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At least 613 records · Page 34

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NASA NTRS1976

Waves in active and passive periodic structures - A review

The theory and recent applications of waves in periodic structures are reviewed. Both the Floquet and coupled waves approach are analyzed in some detail. The theoretical part of the paper includes wave propagation in unbounded and bounded active or passive periodic media, wave scattering from periodic boundaries, source radiation (dipole, Cerenkov, transition, and Smith-Purcell) in periodic media, and pulse transmission through a periodic slab. The applications part covers the recent development in a variety of fields: distributed feedback oscillators, filters, mode converters, couplers, second-harmonic generators, deflectors, modulators, and transducers in the fields of integrated optics and integrated surface acoustics. Work on insect compound eyes, mechanical structures, ocean waves, pulse compressions, temperature waves, and cholesteric liquid crystals, and particles interaction with crystals is briefly reviewed, especially in the case of zeolite crystals and superlattices. Recent advances in fabrication techniques for very fine gratings are also covered.

Elachi, C.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Design and development of a passive propellant management system

This paper describes the passive propellant management system program being conducted for the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center. The objectives of this program are to design and develop a hydrazine propellant acquisition system which will acquire propellant in low- or zero-g environments and also retain this propellant under high axially directed accelerations that may be experienced during launch and orbit-to-orbit transfer. The system design requirements were established to satisfy requirements for a large number of potential NASA and military applications, such as orbit-to-orbit shuttles and satellite vehicles. The resulting concept is a multicompartmented tank with independent surface-tension acquisition channels in each compartment. The tank is designed to provide greater than 98% expulsion efficiency when subjected to the simultaneous requirements of acceleration, vibration, and outflow usage. The system design has the unique capability to demonstrate low-g performance in a one-g test environment, and the test program has been structured around this capability.

Regnier, W. W.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Submillimeter-wave laser operating in a passive Q-switched intracavity pump mode

Pulsed operation of submillimeter gas lasers was achieved with the laser gas inside the resonator of the CO2 pump laser acting as a saturable absorber for passive Q switching the CO2 laser. With a metal-oxyde-metal whisker detector 1-5-microsec-wide pulses could be detected at 118, 373, and 496 micron wavelength.

Koepf, G. A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Passive heat exchanger for solar heating

Requirements for design, manufacture, installation, and performance of passive heat-exchanger module with auxiliary heaters for use with solar-heating systems are described.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1977

Inversion of passive microwave remote sensing data from satellites

Global passive microwave observations from earth-orbiting satellites have mapped humidity and liquid water over ocean, temperature profiles, ice and snow, and other geophysical parameters. In most applications, the inversion problem is adequately approximated as linear with jointly Gaussian statistics, and, thus, a linear retrieval performs well. In some cases, the problem is typically factored into a decision process followed by appropriate linear or quasilinear processes. Certain problems, however, require more powerful nonlinear or nonstationary procedures, such as Kalman filtering.

Staelin, D. H.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Technology advances in active and passive microwave sensing through 1985

The capabilities of passive and active microwave sensors are discussed. The Nimbus-G and Seasat-A scanning multichannel microwave spectrometer, the Seasat-A radar altimeter, scatterometer and synthetic aperture radar represent the first systematic attempt at exploring a wide variety of applications utilizing microwave sensing techniques and are indicators of the directions in which the pertinent technology is likely to evolve. The trend is toward high resolution multi-frequency imagers spanning wide frequency ranges and wide swaths requiring sophisticated receivers, real-time data processors and most importantly, complex antennas.

Barath, F. T.↗

NASA NTRS1977

A multichannel passive microwave atmospheric temperature sounding system

The development of a small, lightweight, low-power, seven channel passive microwave radiometer system for use on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) was described. The 50-60 GHz sensor system operates in the region of an intense atmospheric oxygen absorption band to provide atmospheric temperature profiles to 30 kilometer altitudes on a global basis.

Louappe, M. E.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Frequency band justifications for passive sensors, 1 to 10 GHz

Remote sensor systems operating in the microwave region of the frequency spectrum provide information unobtainable with basic imaging techniques such as photography, television, or multispectral imaging. The frequency allocation requirements for passive microwave sensors used in the earth exploration satellite and space research services are presented for: (1) agriculture, forestry, and range resources; (2) land use survey and mapping: (3) water resources; (4) weather and climate; (5) environmental quality; and (6) marine resources, estuarine and oceans. Because measurements are required simultaneously in multiple frequency bands to adequately determine values of some phenomena, the relationships between frequency bands are discussed. The various measurement accuracies, dynamic range, resolutions and frequency needs are examined. A band-by-band summary of requirements, unique aspects, and sharing analyses of the required frequency bands is included.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1976

Frequency band justifications for passive sensors 10.0 to 385 GHz, chapter 2

Sensitivity requirements of the various measurements obtained by microwave sensors, and radiometry techniques are described. Analytical techniques applied to detailed sharing analyses are discussed. A bibliography of publications pertinent to the scientific justification of frequency requirements for passive microwave remote sensing is included.

