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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Using a particle-in-cell model for accelerator control room applications

Many accelerator control rooms rely on envelope models to simulate beam dynamics because they are fast and accurate at tracking the beam core. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) models, however, can track particles inside and outside the core and, with the improvements of computers, are now fast enough to be used in control rooms. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently developing a tool to use a Particle-in-Cell model for control room applications. This report covers the progress so far and the future goals of using PyORBIT, a Particle-in-Cell simulation model, in the SNS control room.

Cathey, Brandon↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Roles of Interface, Adherend, and Adhesive in Plasma- and Other-treated Joints of Metals and FRP Materials Under Shear Deformation

This work investigated the role of interface, adherend, and adhesive in adhesively-bonded metal-metal, metal-CFRTP, and CFRTP-CFRTP combinations with plasma-treated surfaces under shear deformation. To this end, aluminum alloys (AA5052 and AA6061) and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (CFRPA66) were used as examples and performed through single lap shear testing. The results showed that air plasma surface treatment can improve the shear behavior of adhesively-bonded AA5052-CFRPA66 and CFRPA66-CFRPA66 joints with about 20% enhanced lap shear strength compared to non-treated cases. Failure surface morphology of plasma-treated CFRPA66 adherend confirmed this improvement by showing an increased amount of adhesive failure than interfacial failure between CFRPA66 and adhesive. But this is not true for AA5052-AA6061 joints with plasma-treated surfaces exhibiting almost no enhanced lap shear strength. This study also showed the importance of selecting a proper surface modification method for the enhancement of adhesive-bonded structures under shear deformation through the analysis of the results in this study and in the literature. For fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), improving FRP/adhesive interface may be prioritized via different surface modification methods (e.g., plasma, chemical coating, etc.) than adhesive modification methods. However, for surface-cleaned metals, toughening adhesive via different enhancement methods (e.g., nano-particles, chemical enhancement, etc.) may be more important than improving metal/adhesive interface. These insightful results are valuable in the area of multi-materials joining.

Qiao, Yao↗
NASA NTRS2008

Identifying Optimal Temporal Scale for the Correlation of AOD and Ground Measurements of PM2.5 to Improve the Modeling Performance in a Real-Time Air Quality Estimation System

Aerosol optical depth (AOD), derived from satellite measurements using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), offers indirect estimates of particle matter. Research shows a significant positive correlation between satellite-based measurements of AOD and ground-based measurements of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5). In addition, satellite observations have also shown great promise in improving estimates of PM2.5 air quality surface. Research shows that correlations between AOD and ground PM2.5 are affected by a combination of many factors such as inherent characteristics of satellite observations, terrain, cloud cover, height of the mixing layer, and weather conditions, and thus might vary widely in different regions, different seasons, and even different days in a same location. Analysis of correlating AOD with ground measured PM2.5 on a day-to-day basis suggests the temporal scale, a number of immediate latest days for a given run's day, for their correlations needs to be considered to improve air quality surface estimates, especially when satellite observations are used in a real-time pollution system. The second reason is that correlation coefficients between AOD and ground PM2.5 cannot be predetermined and needs to be calculated for each day's run for a real-time system because the coefficients can vary over space and time. Few studies have been conducted to explore the optimal way to apply AOD data to improve model accuracies of PM2.5 surface estimation in a real-time air quality system. This paper discusses the best temporal scale to calculate the correlation of AOD and ground particle matter data to improve the results of pollution models in real-time system.

