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Results for “ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Super-radiant plasmon mode is more efficient for SERS than the sub-radiant mode in highly packed 2D gold nanocube arrays

The field coupling in highly packed plasmonic nanoparticle arrays is not localized due to the energy transport via the sub-radiant plasmon modes, which is formed in addition to the regular super-radiant plasmon mode. Unlike the sub-radiant mode, the plasmon field of the super-radiant mode cannot extend over long distances since it decays radiatively with a shorter lifetime. The coupling of the plasmon fields of gold nanocubes (AuNCs) when organized into highly packed 2D arrays was examined experimentally. Multiple plasmon resonance optical peaks are observed for the AuNC arrays and are compared to those calculated using the discrete dipole approximation. The calculated electromagnetic plasmon fields of the arrays displayed high field intensity for the nanocubes located in the center of the arrays for the lower energy super-radiant mode, while the higher energy sub-radiant plasmon mode displayed high field intensity at the edges of the arrays. The Raman signal enhancement by the super-radiant plasmon mode was found to be one hundred fold greater than that by sub-radiant plasmon mode because the super-radiant mode has higher scattering and stronger plasmon field intensity relative to the sub-radiant mode.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mass dependence of pseudoscalar meson elastic form factors

A continuum approach to quark-antiquark bound-states is used to determine the electromagnetic form factors of pion-like mesons with masses m 0- /GeV = 0.14, 0.47, 0.69, 0.83 on a spacelike domain that extends to Q 2 ≲ 10 GeV 2 . The results enable direct comparisons with contemporary lattice-QCD calculations of heavy-pion form factors at large values of momentum transfer and aid in understanding them. Finally, they also reveal, inter alia, that the form factor of the physical pion provides the best opportunity for verification of the factorised hard-scattering formula relevant to this class of exclusive processes and that this capacity diminishes steadily as the meson mass becomes heavier.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electromagnetic nonlinear gyrokinetics with polarization drift

A set of new nonlinear electromagnetic gyrokinetic Vlasov equation with polarization drift and gyrokinetic Maxwell equations is systematically derived by using the Lie-transform perturbation method in toroidal geometry. For the first time, we recover the drift-kinetic expression for parallel acceleration [R. M. Kulsrud, in Basic Plasma Physics, edited by A. A. Galeev and R. N. Sudan (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983)] from the nonlinear gyrokinetic equations, thereby bridging a gap between the two formulations. This formalism should be useful in addressing nonlinear ion Compton scattering of intermediate-mode-number toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes for which the polarization current nonlinearity [T. S. Hahm and L. Chen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 266 (1995)] and the usual finite Larmor radius effects should compete.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of the Neutron Electromagnetic Form Factors at High Momentum Transfer Using a Polarized 3He Target at Jefferson Lab

Ever since the composite structure of nucleons was uncovered, many experiments have been commissioned with the purpose of extracting parameters that shape our understanding of this structure. Form factors are powerful tools that rest at the forefront of the nucleon structure study. In the non-relativistic limit, they describe the magnetic and charge distributions inside the nucleon. The GEn-II experiment, which ran in Hall A of Jefferson Lab as a part of the SuperBigbite Spectrometer (SBS) program, aimed to extract the ratio of the neutron’s electric to magnetic Sachs form factors (GnE/GnM. This was accomplished using the double polarization technique: scattering polarized electrons with initial energies up to 8.45 GeV off high-density polarized 3He targets. The experiment was a coincidence measurement, with the scattered electrons detected in the BigBite Spectrometer and the recoil nucleons in a hadron calorimeter, a part of the SuperBigbite Spectrometer. The convection-style target cells used in this experiment have a 60cm long target chamber, an increase from the 40 cm cell used in the most recent polarized 3He target experiment. In addition, the cells were optically pumped from two sides of the pumping chamber. These improvements in design and functionality introduced world-record-breaking luminosity. This thesis presents preliminary results of the GEn-II experiment for the following 4-momentum transfer (Q2) values: 2.93, 6.76, and 9.78 GeV2, in addition to target performance and preliminary polarimetry results.

