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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Design and status of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter

Here, the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab aims at measuring the neutrinoless conversion of a negative muon into an electron and reach a single event sensitivity of 2.5×10 –17 after three years of data taking. The monoenergetic electron produced in the final state, is detected by a high precision tracker and a crystal calorimeter, all embedded in a large superconducting solenoid (SD) surrounded by a cosmic ray veto system. The calorimeter is complementary to the tracker, allowing an independent trigger and powerful particle identification, while seeding the track reconstruction and contributing to remove background tracks mimicking the signal. In order to match these requirements, the calorimeter should have an energy resolution of O(5)% and a time resolution better than 500 ps at 100 MeV. The baseline solution is a calorimeter composed of two disks of BaF 2 crystals read by UV extended, solar blind, Avalanche Photodiode (APDs), which are under development from a JPL, Caltech, RMD consortium. In this paper, the calorimeter design, the R&D; studies carried out so far and the status of engineering are described. A backup alternative setup consisting of a pure CsI crystal matrix read by UV extended Hamamatsu MPPC's is also presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

A faster and more reliable data acquisition system for the full performance of the SciCRT

The SciBar Cosmic Ray Telescope (SciCRT) is a massive scintillator tracker to observe cosmic rays at a very high-altitude environment in Mexico. The fully active tracker is based on the Scintillator Bar (SciBar) detector developed as a near detector for the KEK-to-Kamioka long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment (K2K) in Japan. Since the data acquisition (DAQ) system was developed for the accelerator experiment, we determined to develop a new robust DAQ system to optimize it to our cosmic-ray experiment needs at the top of Mt. Sierra Negra (4600 m). One of our special requirements is to achieve a 10 times faster readout rate. We started to develop a new fast readout back-end board (BEB) based on 100 Mbps SiTCP, a hardware network processor developed for DAQ systems for high energy physics experiments. Then we developed the new BEB which has a potential of 20 times faster than the current one in the case of observing neutrons. Lastly, we installed the new DAQ system including the new BEBs to a part of the SciCRT in July 2015. The system has been operating since then. In this article, we describe the development, the basic performance of the new BEB, the status after the installation in the SciCRT, and the future performance.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Charge collection in irradiated HV-CMOS detectors

Active silicon detectors built on p-type substrate are a promising technological solution for large area silicon trackers such as those at the High Luminosity LHC, but the radiation hardness of this novel approach has to be evaluated. Active n-in-p strip detector prototypes CHESS2 for ATLAS with different substrate resistivities in the range of 20-1000 Omega cm were irradiated with neutrons and protons up to a fluence of 2 x 10(15) n(eq) cm(-2) and 3.6 x 10(15) n(eq) cm(-2). Charge collection in passive test structures on the chip was evaluated using Edge-TCT and minimum ionising electrons from Sr-90. Results were used to assess radiation hardness of the detector in the given fluence range and to determine parameters of initial acceptor removal in different substrates.

active silicon detectors↗
DOE OSTI2019

Performance of CMOS pixel sensor prototypes in ams H35 and aH18 technology for the ATLAS ITk upgrade

Pixel sensors based on commercial high-voltage CMOS processes are an exciting technology that is considered as an option for the outer layer of the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade at the High Luminosity LHC. Here, charged particles are detected using deep n-wells as sensor diodes with the depleted region extending into the silicon bulk. Both analog and digital readout electronics can be added to achieve different levels of integration up to a fully monolithic sensor. Small scale prototypes using the ams CMOS technology have previously demonstrated that it can achieve the required radiation tolerance of 10(15) n(eq)/cm(2) and detection efficiencies above 99.5%. Recently, large area prototypes, comparable in size to a full sensor, have been produced that include most features required towards a final design: the H35demo prototype produced in ams H35 technology that supports both external and integrated readout and the monolithic ATLASPix1 pre-production design produced in ams aH18 technology. Both chips are based on large fill-factor pixel designs, but differ in readout structure. Performance results for H35DEMO with capacitively-coupled external readout and first results for the monolithic ATLASPix1 are shown.

