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At least 613 records · Page 34

The Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility Capability eXpansion (DCX) Strategy

This document details the strategy proposed to meet the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) requirement for the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility Sustainment and Modernization projects identified in multiple NNSA Stockpile Stewardship and Management Plan (SSMP) reports to Congress [NNSA, 2020; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024]. DARHT has become indispensable for the certification of the primaries of U.S. nuclear weapons since the current U.S. moratorium halted underground nuclear testing more than 30 years ago. However, aging facilities, evolving technology, and other issues are limiting or threatening the capability of DARHT to meet NNSA’s expanding mission needs now and into the future. This DARHT Capability eXpansion (DCX) strategy was developed to address NNSA needs by extending DARHT’s reliability and resilience, increasing the quality and quantity of DARHT data, and enabling hydrodynamic measurements in complex environments. The strategy can be implemented through integration of line-item projects, acquisition of major items of equipment, and other actions coordinated with the execution of the SSMP. This strategy document is intended for U.S. Government officials, particularly authorizers, appropriators, and program leaders. It may also be furnished to DARHT users, customers, collaborators, stakeholders, and visitors as needed

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

City of Largo Clear Sky Assessment Process: Prioritizing Solar + Storage for Resilient Facilities & Communities

The Clear Sky Tampa Bay project was a 15-month collaborative research effort to support solar + storage deployment for community resilience in Florida. The Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit is a collection of resources designed to support users in conducting solar + storage prioritization and feasibility screening assessments at critical facilities. The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council worked with four local governments in the region to test and apply the Toolkit. This case study series describes how each partner government used the Toolkit and highlights key insights and lessons learned that other users could follow to replicate the process. The City of Largo used the Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit to advance community solar + storage resilience goals by collaborating with staff across departments and disciplines and engaging with utility stakeholders. The City of Largo conducted an analysis of its Wastewater Treatment Facility (WWTF), which processes an average of 43 million gallons of wastewater daily. Water treatment operations are both critical and energy intensive, requiring sustained energy throughout the day.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Pinellas County Clear Sky Assessment Process: Prioritizing Solar + Storage for Resilient Facilities & Communities

The Clear Sky Tampa Bay project was a 15-month collaborative research effort to support solar + storage deployment for community resilience in Florida. The Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit is a collection of resources designed to support users in conducting solar + storage prioritization and feasibility screening assessments at critical facilities. The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council worked with four local governments in the region to test and apply the Toolkit. This case study series describes how each partner government used the Toolkit and highlights key insights and lessons learned that other users could follow to replicate the process. Pinellas County applied the Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit to improve interagency coordination and gather data to analyze solar + storage projects for its critical facilities. This case study examines energy resilience strategies for the Pinellas County Solid Waste-to-Energy Plant. The Toolkit's modular assessment process developed institutional capacity and knowledge within the county and will assist in the research and application of future solar energy projects.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Engineered Barrier System R&D and International Collaborations – LANL (FY20): Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition

