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DOE OSTI2022

Triton Initiative: FY22 Communications, Outreach, and Engagement End-of-Year Report

The Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) Triton Initiative supports the advancement of the marine energy (ME) industry through environmental monitoring research and technology development. This report presents the results and analysis of the Triton Initiative’s communications, outreach, and engagement (TCOE) efforts in fiscal year 2022. The primary TCOE goals were to: (1) educate and raise awareness of ME and the role of Triton's environmental monitoring research in supporting the industry; (2) build trust with audiences through transparent communications and outreach; and (3) evaluate and refine TCOE tactics based on feedback and metrics. To support these goals, the TCOE team used multiple platforms and approaches. Notable achievements include: (1) 12 newsletter issues sent to 185 subscribers with an average open rate of 56.4%. (2) 10 Triton Stories, resulting in 2,871 collective views contributing to 46% of all Triton website views. (3) 78 Triton-specific social media posts, which generated a total of 81,896 impressions, 1,037 post-clicks, and 7,814 video views. (4) 6,320 Triton website views with increased search engine optimization ranking in several categories. (5) 3 Triton researchers interviewed as guests on two different podcasts, Water Women and Big Deep: An Ocean Podcast. (6) A Triton special issue of the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) featuring 10 peer reviewed publications. All articles ranked in the top 25%, and two in the top 5%, for digital attention of all research outputs scored by Altmetric. (7) A seven-part webinar series called Triton Talks to share and discuss research and results from the research published in the JMSE special issue. Triton leveraged unique opportunities, particularly the JMSE special issue, to disseminate research results to end users, educate stakeholders, and gain valuable feedback. These concerted communication efforts increased exposure across platforms ultimately resulting in greater reach and access across audiences. Based on audience analyses of webinar attendees and newsletter subscribers, the TCOE team was able to successfully engage with general audiences, research partners, and ME stakeholders, including subject matter experts from government agencies, research organizations, and the regulatory community. The TCOE task established channels to gather input and create opportunities for two-way communication with people engaged with Triton’s outreach efforts. The feedback received will enable the TCOE team to support its goals for ongoing evaluation of outreach and engagement tools while continuing to build trust in the ME community and educate diverse audiences about the impactful research conducted by the Triton Initiative. This report is a Triton Initiative Fiscal Year 2022 Quarter 4 Milestone Deliverable due to the DOE WPTO Sponsor on 9/30/2022. An updated version to include data through 9/30/2022 will be delivered in October 2022.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2020

Data-Centric Communication Framework for Multicast IEC 61850 Routable GOOSE Messages over the WAN in Modern Power Systems

In this paper, a data-centric communication framework is proposed for multicast routable generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages (MRGM) over the wide area network (WAN) for effective substation-to-substation (SS2SS) and substation to control center (SS2CC) communications. In this structure, the IEC 61850 GOOSE message is transmitted over the WAN using the data distribution service (DDS) as a fast, reliable, and secure data-centric communication middleware. The main feature of this framework is its multicast capability, where several authorized subscribers can receive a published message simultaneously. This can significantly improve the system monitoring and control of the protection systems in modern smart grids, where intelligent schemes can be applied. The effectiveness of the proposed platform, in terms of total end-to-end delay between participants, is evaluated through experimental results obtained from the actual hardware-based test setup developed at the Florida International University (FIU) smart grid testbed. The results demonstrate that the latency between sending and receiving a GOOSE message among participants is within its maximum time span defined by the IEC 61850-90-5 working group for communications over the WAN.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1995

Technology, Data Bases and System Analysis for Space-to-Ground Optical Communications

Optical communications is becoming an ever-increasingly important option for designers of space-to- ground communications links, whether it be for government or commercial applications. In this paper the technology being developed by NASA for use in space-to-ground optical communications is presented. Next, a program which is collecting a long term data base of atmospheric visibility statistics for optical propagation through the atmosphere will be described. Finally, a methodology for utilizing the statistics of the atmospheric data base in the analysis of space-to-ground links will be presented. This methodology takes into account the effects of station availability, is useful when comparing optical communications with microwave systems, and provides a rationale establishing the recommended link margin.