Li,Hui↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-Adhesive Ionomers for Alkaline Electrolysis: Optimized Hydrogen Evolution Electrode

Hydrogen produced through low-temperature water electrolysis using anion exchange membranes (AEM) combines the benefits of liquid-electrolyte alkaline electrolysis and solid-polymer proton exchange membrane electrolysis. The anion conductive ionomers in the oxygen-producing anode and hydrogen-producing cathode are a critical part of the three-dimensional electrodes. The ionomer in the hydrogen-producing cathode facilitates hydroxide ion conduction from the cathode catalyst to the anode catalyst, and water transport from the anode to the cathode catalyst through the AEM. This ionomer also binds the catalyst particles to the porous transport layer. Here in this study, the cathode durability was improved by use of a self-adhesive cathode ionomer to chemically bond the cathode catalyst particles to the porous transport layer. It was found that the cathode ionomers with high ion exchange capacity (IEC) were more effective than low IEC ionomers because of the need to transport water to the cathode catalyst and transport hydroxide away from the cathode. The cathode durability was improved by using ionomers which were soluble in the spray-coated cathode ink. Optimization of the catalyst and ionomer content within the cathode led to electrolysis cells which were both mechanically durable and operated at low voltage.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS1992

Simultaneous mapping of the unsteady flow fields by Particle Displacement Velocimetry (PDV)

Current experimental and computational techniques must be improved in order to advance the prediction capability of the longitudinal vortical flows shed by underwater vehicles. The generation, development, and breakdown mechanisms of the shed vortices at high Reynolds numbers are not fully understood. The ability to measure hull separated vortices associated with vehicle maneuvering does not exist at present. The existing point-by-point measurement techniques can only capture approximately the large 'mean' eddies but fail to meet the dynamics of small vortices during the initial stage of generation. A new technique, which offers a previously unavailable capability to measure the unsteady cross-flow distribution in the plane of the laser light sheet, is called Particle Displacement Velocimetry (PDV). PDV consists of illuminating a thin section of the flowfield with a pulsed laser. The water is seeded with microscopic, neutrally buoyant particles containing imbedded fluorescing dye which responds with intense spontaneous fluorescence with the illuminated section. The seeded particles in the vortical flow structure shed by the underwater vehicle are illuminated by the pulse laser and the corresponding particle traces are recorded in a single photographic frame. Two distinct approaches were utilized for determining the velocity distribution from the particle traces. The first method is based on matching the traces of the same particle and measuring the distance between them. The direction of the flow can be identified by keeping one of the pulses longer than the other. The second method is based on selecting a small window within the image and finding the mean shift of all the particles within that region. The computation of the auto-correlation of the intensity distribution within the selected sample window is used to determine the mean displacement of particles. The direction of the flow is identified by varying the intensity of the laser light between pulses. Considerable computational resources are required to compute the auto-correction of the intensity distribution. Parallel processing will be employed to speed up the data reduction. A few examples of measured unsteady vortical flow structures shed by the underwater vehicles will be presented.

Huang, Thomas T.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Assessment and Improvement Proposals for High-Pressure Rinsing Processes during Cleanroom Preparation of Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavities for Particle Accelerators

The goal of this internship is to develop a fluid dynamics characterization of the high-pressure flow used for cleaning the internal surface of the SRF cavities. Initially, the High Pressure Rinsing (HPR) process is introduced, focusing on the problems of the SRF cavities and how this method can be used to increase their acceleration efficiency and performance. The characterization of the problem is then presented, including an introduction to the multiphase flow modeling and the analysis of the Fermilab facility for the HPR. To accomplish the goal, a preliminary estimation of the variables was performed using MATLAB. Then, multiple 2D simulations were developed with Ansys Fluent, and the influence of the main parameter was investigated. The simulation results are then presented and analysed, with a focus on the possible future developments of the HPR process fluid dynamic characterization.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fast Particle-Wave Interactions and Alfvén Eigenmodes in JET Tokamak Plasmas

