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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Batch fabrication of mesoporous boron-doped nickel oxide nanoflowers for electrochemical capacitors

Highlights: • A new facile liquid-phase method has been employed for synthesis boron-doped NiO nanoflowers. • The specific surface area of NiO is as high as 200 m{sup 2} g{sup −1}. • NiO nanoflowers exhibit a high specific capacitance of ∼1309 F g{sup −1} at a charge and discharge current density of 3 A g{sup −1}. • NiO nanoflowers have excellent cycling ability and even after 2500 cycles there is no significant reduction in specific capacitance. - Abstract: Boron-doped nickel oxide (B-NiO) nanoflowers are prepared by simple thermal decomposition of nickel hydroxide. B-NiO is porous sphere with a diameter of about 400 nm. B-NiO nanoflowers are composed of approximately 30 nm nanoplates and the thickness of the nanosheets is approximately 3 nm. The specific surface area of the material is as high as 200 m{sup 2} g{sup −1} and the pore size distribution curves of B-NiO has three typical peaks in the range of mesoporous (5 nm, 13 nm and 18 nm). As an electrode for supercapacitors, the crystalline B-NiO nanoflowers have favorable characteristics, for instance, a specific capacitance of 1309 F g{sup −1} at a current density of 3 A g{sup −1} and no significant reduction in Coulombic efficiency after 2500 cycles at 37.5 A g{sup −1}. This remarkable electrochemical performance will make B-NiO nanoflowers a promising electrode material for high performance supercapacitors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Facile preparation of nitrogen-doped porous carbon from waste tobacco by a simple pre-treatment process and their application in electrochemical capacitor and CO{sub 2} capture

Highlights: • A pre-treatment process is used to prepared N-doped carbon from waste biomass. • Waste tobaccos, which are limited for the disposal, are used as the raw materials. • The product shows a specific surface area and nitrogen content. • Its electrochemical performance is better than commercial activated carbon. • Its CO{sub 2} sorption performance is also better than commercial activated carbon. - Abstract: Preparing nitrogen-doped porous carbons directly from waste biomass has received considerable interest for the purpose of realizing the atomic economy. In this study, N-doped porous carbons have been successfully prepared from waste tobaccos (WT) by a simple pre-treatment process. The sample calcinated at 700 °C (WT-700) shows a micro/meso-porous structures with a BET surface area of 1104 m{sup 2} g{sup −1} and a nitrogen content of ca. 19.08 wt.% (EDS). Performance studies demonstrate that WT-700 displays 170 F g{sup −1} electrocapacitivity at a current density of 0.5 A g{sup −1} (in 6 M KOH), and a CO{sub 2} capacity of 3.6 mmol g{sup −1} at 0 °C and 1 bar, and a selectivity of ca. 32 for CO{sub 2} over N{sub 2} at 25 °C. Our studies indicate that it is feasible to prepare N-enriched porous carbons from waste natural crops by a pre-treatment process for potential industrial application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Oxygen vacancies induced switchable and nonswitchable photovoltaic effects in Ag/Bi{sub 0.9}La{sub 0.1}FeO{sub 3} /La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} sandwiched capacitors

The short circuit photocurrent (I{sub sc}) was found to be strongly dependent on the oxygen vacancies (V{sub Os}) distribution in Ag/Bi{sub 0.9}La{sub 0.1}FeO{sub 3}/La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} heterostructures. In order to manipulate the V{sub Os} accumulated at either the Ag/Bi{sub 0.9}La{sub 0.1}FeO{sub 3} or the Bi{sub 0.9}La{sub 0.1}FeO{sub 3}/La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} interface by pulse voltages, switchable or nonswitchable photocurrent can be observed without or with changing the polarization direction. The sign of photocurrent could be independent of the direction of polarization when the variation of diffusion current and the modulation of the Schottky barrier at the Ag/Bi{sub 0.9}La{sub 0.1}FeO{sub 3} interface induced by oxygen vacancies are large enough to offset those induced by polarization. Our work provides deep insights into the nature of photovoltaic effects in ferroelectric films, and will facilitate the advanced design of switchable devices combining spintronic, electronic, and optical functionalities.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electrical characteristics and thermal stability of HfO{sub 2} metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors fabricated on clean reconstructed GaSb surfaces

HfO{sub 2}/GaSb interfaces fabricated by high-vacuum HfO{sub 2} deposition on clean reconstructed GaSb surfaces were examined to explore a thermally stable GaSb metal-oxide-semiconductor structure with low interface-state density (D{sub it}). Interface Sb-O bonds were electrically and thermally unstable, and post-metallization annealing at temperatures higher than 200 °C was required to stabilize the HfO{sub 2}/GaSb interfaces. However, the annealing led to large D{sub it} in the upper-half band gap. We propose that the decomposition products that are associated with elemental Sb atoms act as interface states, since a clear correlation between the D{sub it} and the Sb coverage on the initial GaSb surfaces was observed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Substitution behavior of x(Na{sub 0.5}K{sub 0.5})NbO{sub 3}-(1 − x)BaTiO{sub 3} ceramics for multilayer ceramic capacitors by a near edge x-ray absorption fine structure analysis

