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DOE OSTI2012

Theoretical Investigation of Microstructure Evolution and Deformation of Zirconium Under Cascade Damage Conditions

This work is based on our reaction-diffusion model of radiation growth of Zr-based materials proposed recently in "On the Origin of Radiation Growth of HCP Crystals". In "On the Origin of Radiation Growth of HCP Crystals", the equations for the strain rates in unloaded pure crystal under cascade damage conditions of, e.g., neutron or heavy-ion irradiation were derived as functions of dislocation densities, which include contributions from dislocation loops, and spatial distribution of their Burgers vectors. The model takes into account the intra-cascade clustering of self-interstitial atoms and their one-dimensional diffusion; explains the growth stages, including the break-away growth of pre-annealed samples; and accounts for some striking observations, such as of negative strain in prismatic direction, and co-existence of vacancy- and interstitial-type prismatic loops. In this report, the change of dislocation densities due to accumulation of sessile dislocation loops is taken into account explicitly to investigate the dose dependence of radiation growth. The dose dependence of climb rates of dislocations is calculated, which is important for the climb-induced glide model of radiation creep. The results of fitting the model to available experimental data and some numerical calculations of the strain behavior of Zr for different initial dislocation structures are presented and discussed. The computer code RIMD-ZR.V1 (Radiation Induced Microstructure and Deformation of Zr) developed is described and attached to this report.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Cascade Apartments - Deep Energy Multifamily Retrofit , Kent, Washington (Fact Sheet)

In December of 2009-10, King County Housing Authority (KCHA) implemented energy retrofit improvements in the Cascade multifamily community, located in Kent, Washington (marine climate.)This research effort involved significant coordination from stakeholders KCHA, WA State Department of Commerce, utility Puget Sound Energy, and Cascade tenants. This report focuses on the following three primary BA research questions : 1. What are the modeled energy savings using DOE low income weatherization approved TREAT software? 2. How did the modeled energy savings compare with measured energy savings from aggregate utility billing analysis? 3. What is the Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) of the retrofit package after considering utility window incentives and KCHA capitol improvement funding.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2014

Cascade Apartments: Deep Energy Multifamily Retrofit

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2014

Cascade Apartments: Deep Energy Multifamily Retrofit

In December of 2009-10, King County Housing Authority (KCHA) implemented energy retrofit improvements in the Cascade multifamily community, located in Kent, Washington (marine climate.)This research effort involved significant coordination from stakeholders KCHA, WA State Department of Commerce, utility Puget Sound Energy, and Cascade tenants. This report focuses on the following three primary BA research questions: 1. What are the modeled energy savings using DOE low income weatherization approved TREAT software? 2. How did the modeled energy savings compare with measured energy savings from aggregate utility billing analysis? 3. What is the Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) of the retrofit package after considering utility window incentives and KCHA capitol improvement funding.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2021

Understanding HPC Benchmark Performance on Intel Broadwell and Cascade Lake Processors

Hardware platforms in high performance computing are constantly getting more complex to handle even when considering multicore CPUs alone. Numerous features and configuration options in the hardware and the software environment that are relevant for performance are not even known to most application users or developers. Microbenchmarks, i.e., simple codes that fathom a particular aspect of the hardware, can help to shed light on such issues, but only if they are well understood and if the results can be reconciled with known facts or performance models. The insight gained from microbenchmarks may then be applied to real applications for performance analysis or optimization. In this paper we investigate two modern Intel x86 server CPU architectures in depth: Broadwell EP and Cascade Lake SP. We highlight relevant hardware configuration settings that can have a decisive impact on code performance and show how to properly measure on-chip and off-chip data transfer bandwidths. The new victim L3 cache of Cascade Lake and its advanced replacement policy receive due attention. Finally we use DGEMM, sparse matrix-vector multiplication, and the HPCG benchmark to make a connection to relevant application scenarios.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2010

4-wave mixing for phase-matching free nonlinear optics in quantum cascade structures : LDRD 08-0346 final report.