ATLAS ITk upgrade↗
DOE OSTI2019

AMS-100: The next generation magnetic spectrometer in space – An international science platform for physics and astrophysics at Lagrange point 2

The next generation magnetic spectrometer in space, AMS-100, is designed to have a geometrical acceptance of 100 m 2 sr and to be operated for at least ten years at the Sun–Earth Lagrange Point 2. Compared to existing experiments, it will improve the sensitivity for the observation of new phenomena in cosmic rays, and in particular in cosmic antimatter, by at least a factor of 1000. The magnet design is based on high temperature superconductor tapes, which allow the construction of a thin solenoid with a homogeneous magnetic field of 1 Tesla inside. The inner volume is instrumented with a silicon tracker reaching a maximum detectable rigidity of 100 TV and a calorimeter system that is 70 radiation lengths deep, equivalent to four nuclear interaction lengths, which extends the energy reach for cosmic-ray nuclei up to the PeV scale, i.e. beyond the cosmic-ray knee. In conclusion, covering most of the sky continuously, AMS-100 will detect high-energy gamma-rays in the calorimeter system and by pair conversion in the thin solenoid, reconstructed with excellent angular resolution in the silicon tracker.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Charge collection study with the ATLAS ITk prototype silicon strip sensors ATLAS17LS

The inner tracker of the ATLAS detector is scheduled to be replaced by a completely new silicon-based inner tracker (ITk) for the Phase-II of the CERN LHC (HL-LHC). The silicon strip detector covers the volume 40 < R < 100 cm in the radial and | z | < 300 cm in the longitudinal directions. The silicon sensors for the detector will be fabricated using the n + -on-p 6-inch wafer technology, for a total of 22,000 wafers. Here, intensive studies were carried out on the final prototype sensors ATLAS17LS fabricated by Hamamatsu Photonics (HPK). The charge collection properties were examined using penetrating 90 Sr β -rays and the ALIBAVA fast readout system for the miniature sensors of 1 cm × 1 cm in area. The samples were irradiated by protons in the 27 MeV Birmingham Cyclotron, the 70 MeV CYRIC at Tohoku University, and the 24 GeV CERN-PS, and by neutrons at Ljubljana TRIGA reactor for fluence values up to 2 × 10 15 n eq /cm 2 . The change in the charge collection with fluence was found to be similar to the previous prototype ATLAS12, and acceptable for the ITk. Sensors with two active thicknesses, 300 μ m (standard) and 240 μ m (thin), were compared and the difference in the charge collection was observed to be small for bias voltages up to 500 V. Some samples were also irradiated with gamma radiation up to 2 MGy, and the full depletion voltage was found to decrease with the dose. This was caused by the Compton electrons due to the 60 Co gamma radiation. To summarize, the design of the ATLAS17LS and technology for its fabrication have been verified for implementation in the ITk. We are in the stage of sensor pre-production with the first sensors already delivered in January of 2020.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Mu2e experiment — Searching for charged lepton flavor violation

The Mu2e experiment will search for a Standard Model violating rate of neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the presence of an aluminum nucleus. Observation of this charged lepton flavor violating process would be an unambiguous sign of new physics. Mu2e will improve upon previous searches for this process by four orders of magnitude. This requires the world’s highest-intensity muon beam, a detector system capable of efficiently reconstructing the 105 MeV/c conversion electron signal, and minimizing sensitivity to background events. A pulsed 8 GeV proton beam strikes a target, producing pions that decay into muons. Beam outside the pulse must be suppressed to < 1 0 – 10 to reduce beam-related backgrounds. The muon beam is guided from the production target along the transport system and onto the aluminum stopping target. Conversion electrons leave the stopping target and propagate inside a solenoidal magnetic field to the tracker and electromagnetic calorimeter. The tracker is a system of straw tube panels filled with Ar/CO 2 at 1 atm that tracks particles inside of a solenoidal B-field and measures their momenta with ~ 100 keV/c resolution to resolve signal events from decay-in-orbit backgrounds. The CsI calorimeter provides E / p and is used to seed the track reconstruction algorithm with σ E / E ~ 10 % and σ t < 500 ps . Additionally, a novel cosmic ray veto with greater than 99.99% efficiency brings the expected number of background events to fewer than one over three years of running. Finally, to normalize the experiment, the stopping target monitor measures the rate of capture photons from muons incident on the stopping target by using a system of high-purity germanium and lanthanum bromide scintillators.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of HPK n + - p planar pixel sensors for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade

To cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determined by the long operation time of 10 years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to 7.5 × 10 34 cm –2 s –1 in the ultimate performance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluence corresponding to a non-ionizing energy loss of up to $\Phi_{\text {eq}}$ = 3.5 × 10 16 cm –2 . Here this paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design and qualification up to a fluence of $\Phi_{\text {eq}}$ = 1.4 × 10 16 cm –2 . For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R&D program was initiated, which includes $n^+ -p$ sensors on 150 mm (6”) wafers with an active thickness of 150 μm with pixel sizes of 100 × 25 μm 2 and 50 × 50 μm 2 manufactured by Hamamatsu. Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was an extensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly with ROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfill the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and efficiency. The single point resolution for 50 × 50 μm 2 pixels is measured as 4.0 μm for non-irradiated samples, and 6.3 μm after irradiation to $\Phi_{\text {eq}}$ = 7.2 × 10 15 cm –2 .

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

The ATLAS ITk Strip detector system for the Phase-II LHC upgrade

In the view of the luminosity increase foreseen by the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider program at CERN, the ATLAS experiment initiated an R&D program to replace its complete inner detector (ID) system. The new Inner Tracker (ITk) system, anticipated to be installed by 2028, will be a new all-silicon based tracker including Strip and Pixel detector technologies. The new detector is designed to meet the requirements of operating under a harsh environment namely, high radiation levels, increased pile-up and data rates while decrease the material budget and maintain or even improve the performance. The Strip project has advanced in several areas the last years while facing challenges moving from pre-production to production. Here, this manuscript gives an overview of the ITk Strip system and describes the advancements and challenges to date.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

ATLAS FTK Challenge: Simulation of a Billion-fold Hardware Parallelism

During the current LHC shutdown period the ATLAS experiment will upgrade the Trigger and Data Acquisition system to include a hardware tracker coprocessor: the Fast TracKer (FTK). The FTK receives data from the 80 million of channels of the ATLAS silicon detector, identifying charged tracks and reconstructing their parameters at a rate of up to 100 KHz and within 100 microseconds. To achieve this performance, the FTK system identifies candidate tracks utilizing the computing power of a custom ASIC chip with associative memory (AM) designed to perform “pattern matching” at very high speed; track parameters are then calculated using modern FPGAs. A detailed simulation of this massive system has been developed with the goal of supporting the hardware design and studying its impact in the ATLAS online event selection at high LHC luminosities. We present the issues related to emulating FTK on a general-purpose CPU platform, using ATLAS computing Grid resources, and the solutions developed in order to mitigate these problems and allow the studies required to support the system design, construction and installation.

Distributed Computing↗
DOE OSTI2024

Assessment of Storm-Associated Precipitation and Its Extremes Using Observational Data Sets and Climate Model Short-Range Hindcasts

Heavy precipitation, often associated with weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones (ETCs), atmospheric rivers (ARs), and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), can cause significant socio-economic loss. Here, in this study, we apply atmospheric feature trackers to quantify the contributions of these storm types in observational data sets and climate model short-range hindcasts. We generate a global hourly storm data set at 0.25° spatial resolution covering 2006–2020, based on the tracking results from TempestExtremes and Python FLEXible object TRacKeR. Our analyses show that these four storm types account for 67% of global annual mean precipitation and 82% of top 1% precipitation extremes, with MCSs mainly over the tropics, and ARs and ETCs over the midlatitudes. The percentage of precipitation contributions from these storms also show strong seasonality over many geographical locations. We further apply the tracking results to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) short-range hindcasts and evaluate how well these storms are simulated. The evaluation show that E3SM, with ∼1° resolution, significantly underestimates storm-associated precipitation totals and extremes, especially for MCSs in the tropics. Our analysis also suggests that model fails to capture the correct mean diurnal phases and amplitude of MCS precipitation. This phenomenon-based approach provides a better understanding of precipitation characteristics and can lead to enhanced model evaluation by revealing underlying problems in model physics related to precipitation processes associated with the heavy-precipitating storms.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Search for 0ν2β of {sup 100}Mo by NEMO-3 and status of SuperNEMO