Space-to-Ground Optical Communications↗
NASA NTRS2005

Science Communication versus Science Education: The Graduate Student Scientist as a K-12 Classroom Resource

Science literacy is a major goal of science educational reform (NRC, 1996; AAAS, 1998; NCLB Act, 2001). Some believe that teaching science only requires pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Others believe doing science requires knowledge of the methodologies of scientific inquiry (NRC, 1996). With these two mindsets, the challenge for science educators is to create models that bring the two together. The common ground between those who teach science and those who do science is science communication, an interactive process that galvanizes dialogue among scientists, teachers, and learners in a rich ambience of mutual respect and a common, inclusive language of discourse . The dialogue between science and non-science is reflected in the polarization that separates those who do science and those who teach science, especially as it plays out everyday in the science classroom. You may be thinking, why is this important? It is vital because, although not all science learners become scientists, all K-12 students are expected to acquire science literacy, especially with the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). Students are expected to acquire the ability to follow the discourse of science as well as connect the world of science to the context of their everyday life if they plan on moving to the next grade level, and in some states, to graduate from high school. This paper posits that science communication is highly effective in providing the missing link for K-12 students cognition in science and their attainment of science literacy. This paper will focus on the "Science For Our Schools" (SFOS) model implemented at California State Univetsity, Los Angeles (CSULA) as a project of the National Science Foundation s GK-12 program, (NSF 2001) which has been a huge success in bridging the gap between those who "know" science and those who "teach" science. The SFOS model makes clear the distinctions that identify science, science communication, science education, and science literacy in the midst of science learning by bringing together graduate student scientists and science teachers to engage students in the two world s dialogue in the midst of the school science classroom. The graduate student scientists and the science teachers worked as a team throughout the school year and became effective science Communicators as they narrowed the gulf between the two worlds. 1

communications↗
NASA NTRS2014

Passive Thermal Design Approach for the Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Testbed Experiment on the International Space Station (ISS)

The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program Office at NASA Headquarters oversees all of NASAs space communications activities. SCaN manages and directs the ground-based facilities and services provided by the Deep Space Network (DSN), Near Earth Network (NEN), and the Space Network (SN). Through the SCaN Program Office, NASA GRC developed a Software Defined Radio (SDR) testbed experiment (SCaN testbed experiment) for use on the International Space Station (ISS). It is comprised of three different SDR radios, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) radio, Harris Corporation radio, and the General Dynamics Corporation radio. The SCaN testbed experiment provides an on-orbit, adaptable, SDR Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) - based facility to conduct a suite of experiments to advance the Software Defined Radio, Space Telecommunications Radio Systems (STRS) standards, reduce risk (Technology Readiness Level (TRL) advancement) for candidate Constellation future space flight hardware software, and demonstrate space communication links critical to future NASA exploration missions. The SCaN testbed project provides NASA, industry, other Government agencies, and academic partners the opportunity to develop and field communications, navigation, and networking technologies in the laboratory and space environment based on reconfigurable, software defined radio platforms and the STRS Architecture.The SCaN testbed is resident on the P3 Express Logistics Carrier (ELC) on the exterior truss of the International Space Station (ISS). The SCaN testbed payload launched on the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) and was installed on the ISS P3 ELC located on the inboard RAM P3 site. The daily operations and testing are managed out of NASA GRC in the Telescience Support Center (TSC).

Passive Thermal Design↗
NASA NTRS2014

Networked Operations of Hybrid Radio Optical Communications Satellites

In order to address the increasing communications needs of modern equipment in space, and to address the increasing number of objects in space, NASA is demonstrating the potential capability of optical communications for both deep space and near-Earth applications. The Integrated Radio Optical Communications (iROC) is a hybrid communications system that capitalizes on the best of both the optical and RF domains while using each technology to compensate for the other's shortcomings. Specifically, the data rates of the optical links can be higher than their RF counterparts, whereas the RF links have greater link availability. The focus of this paper is twofold: to consider the operations of one or more iROC nodes from a networking point of view, and to suggest specific areas of research to further the field. We consider the utility of Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) and the Virtual Mission Operation Center (VMOC) model.