Optical nonlinearities and quantum coherences have the potential to enable efficient, high-temperature generation of coherent THz radiation. This LDRD proposal involves the exploration of the underlying physics using intersubband transitions in a quantum cascade structure. Success in the device physics aspect will give Sandia the state-of-the-art technology for high-temperature THz quantum cascade lasers. These lasers are useful for imaging and spectroscopy in medicine and national defense. Success may have other far-reaching consequences. Results from the in-depth study of coherences, dephasing and dynamics will eventually impact the fields of quantum computing, optical communication and cryptology, especially if we are successful in demonstrating entangled photons or slow light. An even farther reaching development is if we can show that the QC nanostructure, with its discrete atom-like intersubband resonances, can replace the atom in quantum optics experiments. Having such an 'artificial atom' will greatly improve flexibility and preciseness in experiments, thereby enhancing the discovery of new physics. This is because we will no longer be constrained by what natural can provide. Rather, one will be able to tailor transition energies and optical matrix elements to enhance the physics of interest. This report summarizes a 3-year LDRD program at Sandia National Laboratories exploring optical nonlinearities in intersubband devices. Experimental and theoretical investigations were made to develop a fundamental understanding of light-matter interaction in a semiconductor system and to explore how this understanding can be used to develop mid-IR to THz emitters and nonclassical light sources.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2015

Preliminary Results of the CASCADE Hidden Sector Photon Search

Light shining through a wall experiments can be used to make measurements of photon-WISP couplings. The first stage of the CASCADE experiment at the Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology is intended to be a proof-of-principle experiment utilising standard microwave technologies to make a modular, cryogenic HSP detector to take advantage of future high-power superconducting cavity tests. In these proceedings we will be presenting the preliminary results of the CASCADE LSW experiment showing a peak expected exclusion of $1.10\times10^{-8}$ in the mass range from 1.96\,$\mu$eV to 5.38\,$\mu$eV, exceeding current limits.

Woollett, Nathan↗

DOE OSTI2023

Kullback–Leibler Divergence of an Open-Queuing Network of a Cell-Signal-Transduction Cascade

Queuing networks (QNs) are essential models in operations research, with applications in cloud computing and healthcare systems. However, few studies have analyzed the cell’s biological signal transduction using QN theory. This study entailed the modeling of signal transduction as an open Jackson’s QN (JQN) to theoretically determine cell signal transduction, under the assumption that the signal mediator queues in the cytoplasm, and the mediator is exchanged from one signaling molecule to another through interactions between the signaling molecules. Each signaling molecule was regarded as a network node in the JQN. The JQN Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) was defined using the ratio of the queuing time (λ) to the exchange time (μ), λ/μ. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal-cascade model was applied, and the KLD rate per signal-transduction-period was shown to be conserved when the KLD was maximized. Our experimental study on MAPK cascade supported this conclusion. This result is similar to the entropy-rate conservation of chemical kinetics and entropy coding reported in our previous studies. Thus, JQN can be used as a novel framework to analyze signal transduction.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2016

Stochastic gyroresonant acceleration for hard electron spectra of blazars: Effect of damping of cascading turbulence

Stochastic acceleration of nonthermal electrons is investigated in the context of hard photon spectra of blazars. It is well known that this acceleration mechanism can produce a hard electron spectrum of m≡∂lnn{sub e}(γ)/∂lnγ=2 with the high-energy cutoff, called an ultrarelativistic Maxwellian-like distribution, where n{sub e}(γ) is an electron energy spectrum. We revisit the formation of this characteristic spectrum, considering a particular situation where the electrons are accelerated through gyroresonant interaction with magnetohydrodynamic wave turbulence driven by the turbulent cascade. By solving kinetic equations of the turbulent fields, electrons, and photons emitted via the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) process, we demonstrate that in the non-test-particle treatment, the formation of a Maxwellian-like distribution is prevented by the damping effect on the turbulent fields due to the electron acceleration, at least unless an extreme parameter value is chosen. Instead, a softer electron spectrum with the index of m ≈ −1 is produced if the Kolmogorov-type cascade is assumed. The SSC spectrum that originates from the resultant softer electron spectrum is still hard, but somewhat softer and broader than the case of m = 2. This change of achievable hardness should be noted when this basic particle acceleration scenario is accurately tested with observations of hard photon spectra.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Search for Sources of Astrophysical Neutrinos Using Seven Years of IceCube Cascade Events

