parameters and derive the M-dwarfs mass, radius, surface gravity, and effective temperature estimates using the PYCHEOPS data analysis software. Combining these results to the same set of parameters derived from TESS light curves, we find very good agreement (better than 1 per cent for radius and better than 0.2 per cent for surface gravity). We also analyse the importance of precise orbits from radial velocity measurements and find them to be crucial to derive M-dwarf radii in a regime below 5 per cent accuracy. These results add five valuable data points to the mass–radius diagram of fully convective M-dwarfs.

Sebastian, D. (ORCID:0000000222149258)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Thermal loading effects on chalk hydromechanical behavior for nuclear waste disposal

Safe disposal of heat-generating nuclear waste depends on host rock stability under thermal, hydrological, and mechanical stresses. This study investigates the effect of thermal loading on mechanical behavior of the shallowly buried Ghareb formation chalk through triaxial and hydrostatic constant strain rate and creep tests at temperatures up to 100 ˚C and effective pressures up to 20.7 MPa. Experimental results show that thermal loading reduces the elastic moduli of chalk by 50–75%, and a transition occurs above 60 ˚C where creep rates increase rapidly. Water saturation nearly doubles the thermally induced strain compared to dry conditions and strongly decreases material rigidity. Thermal loading also leads to significant pore pressure increases under undrained conditions and leads to reductions in the apparent permeability during drained conditions. Laboratory experimental data were used to parameterize and develop a preliminary constitutive model for predicting future deformation during repository operations in the Ghareb. The strongly coupled effects – mechanical weakening, fluid pressure fluctuations, and permeability modification – demonstrate that elevated repository temperatures will have a pronounced effect on the near field Ghareb behavior during waste disposal operations. The findings indicate that the coupled interactions must be considered in predictive models and repository design to ensure long-term nuclear waste isolation and safety.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Regional climate change projections from NA-CORDEX and their relation to climate sensitivity

Abstract The climate sensitivity of global climate models (GCMs) strongly influences projected climate change due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Reasonably, the climate sensitivity of a GCM may be expected to affect dynamically downscaled projections. However, there has been little examination of the effect of the climate sensitivity of GCMs on regional climate model (RCM) ensembles. Therefore, we present projections of temperature and precipitation from the ensemble of projections produced as a part of the North American branch of the international Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (NA-CORDEX) in the context of their relationship to the climate sensitivity of their parent GCMs. NA-CORDEX simulations were produced at 50-km and 25-km resolutions with multiple RCMs which downscaled multiple GCMs that spanned nearly the full range of climate sensitivity available in the CMIP5 archive. We show that climate sensitivity is a very important source of spread in the NA-CORDEX ensemble, particularly for temperature. Temperature projections correlate with driving GCM climate sensitivity annually and seasonally across North America not only at a continental scale but also at a local-to-regional scale. Importantly, the spread in temperature projections would be reduced if only low, mid, or high climate sensitivity simulations were considered, or if only the ensemble mean were considered. Precipitation projections correlate with climate sensitivity, but only at a continental scale during the cold season, due to the increasing influence of other processes at finer scales. Additionally, it is shown that the RCMs do alter the projection space sampled by their driving GCMs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Real-time cure monitoring of fiber-reinforced polymer composites using infrared thermography and recursive Bayesian filtering

Despite the desirable characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, their utilization in high volume production industries is limited by a lack of efficient manufacturing techniques. Monitoring the curing process of these composites can help with improving the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing process. This article discusses a method that uses Kalman-filter-based fusion of the information obtained from infrared thermography (surface temperature measurements) and a heat conduction model to estimate degrees of cure and internal temperatures of curing FRP composite parts in real time. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated by successfully monitoring the curing of an FRP composite part in a laboratory experiment. Finally, the proposed methodology is a crucial step towards identifying anomalies in the curing process that negatively impact the quality of FRP composite parts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A conceptual model for how to design for building envelope characteristics. Impact of thermal comfort intervals and thermal mass on commercial buildings in U.S. climates

The paper presents a simplified conceptual model for energy demand calculations based on building envelope characteristics, thermal mass and local climate. It is based on a network model and lumped analysis of the dynamic process. Characteristic parameters for the buildings are suggested; Driving temperature (DT), Driving temperature difference, (DTD), External Load Temperature (ELT), and Thermal Load Resistance (TLR). The Building Envelope Performance ( BEP 0 ), based on a controlled constant indoor temperature is introduced. Solution techniques using stable explicit forward differences based on analytical solutions are derived. The conceptual model has been used for mapping the Driving temperature difference and introduced two performance factors and . The first factor represents the effect of thermal comfort interval and thermal mass on the energy demand. The latter represents the ratio between cooling and heating energy demand. These three parameters and factors have been visualized on U.S. maps and enable a possibility to communicate the demand of energy, and cooling and the coupling to building characteristics, in a concise way.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Coexistence of Synchronization and Stochasticity in Thermally Coupled Mott Oscillators