Delay Tolerant Networking↗
NASA NTRS2015

Operational Concepts for a Generic Space Exploration Communication Network Architecture

This document is one of three. It describes the Operational Concept (OpsCon) for a generic space exploration communication architecture. The purpose of this particular document is to identify communication flows and data types. Two other documents accompany this document, a security policy profile and a communication architecture document. The operational concepts should be read first followed by the security policy profile and then the architecture document. The overall goal is to design a generic space exploration communication network architecture that is affordable, deployable, maintainable, securable, evolvable, reliable, and adaptable. The architecture should also require limited reconfiguration throughout system development and deployment. System deployment includes: subsystem development in a factory setting, system integration in a laboratory setting, launch preparation, launch, and deployment and operation in space.

networking↗
NASA NTRS2016

High Precision Ranging and Range-Rate Measurements over Free-Space-Laser Communication Link

We present a high-precision ranging and range-rate measurement system via an optical-ranging or combined ranging-communication link. A complete bench-top optical communication system was built. It included a ground terminal and a space terminal. Ranging and range rate tests were conducted in two configurations. In the communication configuration with 622 data rate, we achieved a two-way range-rate error of 2 microns/s, or a modified Allan deviation of 9 x 10 (exp -15) with 10 second averaging time. Ranging and range-rate as a function of Bit Error Rate of the communication link is reported. They are not sensitive to the link error rate. In the single-frequency amplitude modulation mode, we report a two-way range rate error of 0.8 microns/s, or a modified Allan deviation of 2.6 x 10 (exp -15) with 10 second averaging time. We identified the major noise sources in the current system as the transmitter modulation injected noise and receiver electronics generated noise. A new improved system will be constructed to further improve the system performance for both operating modes.

optical navigation↗
NASA NTRS2014

Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) Support of Space to Ground Link Demonstrations

The NASA/JPL Optical Communication Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) was built for dedicated research and development toward supporting free-space laser communications from space. Recently, the OCTL telescope was used to support the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) from the Lunar Atmospheric Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft and is planned for use with the upcoming Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) demonstration from the International Space Station (ISS). The use of OCTL to support these demonstrations is discussed in this report. The discussion will feed forward to ongoing and future space-to-ground laser communications as it advances toward becoming an operational capability.

ground operations↗
NASA NTRS2016

Bandwidth-Efficient Communication through 225 MHz Ka-band Relay Satellite Channel

The communications and navigation space infrastructure of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) consists of a constellation of relay satellites (called Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS)) and a global set of ground stations to receive and deliver data to researchers around the world from mission spacecraft throughout the solar system. Planning is underway to enhance and transform the infrastructure over the coming decade. Key to the upgrade will be the simultaneous and efficient use of relay transponders to minimize cost and operations while supporting science and exploration spacecraft. Efficient use of transponders necessitates bandwidth efficient communications to best use and maximize data throughput within the allocated spectrum. Experiments conducted with NASA's Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Testbed on the International Space Station provides a unique opportunity to evaluate advanced communication techniques, such as bandwidth-efficient modulations, in an operational flight system. Demonstrations of these new techniques in realistic flight conditions provides critical experience and reduces the risk of using these techniques in future missions. Efficient use of spectrum is enabled by using high-order modulations coupled with efficient forward error correction codes. This paper presents a high-rate, bandwidth-efficient waveform operating over the 225 MHz Ka-band service of the TDRS System (TDRSS). The testing explores the application of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), 2/4/8-phase shift keying (PSK) and 16/32- amplitude PSK (APSK) providing over three bits-per-second-per-Hertz (3 b/s/Hz) modulation combined with various LDPC encoding rates to maximize through- put. With a symbol rate of 200 M-band, coded data rates of 1000 Mbps were tested in the laboratory and up to 800 Mbps over the TDRS 225 MHz channel. This paper will present on the high-rate waveform design, channel characteristics, performance results, compensation techniques for filtering and equalization, and architecture considerations going forward for efficient use of NASA's infrastructure.