Low-background searches for astrophysical neutrino sources anywhere in the sky can be performed using cascade events induced by neutrinos of all flavors interacting in IceCube with energies as low as ~1 TeV. Previously we showed that, even with just two years of data, the resulting sensitivity to sources in the southern sky is competitive with IceCube and ANTARES analyses using muon tracks induced by charge current muon neutrino interactions—especially if the neutrino emission follows a soft energy spectrum or originates from an extended angular region. Here, we extend that work by adding five more years of data, significantly improving the cascade angular resolution, and including tests for point-like or diffuse Galactic emission to which this data set is particularly well suited. For many of the signal candidates considered, this analysis is the most sensitive of any experiment to date. No significant clustering was observed, and thus many of the resulting constraints are the most stringent to date. In this paper we will describe the improvements introduced in this analysis and discuss our results in the context of other recent work in neutrino astronomy.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

All-sky Search for Transient Astrophysical Neutrino Emission with 10 Years of IceCube Cascade Events

Abstract Neutrino flares in the sky are searched for in data collected by IceCube between 2011 and 2021 May. This data set contains cascade-like events originating from charged-current electron neutrino and tau neutrino interactions and all-flavor neutral-current interactions. IceCube’s previous all-sky searches for neutrino flares used data sets consisting of track-like events originating from charged-current muon neutrino interactions. The cascade data set is statistically independent of the track data sets, and while inferior in angular resolution, the low-background nature makes it competitive and complementary to previous searches. No statistically significant flare of neutrino emission was observed in an all-sky scan. Upper limits are calculated on neutrino flares of varying duration from 1 hr to 100 days. Furthermore, constraints on the contribution of these flares to the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux are presented, showing that multiple unresolved transient sources may contribute to the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Pair Cascades in Magnetar Magnetospheres

Resonant inverse Compton scattering (RICS) of soft thermal photons by relativistic particles on closed magnetic field loops has been proposed to explain the hard emission observed up to and beyond 200 keV from magnetars. If particles injected at the base of the loops have Lorentz factors ≳10 2 , the RICS spectra will be attenuated by both one-photon pair production and photon splitting in the ultrastrong magnetar fields, producing additional spectral components from pair synchrotron radiation and split photons that produce further generations of pairs and split photons. We investigate such cascades initiated by the primary injected electrons through a Monte Carlo simulation, and study the cascade spectra and pair distributions. For most observer angles, the pair synchrotron and split-photon spectra dominate the RICS primary spectra and produce complex polarization signals. In particular, the synchrotron spectra are highly polarized with degree 40%–80%, are softer than the RICS spectra, and may account for the high polarization of some magnetar spectra observed by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer above 3 keV.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Kinetic Cascade in Solar-wind Turbulence: 3D3V Hybrid-kinetic Simulations with Electron Inertia