The United States Department of Energy’s Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition (SFWD) program is investigating the design and safety function of generic nuclear geologic repositories in a variety of geologic settings (salt, argillite, and crystalline rock). Different configurations and loadings of spent nuclear fuel and waste within disposal canisters are also being investigated, some of which have the potential to generate repository temperatures higher than previously considered (i.e., temperatures >100ºC) by foreign and domestic concepts. This report expands on engineered barrier material stability in a high temperature crystalline rock repository through high temperature hydrothermal experiments. Experiments were designed to develop engineered barrier system (EBS) concepts in a hightemperature crystalline environment in 1) bentonite-Grimsel Granodiorite interactions, 2) bentonite-cement reactions, and 3) interaction between waste canister materials and bentonite. Experiment results are applied to understanding long-term repository performance in terms of radionuclide isolation. One hydrothermal experiment was completed in the rocking autoclaves at LANL in FY-20: IEBS-6 (Grimsel Granodiorite + Wyoming bentonite + cured ordinary Portland cement + Grimsel Granodiorite synthetic groundwater, 250ºC/150 bar, 8 weeks). Several other experiments were planned but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pause in laboratory work. In addition, some characterization of the reaction products of experiments conducted in FY-20 was prevented by COVID-19. Mineral phase chemistry was not measured via electron microprobe analyses for IEBS-6. Quantitative X-ray diffraction results from IEBS-6 and HBT-1 were not completed. The missing analyses and discussion of the results will be included in next year’s report. New characterization that was completed includes scanning electron microscopy of reaction products from IEBS-6, quantitative X-ray diffraction results are presented from IEBS-1 through IBES-5, preliminary scanning electron microscope images and chemical analyses for IEBS-6, X-ray diffraction of the clay fraction from all experiments, measurement/imaging of mineral growth on the surface of steel coupons. Major observations pertaining to bentonite stability in a Grimsel Granodiorite environment include the stability of Na-montmorillonite at 250°C, the formation of trace CSH phases, and the formation of bentonite colloids on experiment cooling. The addition of a cured chip of Portland cement to the bentonite-Grimsel system results in slightly higher pH values and the formation of diverse secondary mineral phases that were not observed in the previous experiments (e.g., analcime, garronite, CSH phases). The new characterization efforts related to the interaction of stainless-steel coupons and bentonite clay focused on thickness and mineralogy of phases that formed at the steel surface. In Wyoming bentonite + Grimsel Granodiorite systems, newly formed minerals at the bentonitesteel coupon interface included alteration of the outermost steel edge to Fe,Cr-oxide phases, followed by Fe-rich phyllosilicates (Fe-saponite, chlorite) and interbedded Fe,Cr,Ni-sulfide phases (pentlandite). Hydrothermal experiments were completed to assess uranium-carbonate complexation at conditions relevant to high-temperature disposal. Autoclave solubility experiments were conducted at 150 to 250ºC with a range of carbonate and uranium concentrations. The experiment results were characterized via situ UV-Visible spectroscopy and synchrotron-based in situ XAS techniques. Results show a significant decrease in the stability of uranyl-carbonate complexes at temperatures above 100ºC along with the precipitation of uranium oxides. Further, at T > 200ºC, results show that uranyl-hydroxyl complexes control solubility of uranium instead of the previously predicted uranyl-carbonate species. These results are significant for understanding the mobility of uranium in the EBS, which will likely contain carbonate-rich fluids. International research efforts focused on three main areas: 1) participation in international conferences, 2) building collaborations with foreign repository programs, and 3) the initiation of an experimental program to complement the full-scale HotBENT test at the Grimsel test site. This experiment included Wyoming bentonite + low carbon steel + Grimsel Granodiorite synthetic groundwater and was run at the planned maximum temperature of the HotBENT test (200°C). Complete characterization of reaction products was hindered by disruptions to laboratory work but will be reported in the next FY. The experimental results obtained in FY-20 continue to document the wide-ranging effects of bulk composition and pressure-temperature conditions in the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of a high-temperature repository environment. Concepts developed will be used to inform models of long-term material stability in a generic crystalline rock-hosted repository.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Manatee County Clear Sky Assessment Process: Prioritizing Solar + Storage for Resilient Facilities & Communities

The Clear Sky Tampa Bay project was a 15-month collaborative research effort to support solar + storage deployment for community resilience in Florida. The Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit is a collection of resources designed to support users in conducting solar + storage prioritization and feasibility screening assessments at critical facilities. The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council worked with four local governments in the region to test and apply the Toolkit. This case study series describes how each partner government used the Toolkit and highlights key insights and lessons learned that other users could follow to replicate the process. Manatee County applied the Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit to two of the county's critical facilities: Nolan Middle School, which serves as a special needs emergency shelter, and its Public Safety Complex (PSC), which houses critical services including emergency management, communications, and medical services, traffic control, and more. The PSC serves as the Emergency Operations Center during activation events. The Clear Sky assessment process improved interagency communication and coordination and informed siting decisions for a potential solar + storage system for the Manatee County PSC.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Hillsborough County Clear Sky Assessment Process: Prioritizing Solar + Storage for Resilient Facilities & Communities

The Clear Sky Tampa Bay project was a 15-month collaborative research effort to support solar + storage deployment for community resilience in Florida. The Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit is a collection of resources designed to support users in conducting solar + storage prioritization and feasibility screening assessments at critical facilities. The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council worked with four local governments in the region to test and apply the Toolkit. This case study series describes how each partner government used the Toolkit and highlights key insights and lessons learned that other users could follow to replicate the process. Hillsborough County used the Clear Sky Decision Support Toolkit to analyze solar + storage as an additional resiliency feature at its Brandon Support Operation Complex (BSOC). During normal operations, the BSOC houses water utility administration services and workspaces for water and wastewater engineers, facilities maintenance, and environmental management staff. During emergency management activation, the BSOC serves as an emergency hub for Emergency Support Function 3 (ESF-3), which includes public utilities, public works, and engineering staff support members. The BSOC is designated as a critical facility by the County.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Status of the data acquisition, trigger, and slow control systems of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab

The Mu2e experiment at the Fermilab will search for a coherent neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus with a sensitivity improvement by a factor of 10,000 over existing limits. In this work, the Mu2e Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) uses otsdaq framework as the online Data Acquisition System (DAQ) solution. Developed at Fermilab, otsdaq integrates several framework components — an artdaq-based DAQ, an art-based event processing, and an EPICS-based detector control system (DCS), and provides a uniform multi-user interface to its components through a web browser. Data streams from the Mu2e tracker and calorimeter are handled by the artdaq-based DAQ and processed by a one-level software trigger implemented within the art framework. Events accepted by the trigger have their data combined, post-trigger, with the separately read out data from the Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto system. Foundation of the Mu2e DCS, EPICS – an Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System – is an open-source platform for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving. A prototype of the TDAQ and the DCS systems has been built and tested over the last three years at Fermilab’s Feynman Computing Center, and now the production system installation is underway. This work presents their status and focus on the installation plans and procedures for racks, workstations, network switches, gateway computers, DAQ hardware, slow controls implementation, and testing.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

MARVEL Technical Overview: Breakdown of cost and scope growth through 90% Final Design

This report presents a breakdown of cost and scope growth for the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation (MARVEL) project through the design phase, and includes observations, lessons learned, and the results from an independent project assessment. It presents the status and history of the project. Technology maturity is considered in high-level, qualitative comparison to other microreactor design efforts. Its purpose is to record MARVEL’s evolution and lessons learned from the planning and design phases through completion of 90% final design. Analyses included a detailed review of project cost, schedule, and periodic project reports and management documents. The Primary Coolant Apparatus Test (PCAT) is specifically highlighted. It was concluded that MARVEL would have benefited from more extensive planning early in the project to better define cost and schedule to provide more certainty in the total project cost and delivery date. Modest cost and schedule improvements may have been possible, but compared qualitatively, MARVEL’s total cost and schedule performance are consistent with that of other efforts currently underway. Better planning would have provided more certainty, improved risk mitigations, and potentially eliminated delays due to funding shortfalls. A recommended path forward is presented that addresses recommendations in the independent project assessment.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Reopening California: Seeking robust, non-dominated COVID-19 exit strategies

The COVID-19 pandemic required significant public health interventions from local governments. Although nonpharmaceutical interventions often were implemented as decision rules, few studies evaluated the robustness of those reopening plans under a wide range of uncertainties. This paper uses the Robust Decision Making approach to stress-test 78 alternative reopening strategies, using California as an example. This study uniquely considers a wide range of uncertainties and demonstrates that seemingly sensible reopening plans can lead to both unnecessary COVID-19 deaths and days of interventions. We find that plans using fixed COVID-19 case thresholds might be less effective than strategies with time-varying reopening thresholds. While we use California as an example, our results are particularly relevant for jurisdictions where vaccination roll-out has been slower. The approach used in this paper could also prove useful for other public health policy problems in which policymakers need to make robust decisions in the face of deep uncertainty.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

The Grey Zone Test Range Integrated Urban Simulation Environment

Sandia National Laboratories is part of the government test and evaluation team for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Collection and Monitoring via Planning for Active Situational Scenarios program. The program is designed to better understand competition in the area between peace and conventional conflict when adversary actions are subtle and difficult to detect. For the purposes of test and evaluation, Sandia conducted a range of activities for the program: creation of the Grey Zone Test Range; design of the data stream for a user experiment conducted with U.S. Indo-Pacific Command; design, implementation, and execution of the formal evaluation; and analysis and summary of the evaluation results. This report details Sandia's activities and provides additional information on the Grey Zone Test Range urban simulation environment developed to evaluate the performer technologies.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

Production and Performance of High Sulfur Concentration Waste Glasses (FY21)

In FY21 Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was tasked to investigate the practical aspects of low activity waste (LAW) glass production with high sulfur loading for the Office of River Protection (ORP). Relationships between sulfur solubility, retention, and melter resonance need to be evaluated to refine waste loading limits and the super saturated melting (triple melt, grind, and wash) methodology. The impact of high sulfur concentration on durability and phase stability (crystallization and liquid-liquid immiscibility) during slow cooling also needs to be further evaluated. To accomplish this, SRNL proposed scaled melter testing using simulants with matched physicochemical properties to melter feed, as opposed to laboratory reagents. This type of testing is expected to validate applicability to design parameters and functional criteria expected during unit operations. This work was expected to commence in FY21, with the first melter tests being performed near the end of the FY. However, reduced access to Savannah River Site and personnel availability during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced the amount of time and resources available to perform the task. This report documents the experimental plan and progress towards this task. The following is a summarized list of scheduled testing that will be performed on feed, condensate, cold cap and glass: 1) Melter runs; 2) Product consistency test (PCT); 3) Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES); and 4) Optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Thirty Minutes Before the Dawn