Presley, Hunter [Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesvill↗
DOE OSTI2013

Searching for minicharged particles via birefringence, dichroism and Raman spectroscopy of the vacuum polarized by a high-intensity laser wave

Absorption and dispersion of probe photons in the field of a high-intensity circularly polarized laser wave are investigated. The optical theorem is applied for determining the absorption coefficients in terms of the imaginary part of the vacuum polarization tensor. Compact expressions for the vacuum refraction indices and the photon absorption coefficients are obtained in various asymptotic regimes of interest. The outcomes of this analysis reveal that, far from the region relatively close to the threshold of the two-photon reaction, the birefringence and dichroism of the vacuum are small and, in some cases, strongly suppressed. On the contrary, in a vicinity of the region in which the photo-production of a pair occurs, these optical properties are manifest with lasers of moderate intensities. We take advantage of such a property in the search of minicharged particles by considering high-precision polarimetric experiments. In addition, Raman-like electromagnetic waves resulting from the inelastic part of the vacuum polarization tensor are suggested as an alternative form for finding exclusion limits on these hypothetical charge carriers. The envisaged parameters of upcoming high-intensity laser facilities are used for establishing upper bounds on the minicharged particles. -- Highlights: •Via dichroism and birefringence of the vacuum by a strong laser wave, minicharged particles can be probed. •The discovery potential is the highest in a vicinity of the first pair production threshold. •As alternative observable, Raman scattered waves are put forward.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tunable Three-Body Loss in a Nonlinear Rydberg Medium

Long-range Rydberg interactions, in combination with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), give rise to strongly interacting photons where the strength, sign, and form of the interactions are widely tunable and controllable. Such control can be applied to both coherent and dissipative interactions, which provides the potential for generating novel few-photon states. Recently it has been shown that Rydberg-EIT is a rare system in which three-body interactions can be as strong or stronger than two-body interactions. In this work, we study three-body scattering loss for Rydberg-EIT in a wide regime of single and two-photon detunings. We report our numerical simulations of the full three-body wave function and analytical estimates based on Fermi’s golden rule strongly suggest that the observed features in the outgoing photonic correlations are caused by the resonant enhancement of the three-body losses.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Recent results from the MINERvA experiment

MINERvA is a dedicated neutrino-nucleus scattering experiment with multiple nuclear targets in the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) beam line at Fermilab. MINERvA can provide high precision measurements of neutrino interaction cross sections in the 1 to 20 GeV energy range in support to current and future oscillation experiments. MINERvA can also provide information about the structure of protons and neutrons and about the dynamics affecting neutrino-nucleus interactions. The heart of the MINERvA detector is a fine-grained scintillating tracking cham-ber, surrounded by electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters. Carbon, iron and lead targets are used to study the effect of the nuclear medium on neutrino-induced interactions. In conclusion, this document summarizes the most recent MINERvA results

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Precise Measurement of the Neutron Skin Thicknesses of 208Pb and 48Ca

Despite great leaps of development in nuclear physics over the past century, we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of nuclear structure. This is mainly due to the lack of precise knowledge of the neutron distribution inside nucleus. Electromagnetic probes are ineffective in probing neutrons, unlike their charged partners, the protons. Therefore, it is of great importance to constrain the neutron distributions experimentally. Heavy nuclei have more neutrons than protons in order to balance the repulsion between protons. In such neutron-rich nuclei, the extra neutrons are pushed out to the surface by the nuclear symmetry energy, forming the so-called ?neutron skin?. The neutron skin can be probed with a well-established experimental technique ? parity-violating electron scattering (PVES). Using the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons by an unpolarized target, PREX-II and CREX measure the small parity-violating asymmetry in cross sections. Employing electrons with opposite helicities the weak form factor, the neutron distribution and the neutron skin thickness of the target nucleus are extracted. With excellent beam qualities and dedicated instrumentation at Jefferson Lab, the asymmetry measurements are statistics-limited. We report the results of these two high-precision measurements and their implications on broad topics, from the nuclear structures to the neutron stars.

Zhang, Weibin↗
DOE OSTI2020

Bright magnetic dipole radiation from two-dimensional lead-halide perovskites

Light-matter interactions in semiconductors are uniformly treated within the electric dipole approximation; multipolar interactions are considered “forbidden.” We experimentally demonstrate that this approximation inadequately describes light emission in two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs), solution processable semiconductors with promising optoelectronic properties. By exploiting the highly oriented crystal structure, we use energy-momentum spectroscopies to demonstrate that an exciton-like sideband in 2D HOIPs exhibits a multipolar radiation pattern with highly directed emission. Electromagnetic and quantum-mechanical analyses indicate that this emission originates from an out-of-plane magnetic dipole transition arising from the 2D character of electronic states. Symmetry arguments and temperature-dependent measurements suggest a dynamic symmetry-breaking mechanism that is active over a broad temperature range. These results challenge the paradigm of electric dipole–dominated light-matter interactions in optoelectronic materials, provide new perspectives on the origins of unexpected sideband emission in HOIPs, and tease the possibility of metamaterial-like scattering phenomena at the quantum-mechanical level.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Results on Double-polarization Asymmetries in Quasielastic Scattering from Polarized 3He

