Magnetic and thermal pressures in the solar wind
Magnetic and thermal pressures in solar wind from Explorer 34 data
Burlaga, L. F.↗
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Pressure balance across the distant magnetopause
Pressure conditions across distant magnetopause from interplanetary magnetic field measurements, comparing Pioneer 7 plasma data with Explorer 33 distant geomagnetic tail field magnitudes
Feldman, W. C.↗
Dynamics of the solar wind and its interaction with bodies in the solar system
A discussion of the solar wind and its interaction with bodies of the solar system is presented. An overall unified account of the role of shock waves in the heating of the solar corona, the transmission of solar disturbances to the solar system, the flow fields of planets and natural satellites, and biological effects are provided. An analysis of magnetometer data from Explorer 33 and Vela 3A satellites to identify characteristics of solar wind shock waves is included.
Spreiter, J. R.↗
The global hydrogen budget
Experimental results, based on Explorer 32 data, on the density, temporal variation, and distribution of atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere are reported.
Brinton, H. C.↗
Average plasma-sheet configuration near 60 earth radii.
Nearly three years of Ames magnetometer data from Explorer 35 are used to establish plasma-sheet configurations in the geomagnetic tail at the lunar orbit. The plasma sheet is defined either as a region with different field orientations from normal magnetic-field directions in the tail, or as a region where the magnetic field variance is greater than elsewhere in the tail. The plasma-sheet configuration at the lunar orbit derived in this manner is found to be similar to the distribution at 18 earth radii observed by Vela satellites. The seasonal dependence and variations with geomagnetic activity are also presented.
Meng, C.-I.↗
Mineral exploration potential of ERTS-1 data
The author has identified the following significant results. Preliminary results of examinations of the ERTS-1 imagery are: (1) although the interpretation was accomplished on a scale of 1:1,000,000, X2 magnification was necessary for greater detail; (2) channel 7 of MSS imagery gave better contrast for detecting geological features; (3) topographic features located south of Phoenix easily identified from surrounding alluvium; (4) granites and granite gniesses in vicinity of Newman Peak cannot be subdivided from examing ERTS-1 imagery; (5) one major lineation, made up of many parallel lineations, is noticeable just north of Lake Pleasant that extends for approximately 100 miles in a northern direction; (6) most of the regional lineations fall into three general directions: northeast, northwest, and north-south; and (7) comparison between image numbers ERTS E 1049-17324-7 and ERTS E 1067-17324-7 is that the latter imagery, acquired 18 days later, has higher contrast especially in regards to tracing faults that occur in alluvial fans.
Brewer, W. A.↗
Mineral exploration potential of ERTS-1 data
The author has identified the following significant results. Preliminary analysis of a mosaic composing eight individual ERTS frames (1:1,000,000) extending well beyond the test site has revealed a number of tectonic structural trends that are controlled by regional lineations. So far most of the regional lineations fall into three general directions: east by northeast, northwest, and north-south. From preliminary examination, it appears that the older Precambrian basement predominates in the NE-bearing structural trends, whereas the predominate NW trend is most likely associated with the Texas Structural Zone, and the north-south trend being the Utah-Arizona belt and/or part of the southern Basin and Range Province. One major lineation, made up of many parallel lineations, is noticeable just north of Lake Pleasant which extends for approximately 100 miles in a northern direction out of the target area. This feature corresponds to a Precambrian schist formation shown on the USGS geologic map of Arizona.
Brewer, W. A.↗
Research in space physics at the University of Iowa
The research is reported for current projects. Topics discussed include: study and analysis of data from Explorer 40, 43, and small scientific satellites; and the planned missions for Helios, UK-4, Pioneer R and H, and Hawkeye satellites. The progress in the theoretical studies of electron density of the solar corona, spectrophotometry, and interferometry are also reported.
Vanallen, J. A.↗
Mineral exploration potential of ERTS-1 data
There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
Brewer, W. A.↗
Government liability for meteorological satellite data
Possible legal ramifications to the U.S. Government as a result of utilization and distribution of meteorological satellite data are explored.
Smith, D. D.↗
Mineral exploration potential of ERTS-1 data
The author has identified the following significant results. Further analysis of ERTS-1 MSS imagery of Arizona has led to division of the earlier reported three major regional fault/fracture systems into eight subdivisions. These are: System A - N40E to N50E; System B - N50W; System C - N35W; System D - N65E to N75E; System E - N-E; System F - N25W average; System G - N75W average; and System H - close to E-W. Their individual significance to known porphyry coppers and correlation to the Wasatch-Jerome and Front Orogens, the Texas Zone and Basin Range topography is postulated in the report. In this study area of Arizona the ERTS-1 mapped structural trends confirm and greatly extend some concepts of porphyry copper distribution based on prior geologic knowledge of major structural trends.