transmitters receivers↗
NASA NTRS2016

Bandwidth-Efficient Communication through 225 MHz Ka-band Relay Satellite Channel

The communications and navigation space infrastructure of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) consists of a constellation of relay satellites (called Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS)) and a global set of ground stations to receive and deliver data to researchers around the world from mission spacecraft throughout the solar system. Planning is underway to enhance and transform the infrastructure over the coming decade. Key to the upgrade will be the simultaneous and efficient use of relay transponders to minimize cost and operations while supporting science and exploration spacecraft. Efficient use of transponders necessitates bandwidth efficient communications to best use and maximize data throughput within the allocated spectrum. Experiments conducted with NASA's Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) Testbed on the International Space Station provides a unique opportunity to evaluate advanced communication techniques, such as bandwidth-efficient modulations, in an operational flight system. Demonstrations of these new techniques in realistic flight conditions provides critical experience and reduces the risk of using these techniques in future missions. Efficient use of spectrum is enabled by using high-order modulations coupled with efficient forward error correction codes. This paper presents a high-rate, bandwidth-efficient waveform operating over the 225 MHz Ka-band service of the TDRS System (TDRSS). The testing explores the application of Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), 248-phase shift keying (PSK) and 1632- amplitude PSK (APSK) providing over three bits-per-second-per-Hertz (3 bsHz) modulation combined with various LDPC encoding rates to maximize throughput. With a symbol rate of 200 Mbaud, coded data rates of 1000 Mbps were tested in the laboratory and up to 800 Mbps over the TDRS 225 MHz channel. This paper will present on the high-rate waveform design, channel characteristics, performance results, compensation techniques for filtering and equalization, and architecture considerations going forward for efficient use of NASA's infrastructure.

space communications↗
NASA NTRS2017

Secure Network-Centric Aviation Communication (SNAC)

The existing National Airspace System (NAS) communications capabilities are largely unsecured, are not designed for efficient use of spectrum and collectively are not capable of servicing the future needs of the NAS with the inclusion of new operators in Unmanned Aviation Systems (UAS) or On Demand Mobility (ODM). SNAC will provide a ubiquitous secure, network-based communications architecture that will provide new service capabilities and allow for the migration of current communications to SNAC over time. The necessary change in communication technologies to digital domains will allow for the adoption of security mechanisms, sharing of link technologies, large increase in spectrum utilization, new forms of resilience and redundancy and the possibly of spectrum reuse. SNAC consists of a long term open architectural approach with increasingly capable designs used to steer research and development and enable operating capabilities that run in parallel with current NAS systems.

Communications↗
NASA NTRS2017

An Update on the CCSDS Optical Communications Working Group

International space agencies around the world are currently developing optical communication systems for Near Earth and Deep Space applications for both robotic and human rated spacecraft. These applications include both links between spacecraft and links between spacecraft and ground. The Interagency Operation Advisory Group (IOAG) has stated that there is a strong business case for international cross support of spacecraft optical links. It further concluded that in order to enable cross support the links must be standardized. This paper will overview the history and structure of the space communications international standards body, the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), that will develop the standards and provide an update on the proceedings of the Optical Communications Working Group within CCSDS. This paper will also describe the set of optical communications standards being developed and outline some of the issues that must be addressed in the next few years. The paper will address in particular the ongoing work on application scenarios for deep space to ground called High Photon Efficiency, for LEO to ground called Low Complexity, for inter-satellite and near Earth to ground called High Data Rate, as well as associated atmospheric measurement techniques and link operations concepts.