This document serves as the closeout report of DOE Grant Award No. DE-FG02-99ER54563 with project period 1 April 2015 through 31 March 2020. The project comprised the international collaboration between MIT and EU scientists on the JET facility to improve our understanding of the physics of energetic particle-wave interactions by measuring the damping rates of stable Alfvén Eigenmodes (AEs) and unstable energetic particle driven modes. More specifically, this project involved the continued participation of MIT, the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, the Swiss Plasma Center, and theorists from various European laboratories and from UC Irvine. Past contributions from the University of São Paulo are gratefully acknowledged. The Alfvén Eigenmode Active Diagnostic (AEAD) on JET discharges was successfully upgraded in this period and has extracted physically useful information, in primarily deuterium plasma discharges. It is expected that such experiments would be continued during the DT campaign in CY 2021 to assess the damping rates of similar modes in the presence of alpha particles, a product of fusing burning plasma. Only JET would carry out such experiments in the near term in the world. It is important to note that this collaboration was continued under DOE Grant Award No. DE-SC0014264 from 1 April 2020 through the present. In this grant period, the AEAD was upgraded with a set of individual amplifiers for each of a set of six antennas in two toroidally opposite locations. These new amplifiers allowed targeted selection of the antennas’ toroidal spectrum for AEs of interest with toroidal mode number | n | ≤ 20. The resonant detection and measurement of the damping rates of AEs was obtained from magnetic probes that could be compared with theory and simulations. This is a key topic of investigation for ITER and all other next-step fusion experiments, where such modes will interact with energetic particles produced by fusion reactions (alpha particles), Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) and Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH). The majority of the observations during this period were of Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes (TAEs) as these are most commonly observed on JET; a number of measurements were made during dedicated TAE experiments. However, a new set of lower frequency band filters were procured with the goal of studying Geodesic Acoustic Modes (GAMs), Beta (Acoustic) AEs (BAE/BAAEs), and Reverse Shear AEs (RSAEs), also predicted by theory. Commissioning and optimizations were successfully completed in this period, and the diagnostic has been in operation during the more recent JET campaigns. Initial results have been obtained in dedicated TAE experiments and successfully compared to drift-kinetic theory. A wide range of theoretical studies have been undertaken in support of the upcoming JET campaigns experiments. To supplement the ongoing use of ideal MHD codes, such as MISHKA during the studies of TAEs, gyrokinetic simulations of low frequency AEs were performed in collaboration with UC Irvine. The Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code (GTC) was used to determine the structure, frequencies and stability of AEs in JET plasmas. Thus, a solid scientific foundation has been laid for future DT campaigns in JET in the 2021 operation period when the damping rates of relevant modes in the presence of alpha particles could be assessed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

An Anisotropic Yield and Damage Material Model to Improve the Contact Pressure Analysis in a Biomass Shredding System

Size reduction systems used in biomass processing break biomass into smaller pieces by utilizing the kinetic energy from the sharp rotating blades. Abrasive and/or erosive wear caused by biomass comminution results in blade wear of the sharp edged cutters, deteriorating the process efficiency. Here, this study aims to optimize the blade design and improve the system efficiency by attempting to understand the interactions between the blades and biomass particles. Since real-time monitoring of these interactions is impractical during operation, mechanical simulations offer a viable alternative for investigating the shredding process. Yet, the irregular geometry and complex mechanical properties of biomass—such as the anisotropic nature of woodchips and their nonlinear fracture behavior—pose significant challenges for accurately simulating contact pressure. In this work an anisotropic yield material model, along with a damage initiation and evolution function, is applied to the woodchip particle to study the contact pressure on shredder blade, offering a scientific basis for improved blade design and process efficiency. This approach can be extended to other biomass processing systems with similar anisotropic feedstocks, making it a valuable tool for advancing sustainable biomass utilization.

09 - BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A hybrid finite volume method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics approach for efficient and accurate blast simulations