The 3He nucleus has become extremely important in the investigation of the neutron’s spin structure. When polarized, 3He acts as an effective polarized neutron target and hence facilitates our understanding of the neutron’s internal structure. However, to be used in this manner, our understanding of the internal structure of 3He is of extreme importance. As the precision of experiments has improved, the extraction of polarized neutron information from 3He leads to an ever larger share of the systematic uncertainty for these experiments. In these proceedings, I present a precise measurement of beam-target asymmetries in the and reactions. The former process is a uniquely sensitive probe of hadron dynamics in 3He and the structure of the underlying electromagnetic currents. The measurements have been performed around the quasi-elastic peak at Q2 = 0.25 (GeV/c)2 and 0.35 (GeV/c)2 for recoil momenta up to 270 MeV/c. The experimental apparatus, analysis and results were presented together with a comparison to state-of-the art Faddeev calculations.

Sulkosky, Vincent A.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Simultaneous observations of traveling convection vortices: Ionosphere-thermosphere coupling: M-I-T COUPLING OF TCV

We present simultaneous observations of magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling over Svalbard during a traveling convection vortex (TCV) event. Various spaceborne and ground-based instruments made coordinated measurements, including magnetometers, particle detectors, an all-sky camera, European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard Radar, Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), and SCANning Doppler Imager (SCANDI). The instruments recorded TCVs associated with a sudden change in solar wind dynamic pressure. The data display typical features of TCVs including vortical ionospheric convection patterns seen by the ground magnetometers and SuperDARN radars and auroral precipitation near the cusp observed by the all-sky camera. Simultaneously, electron and ion temperature enhancements with corresponding density increase from soft precipitation are also observed by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar. The ground magnetometers also detected electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves at the approximate time of the TCV arrival. This implies that they were generated by a temperature anisotropy resulting from a compression on the dayside magnetosphere. SCANDI data show a divergence in thermospheric winds during the TCVs, presumably due to thermospheric heating associated with the current closure linked to a field-aligned current system generated by the TCVs. We conclude that solar wind pressure impulse-related transient phenomena can affect even the upper atmospheric dynamics via current systems established by a magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling process.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Improved control of electron computer-generated holographic grating groove profiles using ion beam gas-assisted etching

In a transmission electron microscope, electrons are described by matter-waves with wavelengths five orders of magnitude smaller than optical electromagnetic waves. Analogous to optical holography, electron wavefronts can be shaped using nanoscale holographic gratings. Here we demonstrate a novel, scalable nanofabrication method for creating off-axis holographic gratings that demonstrate near ideal diffraction efficiencies for binary, sinusoidal, and blazed grating groove profiles. We show that this method can produce up to 50 µm diameter area gratings that diffract up to 68% of the transmitted electron wave into a desired diffraction order with less than 7% into any other order. Additionally, we find that the amount of inelastically scattered electrons from the material gratings remaining in the coherent diffraction orders from the gratings is negligible in the far field.

Johnson, Cameron W.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of microstructure on the coupled electromagnetic-thermo-mechanical response of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine-estane energetic aggregates to infrared laser radiation

The coupled electromagnetic (EM)-thermo-mechanical response of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine-estane energetic aggregates under laser irradiation and high strain rate loads has been investigated for various aggregate sizes and binder volume fractions. The cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) crystals are modeled with a dislocation density-based crystalline plasticity formulation and the estane binder is modeled with finite viscoelasticity through a nonlinear finite element approach that couples EM wave propagation with laser heat absorption, thermal conduction, and inelastic deformation. Material property and local behavior mismatch at the crystal-binder interfaces resulted in geometric scattering of the EM wave, electric field and laser heating localization, high stress gradients, dislocation density, and crystalline shear slip accumulation. Viscous sliding in the binder was another energy dissipation mechanism that reduced stresses in aggregates with thicker binder ligaments and larger binder volume fractions. This investigation indicates the complex interactions between EM waves and mechanical behavior, for accurate predictions of laser irradiation of heterogeneous materials.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Double strong exciton-plasmon coupling in gold nanoshells infiltrated with fluorophores