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NASA NTRS1977

System design package: Maxi-therm S-101 heating module, passive heat exchanger

This document is the specification which establishes the requirements for the design, installation, and performance of a passive heat exchanger module with auxiliary heaters for use with solar heating systems. It designates the Interim Performance Criteria applicable to the subsystem and defines any deviations. This document also includes the manufacturing instructions and required materials and parts for the Maxitherm S101 Heating Module.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1977

Technology advances in active and passive microwave sensing through 1985

As a result of a growing awareness by the remote sensing community of the unique capabilities of passive and active microwave sensors, these instruments are expected to grow in the next decade in numbers, versatility and complexity. The Nimbus-G and Seasat-A Scanning Multichannel Microwave Spectrometer (SMMR), the Seasat-A radar altimeter, scatterometer and synthetic aperture radar represent the first systematic attempt at exploring a wide variety of applications utilizing microwave sensing techniques and are indicators of the directions in which the pertinent technology is likely to evolve. The trend is toward high resolution multi-frequency imagers spanning wide frequency ranges and wide swaths requiring sophisticated receivers, real-time data processors and most importantly, complex antennas.

Barath, F. T.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Design and performance verification of a passive propellant management system

This paper describes the design and verification testing of a reusable passive propellant management system. The system was designed to acquire propellant in low- or zero-g environments and also retain this propellant under high axially directed accelerations that may be experienced during launch and orbit-to-orbit transfer. The system design requirements were established to satisfy generally the requirements for a large number of potential NASA and military applications, such as orbit-to-orbit shuttles and satellite vehicles. The resulting concept was a multicompartmented tank with independent surface tension acquisition channels in each compartment. The tank was designed to provide a minimum expulsion efficiency of 98 percent when subjected to the simultaneous conditions of acceleration, vibration, and outflow. The system design has the unique capability to demonstrate low-g performance in a 1-g test environment, and the test program summarized was structured around this capability.

Hess, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Meteoroid flux from passive seismic experiment data

The meteoroid flux hitting the moon is recomputed using new information on the decrease of seismic signal amplitude with range. The new data are principally 17 large meteoroid impacts whose locations have been computed from recordings at all four of the operating Passive Seismic Experiment stations. These data suggest a rapid decrease in amplitudes beyond about 2200 km (chord range) which was not suspected earlier. The new estimate predicts the abundance of meteoroids with masses between 500 and 50,000 g. The result is considerably lower than estimates from earth-based observations, and close to our previous estimate from long-period lunar seismic data.

Duennebier, F.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Tests of a protective shell passive release mechanism for hypersonic wind-tunnel models

A protective shell mechanism for wind tunnel models was developed and tested. The mechanism is passive in operation, reliable, and imposes no new structural design changes for wind tunnel models. Methods of predicting the release time and the measured loads associated with the release of the shell are given. The mechanism was tested in a series of wind tunnel tests to validate the removal process and measure the pressure loads on the model. The protective shell can be used for wind tunnel models that require a step input of heating and loading such as a thin skin heat transfer model. The mechanism may have other potential applications.

Puster, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Optimum frequencies of passive microwave radiometer for tropospheric path-length correction

Radio-astronomical observations require accurate calibration of tropospheric path length. Such calibration can be achieved by microwave radiometers operating near the 22-GHz water vapor line. However, the performances of current passive microwave radiometers are meteorology-profile dependent. This is due mainly to incorrect frequency combinations and to saturation of brightness temperatures. By properly selecting an optimum frequency pair and removing the saturation effect, the dependency is alleviated and can be further adjusted by surface measurements alone. Hence, a universal calibration equation is applicable to all environmental conditions. Optimum frequency pairs are systematically searched. Simulation analysis indicates that calibration for the tropospheric water-vapor path-length error is better than 0.3 cm at zenith and better than 2 cm for an elevation angle as low as 10 deg.

Wu, S.-C.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Cardiopulmonary readjustments in passive tilt

The readjustment of cardiopulmonary variables in human volunteers at various tilt angles on a tilt board is studied. Five healthy subjects (18-31 yr) with thorough knowledge of the experimental protocol are tested, passively tilted from the supine to the upright position in 15-deg increments in random sequence. The parameters measured are cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), minute and alveolar ventilation /V(E) and V(A)/, functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial-end-tidal P(CO2) pressure difference. It is found that changes in Q and FRC are linearly related to the sine of the tilt angle, indicating that either reflexes are absent or their net effect is proportional to the effects of gravity. This is clearly not the case for other variables /HR, SV, V(E), V(A)/, where it is possible to demonstrate threshold values for the appearance of secondary changes.

Matalon, S. V.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Theory and experiment for passive microwave remote sensing of snowpacks

Both the theory and experiment for the passive remote sensing of snow with microwave radiometers have been studied. The volume scattering effects of snow are accounted for by incorporating Mie scattering theory into a radiative transfer model. The theory is applied to the interpretation of experimental data obtained from various snow measurements. The spectral and angular dependences of the brightness temperatures are illustrated and show good agreement between the theory and experiment. Brightness temperatures as a function of snow depths are also interpreted and discussed. It is observed that as the snow depth increases, the brightness temperature increases when the subsurface is an aluminum plate due to the fact that the plate is cold and snow absorption induces a brightening effect and the brightness temperature decreases when the subsurface is soil due to the fact that snow scattering induces darkening effects.

Kong, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Passive wing/store flutter suppression

Passive flutter-suppression system has been developed to increase flutter speed of aircraft wings that are adversely affected by addition of large masses (stores) to the wings, such as external fuel tanks. Important features of system are its effectiveness for large variations in mass of store as well as unsensitivity of system to large change in location of store center-of-gravity.

Foughner, J. T., Jr.↗