Modeling strong shock waves in fluids remains a persistent challenge in computational physics. Essential to research efforts in industry and defense, numerous methods have been devised to improve the accuracy and efficiency of shock simulations. A novel, hybrid Finite Volume Method (FVM)-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) approach is capable of further improving efficiency and retaining accuracy by exploiting the favorable characteristics of each respective method. This hybrid approach is presented for shock capturing in compressible fluids. The Python framework Pyro2 is employed to simulate a coarse FVM mesh, while the Python framework PySPH is utilized to model the fluid in regions with high gradients through SPH particles. The performance of the hybrid FVM-SPH scheme, compared to the individual FVM and SPH methods, is assessed in 1 kt and 10 kt blast simulations. Our results indicate that the hybrid approach offers higher computational efficiency than SPH while preserving its accuracy and characteristics. The hybrid approach had a relative speedup of 11.3x and 22.3x over the FVM and SPH approaches for the 1 kt simulation and a relative speedup of 14.7x and 20.9x over the FVM and SPH approaches for the 10 kt simulation. The hybrid SPH algorithm enables future compressible fluid simulations with more extensive capabilities than grid-based methods alone, presenting potential applications in modeling fluid-structure interactions and solid deformation and fracturing in blast simulations.

Myers, Conner↗
NASA NTRS2015

Use of Existing CAD Models for Radiation Shielding Analysis

The utility of a radiation exposure analysis depends not only on the accuracy of the underlying particle transport code, but also on the accuracy of the geometric representations of both the vehicle used as radiation shielding mass and the phantom representation of the human form. The current NASA/Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) process to determine crew radiation exposure in a vehicle design incorporates both output from an analytic High Z and Energy Particle Transport (HZETRN) code and the properties (i.e., material thicknesses) of a previously processed drawing. This geometry pre-process can be time-consuming, and the results are less accurate than those determined using a Monte Carlo-based particle transport code. The current work aims to improve this process. Although several Monte Carlo programs (FLUKA, Geant4) are readily available, most use an internal geometry engine. The lack of an interface with the standard CAD formats used by the vehicle designers limits the ability of the user to communicate complex geometries. Translation of native CAD drawings into a format readable by these transport programs is time consuming and prone to error. The Direct Accelerated Geometry -United (DAGU) project is intended to provide an interface between the native vehicle or phantom CAD geometry and multiple particle transport codes to minimize problem setup, computing time and analysis error.

Lee, K. T.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Analysis of the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of Wendelstein 7-X under attached and detached conditions using EMC3-EIRENE

Abstract This paper analyzes the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of the W7-X standard configuration for different input powers, both under attached and detached conditions. The performed analysis is conducted through EMC3-EIRENE simulations. They show the importance of the horizontal divertor to generate neutrals, and resolve the neutral plugging in the divertor region. Simulations of detached cases show a decrease in the number of generated neutrals compared to the attached simulations, in addition to a higher fraction of the ion flux arriving on the baffles during detachment. As the ionization takes place further inside the plasma during detachment, a larger percentage of the generated neutral particles leave the divertor as neutrals. The leakage in the poloidal and toroidal direction increases, just as the fraction of collected particles at the pumping gap. The fraction of pumped particles increases with a factor two, but stays below one percent. This demonstrates that detachment with the current target geometry, although it improves the power exhaust, is not yet leading to an increased particle exhaust.

Physics↗
NASA NTRS1993

Development of deterministic transport methods for low energy neutrons for shielding in space

Transport of low energy neutrons associated with the galactic cosmic ray cascade is analyzed in this dissertation. A benchmark quality analytical algorithm is demonstrated for use with BRYNTRN, a computer program written by the High Energy Physics Division of NASA Langley Research Center, which is used to design and analyze shielding against the radiation created by the cascade. BRYNTRN uses numerical methods to solve the integral transport equations for baryons with the straight-ahead approximation, and numerical and empirical methods to generate the interaction probabilities. The straight-ahead approximation is adequate for charged particles, but not for neutrons. As NASA Langley improves BRYNTRN to include low energy neutrons, a benchmark quality solution is needed for comparison. The neutron transport algorithm demonstrated in this dissertation uses the closed-form Green's function solution to the galactic cosmic ray cascade transport equations to generate a source of neutrons. A basis function expansion for finite heterogeneous and semi-infinite homogeneous slabs with multiple energy groups and isotropic scattering is used to generate neutron fluxes resulting from the cascade. This method, called the FN method, is used to solve the neutral particle linear Boltzmann transport equation. As a demonstration of the algorithm coded in the programs MGSLAB and MGSEMI, neutron and ion fluxes are shown for a beam of fluorine ions at 1000 MeV per nucleon incident on semi-infinite and finite aluminum slabs. Also, to demonstrate that the shielding effectiveness against the radiation from the galactic cosmic ray cascade is not directly proportional to shield thickness, a graph of transmitted total neutron scalar flux versus slab thickness is shown. A simple model based on the nuclear liquid drop assumption is used to generate cross sections for the galactic cosmic ray cascade. The ENDF/B V database is used to generate the total and scattering cross sections for neutrons in aluminum. As an external verification, the results from MGSLAB and MGSEMI were compared to ANISN/PC, a routinely used neutron transport code, showing excellent agreement. In an application to an aluminum shield, the FN method seems to generate reasonable results.