Brewer, W. A.↗
Thunderstorms and ground-based radio noise as observed by radio astronomy Explorer 1
Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE) data were analyzed to determine the frequency dependence of HF terrestrial radio noise power. RAE observations of individual thunderstorms, mid-ocean areas, and specific geographic regions for which concommitant ground based measurements are available indicate that noise power is a monotonically decreasing function of frequency which conforms to expectations over the geographic locations and time periods investigated. In all cases investigated, active thunderstorm regions emit slightly higher power as contrasted to RAE observations of the region during meteorologically quiet periods. Noise levels are some 15 db higher than predicted values over mid-ocean, while in locations where ground based measurements are available a maximum deviation of 5 db occurs. Worldwide contour mapping of the noise power at 6000 km for five individual months and four observing frequencies, examples of which are given, indicate high noise levels over continental land masses with corresponding lower levels over ocean regions.
Caruso, J. A.↗
Particle entry into the equatorial magnetosphere.
Explorer-45 data are reviewed which concern the behavior and dynamics of protons associated with the storm-time and quiet-time extraterrestrial ring current at the equatorial plane. The quiet-time proton energy spectrum exhibits a peak in the interval between 100 and 200 keV. During storm conditions, the intensities of the higher energy protons decrease while the intensities of protons from 10 to 100 keV are greatly enhanced, making them the dominant contributor to the storm-time particle energy density. It is shown that during magnetic storms, the ratio of the particle energy density to the magnetic field energy density reaches values greater than unity, and that the plasmasphere has a strong influence on the characteristics of particle injection.
Fritz, T. A.↗
Mineral exploration potential of ERTS-1 data
The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery of an area approximately 15,000 square miles in Arizona was interpreted for regional structure and tectonic units. Eight fault systems were identified by trend, of which two, northeast and northwest, are considered to be related to porphyry copper mineralization. Nine tectonic units can be identified on the imagery as distinct geological identities. The boundaries between these units can be correlated with theoretical shear directions related to the San Andreas stress system. Fourier analysis of the N 50 W fault trend indicates a fundamental spacing between Fourier energy maxima that can be related to distances between copper deposits.
Brewer, W. A.↗
Observations of the nighttime electron volt range electron fluxes in the equatorial region
The importance of some of the features observed among the nighttime equatorial data of Explorer 31 is discussed with respect to the nighttime thermal structure of the topside ionosphere. The very short-lived photoelectrons being absent, the nighttime measurements represent the background flux due to magnetospheric particles.
Rao, B. C. N.↗
A model of the effect of the satellite photosheath on a double floating probe system
Description of a model developed to predict the interactions between multiple electrostatic probes separated by distances that are shorter than or comparable to the characteristic plasma shielding length. The computation involves crude approximations accounting for space charge effects, currents due to the emission and exchange of photoelectrons, and currents from the ambient plasma. Floating potentials are calculated by requiring current balance for each probe and solving by iterating the resulting coupled nonlinear equations. Although only qualitative accuracy is claimed, predictions using the model are found to be in good agreement with observations from the Explorer 45 satellite. The Explorer 45 satellite measures the potential difference between a pair of symmetrical spherical floating probes. The Explorer 45 data show that with increasing altitude, first, the sunward sphere will typically assume a more negative potential than the antisunward sphere; second, the polarities of the probes in the region L = 2 to 4 may switch, sometimes several times; and, finally, near the plasmapause the detector output may saturate, the sunward sphere being more negative.
Cauffman, D. P.↗
Engineering parameter determination from the radio astronomy explorer /RAE I/ satellite attitude data
An RAE-I satellite description is given, taking into account a dynamics experiment and the attitude sensing system. A computer program for analyzing flexible spacecraft attitude motions is considered, giving attention to the geometry of rod deformation. The characteristics of observed attitude data are discussed along with an analysis of the main boom root angle, the bending rigidity, and the damper plane angle.
Lawlor, E. A.↗
Neutral point detection by satellites
The concept of a neutral point depends on the physical phenomena described. The regions with B less than about 1 gamma detected by Schindler and Ness may be interpreted as neutral regions for the ion-tearing process. The assumption of the presence of a multiple neutral point structure (with temporal variations) is still the most promising interpretation of the Explorer 34 data. Alternatives suggested by Russell lead to difficulties. Nevertheless, the final answer can come only from multiple satellite systems. A 1-day displacement of the day count in the data discussed by Schindler and Ness is corrected.
Schindler, K.↗