The Trinity test of July 16, 1945, marked the scientific apex of the Manhattan Project. Often recognized as the symbolic birth of the nuclear age, Trinity’s multifaceted legacy remains just as captivating and complex today as it did 75 years ago. This paper examines why the test was necessary from a technical standpoint, shows how Los Alamos scientists planned the event, and explores the physical and emotional aftermaths of Trinity. The author also uses rarely accessed original records to reconstruct the story of Trinity’s health hazards, as seen through the eyes of radiation technicians and medical doctors as events unfolded. Trinity was conducted as the Potsdam Conference began, weeks after the collapse of Nazi Germany. It was considered necessary to let President Harry S. Truman know whether the United States possessed a nuclear capability ahead of his negotiations with Joseph Stalin, the Soviet premier. The author examines the competing priorities that drove the timetable for the test: international politics, security, and safety. Three weeks after Trinity, a gun-assembled enriched-uranium bomb called Little Boy was used against the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, Fat Man, a weaponized version of the imploding Trinity device, was dropped on Nagasaki. The author briefly examines these strikes and what impact they may have had on the Japanese surrender. The paper concludes by examining the legacy of the Trinity test 75 years into the age it helped usher in.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

Development and Demonstration of a Fuel-Efficient, Class 8 Tractor & Trailer Engine System (SuperTruck II)

Navistar presents the SuperTruck II (ST II) Final Report to the Unites States Department of Energy (US DOE), which covers the five Budget Periods (BPs) from 10-1-2016 through 6-30-2022. For ST II, Navistar built on the achievements of the SuperTruck I (ST I) Program as a catalyst to continue critical research, design and development, testing, and operations to reach the ambitious goals of the ST II project. This approach allowed Navistar to continue contributing to the essential needs of our nation for safe, efficient, and cost-effective delivery of goods and services, as we reduced negative environmental effects and improved operational productivity. This document contains information specified in DOE F 4600.2, Final Scientific/Technical Report DOE F 241.3, B. SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL REPORTS, explaining how we met and exceeded program requirements. Throughout this Final Report, Navistar extracted information from documents prepared during the project that represent our management, design and development, building, and testing efforts to meet and exceed SuperTruck II project goals. Navistar followed Plan requirements to achieve / exceed Project Objectives: a) >100% improvement in vehicle freight efficiency (FE) (on ton-MPG basis) relative to 2009 baseline with stretch goal of 140% improvement [actual: 170%); b) >55% engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE) demonstrated in operational engine at a 65-mph cruise point on a dynamometer – ≥31% increase from 2009 baseline [actual: 55.20% of combined BTE) ; and c) development and implementation of commercially cost effective technologies (in terms of a simple payback). Technology selection / development path focused on developing technologies applicable for production within 3-year approach, while ensuring technology readiness and cost of ownership for end users. The Program was organized into five budget periods: Requirements / Technology Assessment and Initial Hardware Testing; Technology Development and Concept Readiness Demonstration; Technology Finalization and Validation Tractor / Trailer Fabrication, Integration and Commissioning Demonstration; and Fuel Economy (FE) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Program Completion. Leadership was provided by DOE, with tasks performed by laboratories (Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory); partners at Bosch, TPI, Dana, and J.B. Hunt; , and support from University of Michigan and Clemson University. Navistar lead this team with Principal Investigator / Contracting Officer; Project Manager (PM); Vehicle, Engine, and Aftertreatment Engineers; Finance Manager, Technical Program Leads, and Legal/IP; and other key personnel. Work also included personnel in risk management; funding / budget / finance. Work involved analysis, development, testing, and down selection of individual/system engine, aftertreatment, and vehicle technologies, with integration of selected technologies into a prototype vehicle for demonstration of fuel-efficiency gain. Work also included component/integrated system level development of truck and trailer aerodynamics, base engine efficiency, advanced aftertreatment, combustion efficiency, waste heat recovery, hybrid powertrain, reduced rolling resistance, weight reduction, idle reduction, and driver feedback. As ST II progressed, Navistar performed computer-based modeling / simulations of technologies focused on the primary operational areas: Engine, Aftertreatment, and Vehicle. During the ST II Program, the COVID Virus outbreak unexpectedly challenged by the effects of, which affected staffing, scheduling, design, supplies, availability of materials, production procedures, and testing. The DOE responded by extending the program by three quarters to ensure that project tasks were completed for this vital project. Focus continued on analyzing, developing, testing, and down selecting individual-/system-level engine and vehicle technologies for integration of the final selected technologies into a prototype vehicle that would demonstrate fuel-efficiency gains made possible through these technologies. This included component/integrated system-level development of truck and trailer aerodynamics, base engine efficiency, advanced aftertreatment, combustion efficiency, waste heat recovery, solar power, distributed and intelligent vehicle power, hybrid powertrain, reduced rolling resistance, weight reduction, idle reduction, and driver feedback. Throughout the program, function, reliability, and performance at all levels were ensured through testing. Proof of this approach was demonstrated in multiple, on-road demonstrations: Scenario A (Flatland) Fuel Economy, Scenario B (Hilly) Fuel Economy, and City Cycle Tests. Other benefits derived from ST II included new/improved products, publications, patents, and next-step capabilities related to electric/hydrogen vehicles and autonomous driving.