Understanding the nature of the turbulent fluctuations below the ion gyroradius in solar-wind (SW) turbulence is a great challenge. Recent studies have been mostly in favor of kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW)-type fluctuations, but other kinds of fluctuations with characteristics typical of magnetosonic, whistler, and ion-Bernstein modes could also play a role depending on the plasma parameters. Here, we investigate the properties of the subproton-scale cascade with high-resolution hybrid-kinetic simulations of freely decaying turbulence in 3D3V phase space, including electron inertia effects. Two proton plasma beta are explored: the “intermediate” β {sub p} = 1 and “low” β {sub p} = 0.2 regimes, both typically observed in the SW and corona. The magnetic energy spectum exhibits k{sub ⊥}{sup −8/3} and k{sub ∥}{sup −7/2} power laws at β {sub p} = 1, while they are slightly steeper at β {sub p} = 0.2. Nevertheless, both regimes develop a spectral anisotropy consistent with k{sub ∥}∼k{sub ⊥}{sup 2/3} at k{sub ⊥}ρ{sub p}>1 and pronounced small-scale intermittency. In this context, we find that the kinetic-scale cascade is dominated by KAW-like fluctuations at β {sub p} = 1, whereas the low-β case presents a more complex scenario suggesting the simultaneous presence of different types of fluctuations. In both regimes, however, a possible role of the ion-Bernstein-type fluctuations at the smallest scales cannot be excluded.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Optimal Membrane Cascade Design for Critical Mineral Recovery Through Logic-based Superstructure Optimization

Critical minerals and rare earth elements play an important role in our climate change initiatives, particularly in applications related with energy storage. Here, we use discrete optimization approaches to design a process for the recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from battery recycling, through membrane separation. Our contribution involves proposing a Generalized Disjunctive Programming (GDP) model for the optimal design of a multistage diafiltration cascade for Li-Co separation. By solving the resulting nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear program model to global optimality, we investigated scalability and solution quality variations with changes in the number of stages and elements per stage. Results demonstrate the computational tractability of the nonlinear GDP formulation for design of membrane separation processes while opening the door for decom-position strategies for multicomponent separation cascades. Future work aims to extend the GDP formulation to account for stage installation and explore various decomposition techniques to enhance solution efficiency.

Ovalle, Daniel↗

NASA NTRS1969

A cascade theory of turbulence

Cascade theory of turbulence, applying cascade decomposition resulting from Navier-Stokes application to hydrodynamic turbulence to Riemann equation for atmospheric and plasma turbulence

Tchen, C. M.↗

NASA NTRS1971

Nuclear electromagnetic cascades from alpha particles incident on an iron absorber

Mean values and fluctuations of the nuclear-electromagnetic cascade development resulting from alpha particles incident on an iron absorber was determined for the primary energy range 10 to 300 GeV/nucleon. This has been accomplished by using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of the cascade process. The model used was first adjusted until it gave predictions for a small ionization spectrometer which agreed with measurements obtained by exposing the same spectrometer to 10, 20.5, and 28 GeV/c protons at an accelerator. The calcuations were then modified to apply to high energy alpha particles. The results show that measurements of the energies of alpha particles incident on an iron spectrometer with six interaction lengths total depth can be made with accuracies ranging from approximately 5% at 300 GeV/nucleon to approximately 16% at 10 GeV/nucleon.

Jones, W. V.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Monte Carlo calculations of high energy nucleon meson cascades and applications to galactic cosmic ray transport

Results obtained using a recently developed calculational method for determining the nucleon-meson cascade induced in thick materials by high-energy nucleons and charged pions are presented. The calculational method uses the intranuclear-cascade-evaporation model to treat nonelastic collisions by particles with energies approximately or smaller than GeV and an extrapolation model at higher energies. The following configurations are considered: (1) 19.2-GeV/c protons incident on iron; (2) 30.3-GeV/c protons incident on iron; (3) solar and galactic protons incident on the moon, and (4) galactic protons incident on tissue. For the first three configurations, experimental results are available and comparisons between the experimental and calculated results are given.

Armstrong, T. W.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Quantum beats in transitions from levels subject to optical cascades.

Discussion of the g values of weakly aligned O II and O III multiplet levels subject to strong optical cascades, obtained by means of a beam-foil quantum beat method. Within the measurement precision limits of nearly plus or minus 1%, the effects of the optical cascades on the measured g values are shown to be negligible.

Liu, C. J.↗