Predicted Reaction Mechanisms, Product Speciation, Kinetics, and Detonation Properties of the Insensitive Explosive 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105)
2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a relatively new and promising insensitive high-explosive (IHE) material that remains only partially characterized. IHEs are of interest for a range of applications and from a fundamental science standpoint, as the root causes behind insensitivity are poorly understood. In this work, we adopt a multitheory approach based on reactive molecular dynamic simulations performed with density functional theory, density functional tight-binding, and reactive force fields to characterize the reaction pathways, product speciation, reaction kinetics, and detonation performance of LLM-105. We compare and contrast these predictions to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), a prototypical IHE, and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX), a more sensitive and higher performance material. The combination of different predictive models allows access to processes operative on progressively longer timescales while providing benchmarks for assessing uncertainties in the predictions. We find that the early reaction pathways of LLM-105 decomposition are extremely similar to TATB; they involve intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer. Additionally, the detonation performance of LLM-105 falls between that of TATB and HMX. We find agreement between predictive models for first-step reaction pathways but significant differences in final product formations. Predictions of detonation performance result in a wide range of values, and one-step kinetic parameters show the similar reaction rates at high temperatures for three out of four models considered.