Laser and Optical Communications↗
NASA NTRS2017

Omnidirectional Inter-Satellite Optical Communicator (ISOC)

The objective of the Omnidirectional Inter-Satellite Optical Communicator (ISOC) project is to design a compact, lightweight,and energy efficient communicator module for use between satellites in space. This module will achieve continuous optical communication, with simultaneous data transmission and reception, at up to1 gigabit per second (Gbits) data rates for small spacecraft separated by up to 200 kilometers (kms). To achieve this goal,a data communicator with full spherical coverage field of view (FOV) needs to be designed. The proposed ISOC is a dodecahedron geometric array of chipscale, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based gimbal-less scanning mirrors that provide adjustable beam pointing and spherical FOV coverage for uninterrupted data transmission between several small spacecraft at arbitrary relative positions. This design eliminates known pointing issues and hence allows accurate direction of arrival calculations.Moreover, the proposed approach will enable data relaying between multiple satellites, and enable relative navigation control.

Inter-small satellite communication↗
NASA NTRS2018

Update on NASA's Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Project

This paper provides an update on NASA's Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Project (LCRD), a joint project between NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL). LCRD will provide a minimum of two years of high data rate optical communications services to demonstrate a concept of operations for future mission critical Earth relay satellites. LCRD is expected to launch in June 2019 and demonstrate how optical communications can meet NASA's growing need for higher data rates, or for the same data rate provided by a comparable RF system, how it enables lower power, lower mass communications systems on user spacecraft. In addition, LCRD's architecture will allow it to serve as a testbed in space for the development of additional symbol coding, link and network layer protocols, etc. LCRD's mission and architecture has slowly evolved since the project first started and this paper will provide an update of LCRD and planned capabilities and experiments.

Optical Communications↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Lunar Exploration – Gateway’s Power and Propulsion Element Communications Links

As a key part of NASA’s Artemis program to return to the moon, the Lunar Gateway will provide a platform for staging lunar missions, for gaining experience in operations beyond earth orbit, and for creating sustainable infrastructure. Of specific interest, the Lunar Gateway will provide communications support to landers, orbiters, and surface systems, including in the South Polar Region where direct line of sight (LOS) to Earth is limited or non-existent. A foundational segment of the Gateway is the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), which will carry: solar arrays to provide power to the Gateway; electric propulsion to maintain the Gateway in its operational orbit; and communication links between the Earth and Gateway, the Moon and Gateway, and relays from the Moon to the Earth. PPE Communication Links include an X-band link to Earth for Command, Ranging, and Telemetry (CR&T), which also carries low to medium rate data; a Ka-band Direct to Earth(DTE) link for high rate data transmissions; and a Ka-band Lunar link for high data rate connections to lunar systems. This paper describes the PPE communication links from a technical perspective. Other Gateway links supported by other modules are outside the scope of this paper.

ARTEMIS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

SCaN: Space Communication and Navigation - 5G in Space

NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program office builds, operates, and maintains NASA’s two primary communications networks – the Near Space Network and the Deep Space Network. These networks allow spacecraft near and far to send critical tracking, telemetry, command, and science data to Earth. SCaN also investigates new communications and navigation technologies so that these networks can support advanced missions. SCaN’s Commercialization, Innovation, and Synergies (CIS) office is dedicated to creating robust partnerships with industry, academia, and other government agencies to advance communications and navigation capabilities.

5G↗
NASA NTRS2020

Workshop on Space Quantum Communications and Networks

NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program and the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) co-sponsored a two-day workshop in January 2020 on space quantum communications and networks. The workshop was hosted by the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley. About 70 invited technical and program leaders from academia, industry, and government agencies defined science goals and technology requirements for a future NASA “quantum mission” that is fully aligned with the National Quantum Initiative (NQI) vision for a space-ground quantum network. This NQI vision is also a strategic milestone in SCaN’s plans for NASA’s space-based quantum communications and networks. The overall technical objectives of the Workshop were to (i) critically evaluate various mission design concepts, (ii) converge on a small subset of quantum communication and networking experiments suitable for space applications, and (iii) identify key technology gaps and promote new and emerging technologies to enable NASA’s “quantum mission” within a 5-year horizon.

quantum communications↗