The NEMO-3 experiment was devoted to the research of the neutrinoless double beta decay and the precise measurement of the two-neutrino double beta decay of seven isotopes. The detector took data in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM) from 2003 to 2011. The unique combination of a 3D-tracker and a calorimeter allowed to fully reconstruct the double beta decay events topology and strongly reduces the backgrounds. This feature also permitted to characterize the remaining backgrounds in independent analysis channels. With an exposure of 34.7 kg·y of {sup 100}Mo no evidence for the 0ν2β signal has been found, yielding a limit for the light Majorana neutrino mass mechanism of T{sub 1/2}(0ν2β) > 1.1 10{sup 24} years (90 % C.L.) once both statistical and systematic uncertainties are taken into account. Depending on the Nuclear Matrix Elements this corresponds to an upper limit on the Majorana effective neutrino mass of |m{sub ββ}| < 0.3 − 0.9 eV (90 % C.L.). Constraints on other lepton number violating mechanisms of 0ν2β decays are also given. Searching for high-energy double electron events in all suitable sources of the detector, no event in the energy region [3.2-10] MeV is observed for an exposure of 47 kg·y. The next generation experiment, SuperNEMO, will use the same experimental technique to extend the sensitivity on the neutrinoless double beta decay search. Several aspects have been improved compared to NEMO-3: choice of the isotope, energy resolution, energy losses… but the main challenge is the background reduction. All the detector materials have been selected for their low natural radioactivity contaminations through High Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma spectroscopy. The double beta sources after enrichment are being prepared with extreme care and the ultimate contaminations will be characterized by the most sensitive BiPo detector. External radon tightness and internal radon emanation have been studied to ensure a very low level in the tracker with very sensitive complementary detectors: diffusion apparatus, concentration line and emanation tanks. The construction of the first detector, called the demonstrator, has started in 2012. Studying 7 kg of {sup 82}Se, the demonstrator will reach the NEMO-3 sensitivity in only 5 months and improve it by at least a factor 6 in 2.5 years. Underground installation will start fall 2014 and physics data taking should start by summer 2015.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Status of the AFP project in the ATLAS experiment

Status of the AFP project in the ATLAS experiment is summarized. The AFP system is composed of a tracker to detect intact, diffractively scattered protons, and of a time-of-flight detector serving to suppress background from pile-up interactions. The whole system, located around 210 m from the main ATLAS detector, is placed in Roman Pots which move detectors from and to the incident proton beams. A typical distance of the closest approach of the tracker to these beams is 2–3 mm. The main physics motivation lies in measuring diffractive processes in runs with not a very high amount of pile-up.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Predictions for Gyro-phase Drift in MDPX

This work assesses the feasibility of observing the gyro-phase drift in the Auburn Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment [MDPX, described by Thomas et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 124034 (2012)]. The gyro-phase drift arises when a dust grain does not instantaneously reach the in-situ-equilibrium grain charge during gyro-synchronous grain-charge modulation. Koepke et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 79, 1099 (2013)] first suggested using MDPX to observe the gyro-phase drift, and here we use a single-particle trajectory tracker with an iterative velocity solver, using a fixed timestep for grain motion and an adaptive time step for grain charging, to consider all relevant dust grain forces to assess gyro-phase drift arising from gradual inhomogeneity. Additionally, the semi-analytic theory developed by Walker et al. [J. Plasma Phys. 80, 395 (2014)] predicts dust grain motion in abrupt inhomogeneity for MDPX-relevant conditions. We compare three grain-charging models with each other and with the single-particle trajectory tracker and found to predict distinctly different trajectories depending on the treatment of neutral drag and flowing ions. The measurement thresholds for Particle Tracking Velocimetry permit gyro-phase drift detection in MDPX for the abrupt inhomogeneity, given sufficiently large enough UV photoelectron flux (fuv/[n e v the ] > 0.01) and low enough neutral gas pressure (less than one mTorr). The Orbit-Motion-Limited charge model and the charge models developed by Patacchini et al. [Phys. Plasmas 14, 062111 (2007)] and Gatti and Kortshagen [Phys. Rev. E 78, 046402 (2008)] can, in principle, be distinguished by gyro-phase drift in the abrupt inhomogeneity, but large magnetic fields, large UV photoelectron flux, and low neutral gas pressure are required. Gyro-phase drift for a gradual inhomogeneity in the ratio ne/ni, arising from the presence of a radial electric field, is predicted to be undetectable.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