Zukouski, Russ↗

Emergency Asset Positioning for Resilient Transmission Grid Operation

In this paper we study a problem of hurricane emergency preparedness via placement of emergency generation assets prior to its strike. We present a two-stage stochastic model for choosing locations and quantities of emergency storage to help support the power grid through a hurricane event. The expectation of losses in our two-stage model is estimated using the sample average approximation. We construct damage scenarios for sample average approximation using WIND Toolkit meteorological data and fragility curves of various electric grid components. We demonstrate the efficacy of our two-stage planning model by simulating operations during Hurricane Dolly on the 2000-bus transmission test system. Our model, coupled with our scenario selection strategy, is effective at mitigating loss of load when compared to a model without emergency generation assets placed prior to an extreme event.

emergency preparedness↗

Fermilab Cryogenic Test Facilities

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) has multiple cryogenic test facilities, undertaking testing of superconducting magnets, Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities, SRF cryomodules and other helium cryogenic components. The test areas within Fermilab include: Meson Cryogenic Test facility (Meson), Industrial Building 1 (IB-1), Heavy Assembly Building/Illinois Accelerator Research Center (HAB/IARC), New Muon Lab, (NML) and the Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF). Meson and HAB/IARC utilize repurposed Tevatron era reciprocating engine based cryogenic refrigerator systems, whereas CMTF and IB-1 utilize gas bearing turbine based coldboxes. Each of these test areas support the various Fermilab projects and collaborations including the Linear Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II), Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II), High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), and Mu2e. This paper outlines the diverse and extensive cryogenic test capabilities within Fermilab.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

The NASA ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission - Validation of Science Measurement Requirements

The NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is scheduled for launch early in 2024 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), at Sriharikota, near Chennai, India. This mission is the result of a collaboration between NASA and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), where NASA has contributed elements of the mission such as an L-band SAR, and ISRO has contributed other elements, such as an S-band SAR. After successful launch, the NISAR mission will collect left-looking L-band SAR data over most of the Earth’s land areas twice during every 12-day exact repeat orbit. (once while in an ascending orbit direction and once while in a descending orbit direction). NASA and ISRO have individual and joint requirements on the mission that include the performance of the imaging radars onboard the spacecraft. For example, NASA must demonstrate that this L-band SAR will achieve a set of identified science measurement accuracy requirements that span Ecosystem science, Solid Earth science, and Cryosphere science disciplines. Likewise, ISRO has several applications objectives on both the L-band and S-band data from NISAR that the ISRO science team and project will be developing and testing. Pre-launch and post-launch activities have been planned to validate that these requirements are met. Here, we will discuss how the NASA plans are being executed and will present any initial results at the conference.

Chapman, Bruce↗

AlphaZero Reimplementation with Zoning Game and Associated Materials [SWR-26-016]

Here, we present a de novo, extensible, modular, research-oriented, single-player reimplementation of the "AlphaZero" class of algorithms originally described in [1]. We also present a novel task called the Zoning Game, designed as a toy problem to test the applicability of various AlphaZero-based paradigms to infrastructure planning problems, along with several other games. We implement specializations of AlphaZero to play several games. We also include code that serves as a starting point to explore language generation with AlphaZero, as well as documentation and other related materials. [1] Silver, D., Schrittwieser, J., Simonyan, K., Antonoglou, I., Huang, A., Guez, A., Hubert, T., Baker, L., Lai, M., Bolton, A., Chen, Y., Lillicrap, T., Hui, F., Sifre, L., van den Driessche, G., Graepel, T., & Hassabis, D. (2017). Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature, 550(7676), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24270

Konar-Steenberg, Gabriel [National Laboratory of t↗