Synchronization is conventionally regarded as a mechanism for suppressing variability and enforcing order in coupled systems, from pendula and lasers to neurons and electronic oscillators. Here, we show that synchronization can also embed stochasticity at finer scales. We observe this phenomenon in thermally coupled VO 2 neuristors, where robust in-phase synchronization at the microsecond scale coexists with spike onset fluctuations at the nanosecond scale, with no fixed leader. The coexistence of order and disorder originates from stochastic domain-level physics of the insulator–metal and metal–insulator transitions, where local variations in transition temperature drive cycle-to-cycle randomness in nucleation, percolation, and relaxation. A stochastic domain model reproduces this effect by generating synchronized spike trains with random lead–lag jitter, and experimental interspike interval statistics confirm the persistence of fine-scale variability despite macroscopic phase locking. These findings establish that synchronization and stochasticity can coexist within the same physical platform, revealing hidden disorder within collective order. Furthermore, this insight reframes synchronization as not purely deterministic, but as a universal context where microscopic variability can persist, with implications for electronics, cryptography, and the fundamental physics of order–disorder coexistence.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observation of interface piezoelectricity in superconducting devices on silicon

The development of superconducting quantum processors relies on understanding and mitigating decoherence in superconducting qubits. Piezoelectric coupling contributes to decoherence by mediating energy exchange between microwave photons and acoustic phonons. Although bulk centrosymmetric materials like silicon and sapphire are non-piezoelectric and commonly used as qubit substrates, the lack of centrosymmetry at interfaces may induce piezoelectric losses. This effect was predicted decades ago but never experimentally observed in superconducting devices. Here, we report interface piezoelectricity at aluminum-silicon junctions and demonstrate it as a significant loss channel in superconducting devices. Using aluminum interdigital transducers on silicon, we observe piezoelectric transduction from room to millikelvin temperatures, with an effective electromechanical coupling factor K 2 ≈ (3 ± 0.4) × 10−5%, comparable to weakly piezoelectric substrates. Modeling shows this mechanism limits qubit quality factors to Q ~ 10 4 − 10 8 , depending on surface participation and mode matching. These findings reveal interface piezoelectricity as a major dissipation channel and highlight the need for heterostructure and phononic engineering in next-generation superconducting qubits.

Zhou, Haoxin [University of California, Berkeley, ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Super-X and conventional divertor configurations in MAST-U ohmic L-mode; a comparison facilitated by interpretative modelling

Measurements are presented, alongside corresponding interpretative SOLPS-ITER simulations, of the first MAST-U experiments comparing ohmically heated L-mode fuelling scans in Conventional divertor (CD) and Super-X divertor (SXD) configurations. In experiment, at comparable outer mid-plane separatrix electron density, $n_{e,\textrm{sep,OMP}}$, the maximum lower outer target heat load was found to be a factor 16 $\,\pm\,7$ lower in SXD compared to CD. In simulation, a factor 26.8 reduction was found (slightly higher than the experimental range), suggesting an additional reduction in SXD compared to the factor 9.3 expected from geometric considerations alone. According to the simulations, this additional reduction in the SXD is due to a net radial transport of the energy remaining downstream of the $T_e = 5$ eV location. This energy is carried out of the critical (highest heat load) flux tube by deuterium atoms, demonstrating the importance of a longer legged divertor which provides space for this to occur. Importantly, in both simulation and experiment, the SXD has minimal impact on the upstream n e and T e profiles. Spectral inferences of detachment front movement in SXD compare well between simulation and experiment. In regions of high magnetic field gradient, the parallel movement of the front towards the X-point becomes less sensitive to increasing $n_{e,\textrm{sep,OMP}}$, in qualitative agreement with simplified models and previous predictive simulations. Additional aspects, regarding the target ion flux rollover, upstream separatrix temperature and drift effects, are also presented and discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Almost strong zero modes at finite temperature