A data acquisition system for HV-CMOS sensor research and development in the upgrade of ATLAS experiment

In the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade of ATLAS experiment in 2026, the new inner tracker detector will be installed. As a promising candidate for the outer layer of the inner tracker detector, the High Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) pixel sensors are being investigated by the ATLAS collaboration. A Front-End LInk eXchange (FELIX) based Data Acquisition (DAQ) system is developed for the R&D of the HV-CMOS sensors. A FELIX card with PCIe interface in the back-end is used to control, monitor, calibrate and read out the front-end electronics. In the front-end, a Xilinx evaluation board ZC706 works as the interface between the back- end and custom boards with HV-CMOS sensors and the readout ASIC. In conclusion, the DAQ system was successfully deployed for the testbeam experiment at CERN. Design of the DAQ system, the tuning of sensors and testbeam results will be described in details.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simulations of muon imaging with the LANL GMT detector for spent nuclear fuel cask content verification

Atmospheric muons are typically high energy, highly penetrating charged particles. They interact with matter primarily through multiple Coulomb scatterings. Muon scattering intensities can be used to characterize the density and atomic number of the matter that they pass through. Previously, the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) muon tomography team performed muon imaging of the partially filled MC-10 spent nuclear fuel (SNF) cask at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This experiment demonstrated the feasibility of muon imaging for the verification of spent fuel container contents. That original effort used the mini muon tracker array, consisting of two arrays of drift tubes on either side of the SNF cask. The reconstructed image quality was limited by statistics, largely due to low muon flux at high zenith angles. A LANL led team will perform new measurements with a larger array, the Giant Muon Tracker (GMT), to improve data collection rates and statistics. In this work, simulations were performed with the GMT near the partially filled INL MC-10 cask. For more general fuel diversion detection, a full MC-10 cask and casks with a singular missing fuel bundle were also simulated. To understand minimum measurement times needed for missing bundle identification, 100 000 to millions of tracked muons (corresponding to 1.4 days to several weeks measurement time) were analyzed. Simulated images were then analyzed visually and numerically to explore techniques designed to minimize the collection time needed to identify the diversion of fuel in each scenario.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Progress status for the Mu2e calorimeter system

The Mu2e experiment at FNAL aims to measure the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrinoless conversion of a negative muon into an electron. The conversion results in a monochromatic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass (104.97 MeV). The calorimeter should confirm that the candidates reconstructed by the extremely precise tracker system are indeed conversion electrons while performing a powerful $\mu/e$ particle identification. Moreover, it should also provide a high level trigger for the experiment independently from the tracker system. The calorimeter should also be able to keep functionality in an environment where the background delivers a dose of ~ 10 krad/year in the hottest area and to work in the presence of 1 T axial magnetic field. These requirements translate in the design of a calorimeter with large acceptance, good energy resolution O(5%) and a reasonable position (time) resolution of ~<1 cm (<0.5ns). The baseline version of the calorimeter is composed by two disks of inner (outer) radius of 351 (660) mm filled by 1860 hexagonal $BaF_2$ crystals of 20 cm length. Each crystal is readout by two large area APD's. In this study, we summarize the experimental tests done so far as well as the simulation studies in the Mu2e environment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

ATCA-based ATLAS FTK input interface system

The first stage of the ATLAS Fast TracKer (FTK) is an ATCA-based input interface system, where hits from the entire silicon tracker are clustered and organized into overlapping eta-phi trigger towers before being sent to the tracking engines. First, FTK Input Mezzanine cards receive hit data and perform clustering to reduce data volume. Then, the ATCA-based Data Formatter system will organize the trigger tower data, sharing data among boards over full mesh backplanes and optic fibers. The board and system level design concepts and implementation details, as well as the operation experiences from the FTK full-chain testing, will be presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