Ganapol, Barry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Noise Constraints on Sensitivity Scaling in Quantum Nonlinear Metrology

Quantum-enhanced metrology surpasses classical metrology by improving estimation precision scaling with a resource 𝑁 (e.g., particle number or energy) from 1/√𝑁 to 1/𝑁. Through the use of nonlinear effects, Roy and Braunstein [Exponentially enhanced quantum metrology, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 220501 (2008)] derived a 1/𝑁 2 scaling. However, later works argued this exponential improvement is unphysical and that even modest gains, like 1/𝑁 2 , may vanish under noise. We show that, in the presence of small errors, the nonlinear interactions enabling metrological enhancement induce emergent errors. Here, the errors propagate through the sensing protocol and are magnified proportional to any intended nonlinear enhancement. We identify a critical value of the parameter to be estimated, for a fixed error, below which the emergent errors can be avoided.

Quantum Fisher information↗
DOE OSTI2022

Anomalous Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Polycrystalline LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 in PEO-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte

we report that replacing liquid electrolytes (LEs) with polymer electrolytes has been considered a promising approach to developing next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density and superior safety. Nevertheless, compared with the extensive research on the electrochemical stability of the cathode/polymer electrolyte interfaces, reports on their thermal behaviors are rare to date. Herein, this work systematically investigates the thermal stability of two typical layered oxide cathodes, LiCoO 2 (LCO) and LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811), with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolyte and with carbonate LEs, respectively. It is found that the oxygen release from the cathodes plays a central role in thermal runaway. Replacing the LE with PEO electrolyte can considerably improve the thermal stability of LCO, but surprisingly, deteriorate that of NMC811. The reason is that the surface of single-crystalline LCO particles can be effectively passivated by the PEO electrolyte during heating, but PEO cannot sufficiently passivate all the primary particles of NMC811 owing to insufficient interface wettability of PEO electrolyte within the polycrystalline secondary NMC811 particles. The findings in this work collectively formulate valuable guidance for improving the safety of polymer-electrolyte-based as well as other types of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Implementation of Charged Particle Behavior in Discrete Element Method (DEM) Simulations