Interacting fermionic chains exhibit extended regions of topological degeneracy of their ground states as a result of the presence of Majorana or parafermionic zero modes localized at the edges. In the opposite limit of infinite temperature, the corresponding nonintegrable spin chains, obtained via generalized Jordan-Wigner mapping, are known to host so-called almost strong zero modes, which are long-lived with respect to any bulk excitations. Here we study the fairly unexplored territory that bridges these two extreme cases of zero and infinite temperature. We blend two established techniques for states, the Lanczos series expansion and a tensor network ansatz, uplifting them to the level of operator algebra. This allows us to efficiently simulate large system sizes for arbitrarily long timescales and to extract the temperature-dependent decay rates. We observe that for the Kitaev-Hubbard model, the decay rate of the edge mode depends exponentially on the inverse temperature 𝛽, and on an effective energy scale Δ eff that is greater than the thermodynamic gap of the system Δ.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Monopole Catalyzed Baryogenesis with a $\theta$ angle

Monopoles are generally expected in Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) where they can catalyze baryon decay at an unsuppressed rate by the Callan-Rubakov effect. For the first time, we show this catalysis effect can generate the observed baryon asymmetry at GeV scale temperatures. We study the minimal SU(5) GUT model and demonstrate that monopoles-fermion scattering with a $CP$-violating $\theta$-term leads to realistic baryogenesis even when $\theta\lesssim 10^{-10}$ is below the neutron EDM bound, potentially detectable in the future measurements. Our calculation also shows that to generate the observed baryon asymmetry, the abundance of the monopoles is below the current experiential bounds.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Atom Probe Tomography Characterization of High-Dose Ion Irradiated MA957

This paper presents a comprehensive characterization study of the microstructural responses to ion irradiation of the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloy MA957 using atom probe tomography (APT). The MA957 specimens were irradiated by 1.8 MeV Cr3+ ions to doses and temperatures relevant to advanced fast reactors (100 and 500 dpa at 400-500 °C). The average sizes of the YTiO particles decreased slightly after irradiation at all temperatures, with the most pronounced change at 400 °C. The particle number densities for 400 and 500 °C were slightly below number densities for the unirradiated condition, while the values were slightly higher at 420 and 450 °C. This behavior is consistent with the Nelson-Hudson-Mazey rate theory model that considers the competing effects between recombination and dissolution. An increase in the Y/Ti ratio of the YTiO particles was observed at the two lower temperatures. The formation of Cr-rich precipitates (a') was observed in specimens irradiated at temperatures up to 450 °C. Irradiation-induced segregation on grain boundaries was also investigated. Grain boundary element concentration profiles and ion maps demonstrate differences among the irradiation temperatures, with most datasets differing from the unirradiated condition. A key focus of this ion irradiation study is the high-dose response, and this quantitative assessment revealed relatively small but distinct effects of irradiation on microstructure evolution. Overall, these results showing minor second phase evolution suggest that MA957 should retain mechanical performance generally well up to 500 dpa for the irradiation temperatures studied.

Wang, Jing↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal-Mechanical Elastic-Plastic and Ductile Failure Model Calibrations for 304L Stainless Steel Alloy

Numerical simulations of metallic structures undergoing rapid loading into the plastic range require material models that accurately represent the response. In general, the material response can be seen as having four interrelated parts: the baseline response under slow loading, the effect of strain rate, the conversion of plastic work into heat and the effect of temperature. In essence, the material behaves in a thermal-mechanical manner if the loading is fast enough so when heat is generated by plastic deformation it raises the temperature and therefore influences the mechanical response. In these cases, appropriate models that can capture the aspects listed above are necessary. The material of interest here is 304L stainless steel, and the objective of this work is to calibrate thermal-mechanical models: one for the constitutive behavior and another for failure. The work was accomplished by first designing and conducting a material test program to provide data for the calibration of the models. The test program included uniaxial tension tests conducted at room temperature, 150 and 300 C and at strain rates between 10 –4 and 10 3 1/s. It also included notched tension and shear-dominated compression hat tests specifically designed to calibrate the failure model. All test specimens were extracted from a single piece of plate to maintain consistency. The constitutive model adopted was a modular $J_2$ plasticity model with isotropic hardening that included rate and temperature dependence. A criterion for failure initiation based on a critical value of equivalent plastic strain fitted the failure data appropriately and was adopted. Possible ranges of the values of the parameters of the models were determined partially on historical data from calibrations of the same alloy from other lots and are given here. The calibration of the parameters of the models were based on finite element simulations of the various material tests using relatively ne meshes and hexahedral elements. When using the model in structural finite element calculations, however, element formulations and sizes different from those in the calibration are likely to be used. A brief investigation demonstrated that the failure initiation predictions can be particularly sensitive to the element selection and provided an initial guide to compensate for the effect of element size in a specific example.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fourier-like Thermal Relaxation of Nanoscale Explosive Hot Spots