The doping effect of (Na{sub 0.5}K{sub 0.5})NbO{sub 3} (NKN) as alternatives for rare-earth elements on the electrical properties of BaTiO{sub 3} has been investigated, in terms of their substitution behavior. The dielectric constant of a specimen with x = 0.05 was about 79% higher than that of pure BaTiO{sub 3}, and the temperature coefficient of capacitance was satisfied by the X7R specification. The specimen with x = 0.05 showed the lowest tetragonality among the four compositions and had a fine grain size of <2 μm. Although the addition of NKN decreased the specimen's tetragonality, the electrical properties were enhanced by the formation of defect dipoles and conduction electrons, which resulted from an acceptor and donor substitution behavior. Through O K-edge near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the practical substitution behavior was defined by the change in Ti 3d orbital states. The energy separation of the Ti 3d orbitals was more apparent with the specimen of x = 0.05, which is related to the donor level from the donor substitution of Nb{sup 5+} ion for Ti-sites. Therefore, the simultaneous substitution of Na{sup +}/K{sup +} and Nb{sup 5+} ions into BaTiO{sub 3} can improve dielectric properties, based on the charge-transfer process.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Thermal-to-electric energy conversion using ferroelectric film capacitors

The capacitive ferroelectric thermoelectric converter harvesting electrical energy through non-linear capacitance variation caused by changes in temperature is analyzed. The ferroelectric material used was the thin (0.5 μm) Ba{sub 0.3}Sr{sub 0.7}TiO{sub 3} film. On the basis of experimental dependencies of the ferroelectric film permittivity on temperature ranging from 100 K to 350 K under different electric fields up to 80 V/μm, the optimum values of operating temperatures and electric field for the energy harvesting optimization were determined. For the temperature oscillations of ±15 K around room temperature and electric field about 40 V/μm, the harvested energy was estimated as 30 mJ/cm{sup 3}. It is shown that the use of thin ferroelectric films for rapid capacitance variation versus temperature and microelectromechanical systems for fast temperature modulations may be a relevant solution for creation of small power scale generators for portable electronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Anomalous C-V response correlated to relaxation processes in TiO{sub 2} thin film based-metal-insulator-metal capacitor: Effect of titanium and oxygen defects

Capacitance-voltage (C–V) and capacitance-frequency (C–f) measurements are performed on atomic layer deposited TiO{sub 2} thin films with top and bottom Au and Pt electrodes, respectively, over a large temperature and frequency range. A sharp capacitance peak/discontinuity (C–V anomalous) is observed in the C–V characteristics at various temperatures and voltages. It is demonstrated that this phenomenon is directly associated with oxygen vacancies. The C–V peak irreversibility and dissymmetry at the reversal dc voltage are attributed to difference between the Schottky contacts at the metal/TiO{sub 2} interfaces. Dielectric analyses reveal two relaxation processes with degeneration of the activation energy. The low trap level of 0.60–0.65 eV is associated with the first ionized oxygen vacancy at low temperature, while the deep trap level of 1.05 eV is associated to the second ionized oxygen vacancy at high temperature. The DC conductivity of the films exhibits a transition temperature at 200 °C, suggesting a transition from a conduction regime governed by ionized oxygen vacancies to one governed by interstitial Ti{sup 3+} ions. Both the C–V anomalous and relaxation processes in TiO{sub 2} arise from oxygen vacancies, while the conduction mechanism at high temperature is governed by interstitial titanium ions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Electrical properties and interfacial issues of high-k/Si MIS capacitors characterized by the thickness of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} interlayer

A thin Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} interlayer deposited between La{sub 2}O{sub 3} layer and Si substrate was used to scavenge the interfacial layer (IL) by blocking the out-diffusion of substrate Si. Some advantages and disadvantages of this method were discussed in detail. Evident IL reduction corroborated by the transmission electron microscopy results suggested the feasibility of this method in IL scavenging. Significant improvements in oxygen vacancy and leakage current characteristics were achieved as the thickness of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} interlayer increase. Meanwhile, some disadvantages such as the degradations in interface trap and oxide trapped charge characteristics were also observed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Fuel cells, batteries and super-capacitors stand-alone power systems management using optimal/flatness based-control

In this work, an optimal control (under constraints) based on the Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to optimally manage energy flows in a basic PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells system associated to lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors through a common DC bus having a voltage to stabilize using the differential flatness approach. The adaptation of voltage levels between different sources and load is ensured by use of three DC-DC converters, one boost connected to the PEM fuel cells, while the two others are buck/boost and connected to the lithiumion batteries and supercapacitors. The aim of this paper is to develop an energy management strategy that is able to satisfy the following objectives: Impose the power requested by a habitat (representing the load) according to a proposed daily consumption profile, Keep fuel cells working at optimal power delivery conditions, Maintain constant voltage across the common DC bus, Stabilize the batteries voltage and stored quantity of charge at desired values given by the optimal control. Results obtained under MATLAB/Simulink environment prove that the cited objectives are satisfied, validating then, effectiveness and complementarity between the optimal and flatness concepts proposed for energy management. Note that this study is currently in experimentally validation within MSE Laboratory.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2016

Graphene Based Ultra-Capacitors for Safer, More Efficient Energy Storage

Current power storage methods must be continuously improved in order to keep up with the increasingly competitive electronics industry. This technological advancement is also essential for the continuation of deep space exploration. Today's energy storage industry relies heavily on the use of dangerous and corrosive chemicals such as lithium and phosphoric acid. These chemicals can prove hazardous to the user if the device is ruptured. Similarly they can damage the environment if they are disposed of improperly. A safer, more efficient alternative is needed across a wide range of NASA missions. One solution would a solid-state carbon based energy storage device. Carbon is a safer, less environmentally hazardous alternative to current energy storage materials. Using the amorphous carbon nanostructure, graphene, this idea of a safer portable energy is possible. Graphene was electrochemically produced in the lab and several coin cell devices were built this summer to create a working prototype of a solid-state graphene battery.

Composite battery↗