Lunar landers will agitate the surface of the Moon with an exhaust plume during descent which will, due to the particulate nature of the lunar regolith, loosen and eject grains from the surface. This ejection is not only coupled with the charged plume gas, but also results in significant particle-particle interactions. Settling of these grains after plume effects have subsided takes much longer than expected in a ballistic trajectory. The prevailing hypothesis attributes this behavior to the accumulated charge on the particles. We are thus developing a discrete element method (DEM) approach to explore these charged particle interactions on the lunar surface. The Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) Improved for General Granular and Granular Heat Transfer Simulations (LIGGGHTS) software package provides a DEM modeling framework for granular interactions. It includes many complexities such as non-spherical particle shapes, cohesion and frictional forces, and heat transfer, but has no provision for inter-particle electrostatic forces and charge transfer that are important to examine in the lunar environment. In this work, a standard Coulomb potential and a Yukawa potential are integrated into the LIGGGHTS framework to provide a basis for particle-particle electrostatic interactions, as well as a gravitational potential to enable inter-grain gravitational interactions. A preliminary approach to charge transfer between grains incorporating properties such as work function and electrical conductivity to the library of available material characteristics will be presented. Several scenarios have been simulated that include charged particle interactions within a diffuse granular gas, settling of charged grains into a regolith bed, sliding of granular material along an incline, and vibration of settled grains to produce a behavior similar to fluidization. There are numerous challenges to incorporate realistic interactions between complex lunar particles. Currently, grains are modeled to behave as if the entirety of the charge acts at the center of mass, such as conductors with spherical symmetry and insulators with homogeneously distributed charge. We are developing improvements that will include the use of non-spherical particle geometries, as well as reasonable approximations of insulating/dielectric materials that have non-uniform charge distributions. The cases simulated thus far will be examined in a relevant environment within a vacuum chamber to validate the simulations. These simulations will be bounded by experiments utilizing high-speed camera observations of the motion for validation. The grains in the experiment will exchange charge during their motion and this can be quantified by collection within a charge measurement device such as a Faraday cup. Such a device may be modeled within the software by defining an integration region and computing the contained charge as a function of simulation time, allowing for side-by-side comparison of simulated and measured bulk charging results. Any differences will be reconciled by updating the mathematical mechanisms described within the simulation suite. Successfully combining results from experiments within a relevant environment into the LIGGGHTS framework will improve modeling of the charged grain dynamics experienced on the Moon to provide insights into dust behavior for future lunar exploration missions.

Electrostatics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Incorporating new evaluation on angular distributions and energy spectra of neutron-induced charged particle reactions into the next ENDF library release (Technical Progress Report)

This project aims to provide the improved Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) using the newly measured data as well as the latest nuclear reaction model for calculating angular distributions and energy spectra on neutron-induced charged particle reactions through the collaboration of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The LANL group will provide the experimental data for angular distributions and spectra of (n,p) and (n,α) on several structural materials such as Fe, Ni and Zn isotopes using the Low Energy Neutron-induced Charged-particle (Z) Chamber (LENZ) instrument at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). The KAERI group will provide the improved evaluated nuclear library which is based on the LANL experimental data, and further will predict angular distributions and spectra of (n,p) and (n,α) reactions on unmeasured nuclides, such as Cr, Mn, Co, Cu and so on. For the first year of this project, we planned to analyze (n,p) and (n,α) reactions for 54,56 Fe and perform new measurements on those reactions for 58,60 Ni isotopes with the LENZ instrument at LANSCE. For improving our evaluation quality, we have studied reaction models to reproduce LANL’s experimental angular distributions and energy spectra using the full Hauser-Feshbach model code, CoH3 with no approximations used. As the first year’s deliverables, we provided the experimental (n,p) and (n,α) reaction cross sections for 54,56 Fe and incorporate new evaluation on angular distributions and energy spectra of neutron-induced charged particle reactions into the current ENDF/B-VIII.0.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Recursive algorithm for constructing antisymmetric fermionic states in first quantization mapping

We devise a deterministic quantum algorithm to produce antisymmetric states of single-particle orbitals in the first quantization mapping. Unlike sorting-based antisymmetrization algorithms, which require ordered input states and high Clifford-gate overhead, our approach initializes the state of each particle independently. For a system of $η$ particles and $N$ single-particle states, our algorithm prepares antisymmetrized states of non-trivial localized (e.g., Hartree-Fock) orbitals using $O(η^2\sqrt{N})$ $T$-gates, outperforming alternative algorithms when $η ≲ \sqrt{N}$. To achieve such scaling, we require $O(\sqrt{N})$ dirty ancilla qubits for intermediate calculations. Knowledge of the single-particle states to be antisymmetrized can be leveraged to further improve the efficiency of the circuit, and a measurement-based variant reduces gate cost by roughly a factor of two. We show example circuits for two- and three-particle systems and discuss the generalization to an arbitrary number of particles. For a specific three-particle example, we decompose the circuit into Clifford $+T$ gates and study the impact of noise on the prepared state.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