Hot spots are local regions of high temperature that are widely considered to govern explosive initiation. Hot spot dynamics rests on a delicate balance between heat generation due to chemical reactions and heat loss through thermal conduction, making accurate determinations of the conductivity under extreme conditions a key component of predictive explosive models. We develop here an approach to directly determine the thermal transport properties of explosive hot spots with realistic initial structures through a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and diffusive heat equation (HEq) modeling. Effective thermal conductivity values are determined by fitting HEq models to MD predictions of long timescale hot spot relaxation. The approach is applied to model hot spots in the molecular crystalline explosive 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) for a range of shock strengths and two limiting cases for impact orientation. Isotropic and anisotropic HEq models yield similar results, despite TATB exhibiting some of the largest and most anisotropic thermal conductivity values for explosive near normal conditions. The conductivity is found to be a strong function of density, which parametrically captures dependence on temperature, pressure, and material state. The associated root-mean-square errors of the fitted HEq models are approximately 5% of MD predicted final equilibrium temperatures. Here, the conductivity values determined here for TATB hot spots are considerably larger than those used in a prior hot spot criticality study, which may significantly impact predictions for critical hot spot sizes. The approach provides a convenient foundation for determining the effective thermal conductivity for hot spot problems in other explosives and directly yields information on reasonable approximations that might be taken in higher-level models for those materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

MARS-Q modeling of kink-peeling instabilities in DIII-D QH-mode plasma

In quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) regime, edge harmonic oscillations (EHOs) are believed to provide necessary radial transport to prevent occurrence of large edge localized modes. A systematic modeling study is performed here on the low- n EHOs in a DIII-D QH-mode plasma (Chen et al 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56 076011), by utilizing the MARS-Q code (Liu et al 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 042503). Both the n = 1 and n = 2 instabilities are found to be strongly localized near the plasma edge, exhibiting the edge-peeling characteristics. The DIII-D resistive wall is found to have minor effects on these instabilities. The plasma resistivity is found to strongly modify the mode growth rate. Assuming the Spitzer model for the plasma resistivity, the computed mode growth rate scales as S sup>-1/3 with S being the Lundquist number. Toroidal flow of the plasma slightly stabilizes these edge localized kink-peeling modes. Drift kinetic effects all have a destabilization effect on these modes. Non-perturbative magneto-hydrodynamic-kinetic hybrid computations find that the drift kinetic effects associated with thermal particle species push the peak location of the eigenmode radially inward but still in the pedestal region. The modeled plasma temperature and density fluctuations in the plasma edge region, as well as the poloidal magnetic field perturbations along both the low and high field sides of the plasma surface, are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Finally, the quasi-linear initial value simulations find a strong non-linear interplay between the kink-peeling instability and the toroidal flow near the plasma edge. The combined effect of the damping of the flow amplitude and change of the edge flow shear is found to be the stabilizing factor for the kink-peeling mode, leading to the mode saturation and thus EHOs.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of ceria as a surrogate material for UO 2 in experiments on fuel cracking driven by resistive heating

A variety of normal operation and accident scenarios can generate thermal stresses large enough to cause cracking in light-water reactor (LWR) fuel pellets. Cracking of fuel pellets can lead to reduced heat removal, larger centerline temperatures, and localized stress in cladding all of which impact fuel performance. Furthermore, pellet cracking also contributes to a temperature reduction in the pellet since the pellet fragments tend to move towards the heat sink (cladding), and the heat flow remains predominantly radial despite the presence of cracks. It is important to understand the temperature profile on the pellet before and after cracking to improve cracking models in fuel performance codes However, in-reactor observation and measurement of cracking is very challenging owing to the harsh environment and design of fuel rods. Recently, an experimental pellet cracking test stand was developed for separate effects testing of normal operations and accident temperature conditions, using thermal imaging to capture the pellet surface temperature for evaluation of thermal stresses and optical imaging to capture the evolution of cracking in real time. Cracking experiments were initially performed using ceria (CeO 2 ) as a surrogate fuel material, which is useful for developing and demonstrating the experimental approaches but is also valuable in its own right for cracking model development and validation. A combination of induction and resistance heating was used for volumetric heat generation in the pellet creating a thermal gradient. The material properties of CeO 2 and UO 2 are reviewed and compared for use in model development. Simulations of the experiment were performed to evaluate the behavior of the surrogate (CeO 2 ) fuel in BISON. The measured temperature profiles from BISON models match reasonably well with the observed experiments for the ceria pellets before cracking. The findings from this work will help improve confidence in fracture models used for fuel pellets under similar in-reactor conditions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Assessing the Impact of a Novel TBC Material on Heat Transfer in a Spark Ignition Engine through 3D CFD-FEA Co-Simulation Routine