We report on the broadband resonant energy transfer processes observed in dye doped gold nanoshells, consisting of spherical particles with a dielectric core (SiO{sub 2}) covered by a thin gold shell. The silica core has been doped with rhodamine B molecules in order to harness a coherent plasmon-exciton coupling between chromophores and plasmonic shell. This plasmon-exciton interplay depends on the relative spectral position of their bands. Here, we present a simultaneous double strong coupling plasmon-exciton and exciton-plasmon. Indeed, experimental observations reveal of a transmittance enhancement as function of the gain in a wide range of optical wavelengths (about 100 nm), while scattering cross sections remains almost unmodified. These results are accompanied by an overall reduction of chromophore fluorescence lifetimes that are a clear evidence of nonradiative energy transfer processes. The increasing of transmission in the range of 630–750 nm is associated with a striking enhancement of the extinction cross-section in the 510–630 nm spectral region. In this range, the system assumes super-absorbing features. This double behavior, as well as the broadband response of the presented system, represents a promising step to enable a wide range of electromagnetic properties and fascinating applications of plasmonic nanoshells as building blocks for advanced optical materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Chasing Hamiltonian structure in gyrokinetic theory

Hamiltonian structure is pursued and uncovered in collisional and collisionless gyrokinetic theory. A new Hamiltonian formulation of collisionless electromagnetic theory is presented that is ideally suited to implementation on modern supercomputers. The method used to uncover this structure is described in detail and applied to a number of examples, where several well-known plasma models are endowed with a Hamiltonian structure for the first time. The first energy- and momentum-conserving formulation of full-F collisional gyrokinetics is presented. In an effort to understand the theoretical underpinnings of this result at a deeper level, a stochastic Hamiltonian modeling approach is presented and applied to pitch angle scattering. Interestingly, the collision operator produced by the Hamiltonian approach is equal to the Lorentz operator plus higher-order terms, but does not exactly conserve energy. Conversely, the classical Lorentz collision operator is provably not Hamiltonian in the stochastic sense.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

A review of metasurfaces: Physics and applications

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam–Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. In addition, we also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Toward accurate measurement of electromagnetic field by retrieving and refining the center position of non-uniform diffraction disks in Lorentz 4D-STEM

Recent advancement in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows the use of 4D-STEM, a technique that captures an electron diffraction pattern at each scan point in STEM, to measure electrostatic and magnetic potential and field in materials. However, accurate measurement, separation of the magnetic and electric signals, and removal of artifacts remain challenging, especially in the presence of complex non-uniform diffraction contrast within the disks. In this work, based on dynamic simulations of 4D-STEM patterns built upon superstructures consisting of millions of atoms to account for different sample thickness and edge geometries, we show how the shape and intensity distribution of the central disk are affected by multiple scattering. We propose a robust refinement procedure through iteration of the spin-sensitive peak position of the disk-center in the circular Hough transform filtered images from experimental Lorentz 4D-STEM dataset after minimizing the possible artifacts, such as those due to the change of thickness, dynamic scattering, and scanning process. We verify that caution must be taken as in practice the rigid-disk-shift model used to reconstruct induction maps can easily break down due to disk-protrusion when there exists a nonconstant phase gradient or thickness within the width of the probe. Through quantitative analysis and comparing experiment with calculation the effect of the non-spin-related intensity distribution inside the disk as well as that causes the disk shift due to the intensity-protrusion can be removed, and high-quality magnetic field mapping is possible.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Huygens’ Metasurfaces Enabled by Magnetic Dipole Resonance Tuning in Split Dielectric Nanoresonators

Dielectric metasurfaces that exploit the different Mie resonances of nanoscale dielectric resonators are a powerful platform for manipulating electromagnetic fields and can provide novel optical behavior. Here in this work, we experimentally demonstrate independent tuning of the magnetic dipole resonances relative to the electric dipole resonances of split dielectric resonators (SDRs). By increasing the split dimension, we observe a blue shift of the magnetic dipole resonance toward the electric dipole resonance. Therefore, SDRs provide the ability to directly control the interaction between the two dipole resonances within the same resonator. For example, we achieve the first Kerker condition by spectrally overlapping the electric and magnetic dipole resonances and observe significantly suppressed backward scattering. Moreover, we show that a single SDR can be used as an optical nanoantenna that provides strong unidirectional emission from an electric dipole source.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