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been of interest since the 1970s for application in internal combustion (IC) engines. Thin TBCs exhibit a temperature swing phenomenon wherein wall temperatures dynamically respond to the transient working-gas temperature throughout the engine cycle, thus reducing the temperature difference driving the heat transfer. Determining these varying wall temperatures is necessary to evaluate and study the effect of coatings on wall heat transfer. This study focuses on developing a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-finite element analysis (FEA) coupled simulation, or co-simulation, routine to determine the wall temperatures of a piston coated with a thin TBC layer subject to spark ignition combustion heat flux. A CONVERGE 3D-CFD model was used to simulate the combustion process in a single-cylinder, light-duty experimental spark ignition (SI) engine. Transient piston heat transfer analysis was conducted using ABAQUS, a FEA package, under the simulated combustion heat flux load. The effect of the temperature swing phenomenon due to this TBC layer was observed in a CFD simulation by implementing the FEA results as the piston thermal boundary conditions. The boundary conditions were passed between the CFD and FEA tools until a quasi-steady state solution was achieved. Furthermore, a reduction in wall heat transfer was observed due to a reduced temperature difference between the wall and the working gas.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ectomycorrhizal effects on decomposition are highly dependent on fungal traits, climate, and litter properties: A model-based assessment. Dataset.

To simulate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on soil organic matter cycling, we incorporated mycorrhizal processes into the Carbon, Organisms, Rhizosphere, and Protection in the Soil Environment (CORPSE) model to develop a new soil model Myco-CORPSE. The new model was calibrated and evaluated against soil measurements taken at temperate forests in New Hampshire (NH) and Georgia (GA). A series of scenario analysis were also conducted to explore the conditions under which ectomycorrhizal (ECM) N acquisition processes can induce different soil C accumulation in ECM systems compared to arbuscular (AM) systems.In this data package, we included:-The Python codes of the standard Myco-CORPSE model we developed: "Standard Myco_CORPSE python codes.zip". The main program is the "gradient_sim.py" which calculates the bulk soil microbes and CN content along a user defined gradient of clay, soil temperature, soil moisture and mycorrhizal dominance, and relies on two subprograms "CORPSE_deriv.py" and "CORPSE_integrate.py". "CORPSE_deriv.py" calculated the changes in all simulated soil stock within every time step and "CORPSE_integrate.py" integrate the changes in all simulated soil stock within simulated time period. The program "Plot.py" is used to plot the major outputs produced by the main program "gradient_sim.py".-The modified Python codes of Myco-CORPSE models with site-level environmental inputs (in NH and GA) used to conduct simulations in NH and GA sites: "NH_GA model simulations.zip". -The Python codes used to evaluate the Myco-CORPSE simulation outputs in NH and GA sites against site-level measurements: "Plot NH_GA simulation against measurements.zip". It includes both the evaluation Python code, the model outputs on NH and GA sites, and the measured soil properties in both sites.-The modified Python codes of Myco-CORPSE models "Scenario analysis_model simulations.zip" that is used to conduct scenario analysis of how different litter properties, mycorrhizal fungal traits, climate, and seasonal variation in temperature and vegetation phenology impact the mycorrhizal effects on soil CN properties. The sub file folder "Scenario analysis_litter traits" contains the codes for scenario analysis of different litter properties; The sub file folder "Scenario analysis_ECM types" contains the codes for scenario analysis of different ECM fungal traits; The sub file folder "Scenario analysis_climate&seasonality" contains the codes for scenario analysis of different climate and seasonalities;-"Scenario analysis_model results and plotting codes.zip" contains all the output files from the the scenario analysis of Myco-CORPSE model as described above and the plotting codes used to the generate the heatmaps and scatterplots shown in the manuscript "Ectomycorrhizal effects on decomposition are highly dependent on fungal traits, climate, and litter properties: A model-based assessment"The majority of the model outputs did not have specific geographic information or temporal coverage because the analysis we conducted are mainly hypothetical model simulations. We only provided geographic description, coordinates and temporal coverage for those soil measurements which we used for model evaluations (included in the "Plot NH_GA simulation against measurements.zip").

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