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At least 613 records · Page 34

Holographic measurement of wave propagation in axi-symmetric shells

The report deals with the use of pulsed, double-exposure holographic interferometry to record the propagation of transverse waves in thin-walled axi-symmetric shells. The report is subdivided into sections dealing with: (1) wave propagation in circular cylindrical shells, (2) wave propagation past cut-outs and stiffeners, and (3) wave propagation in conical shells. Several interferograms are presented herein which show the waves reflecting from the shell boundaries, from cut-outs, and from stiffening rings. The initial response of the shell was nearly axi-symmetric in all cases, but nonsymmetric modes soon appeared in the radial response. This result suggests that the axi-symmetric response of the shell may be dynamically unstable, and thus may preferentially excite certain circumferential harmonics through parametric excitation. Attempts were made throughout to correlate the experimental data with analysis. For the most part, good agreement between theory and experiment was obtained. Occasional differences were attributed primarily to simplifying assumptions used in the analysis. From the standpoint of engineering applications, it is clear that pulsed laser holography can be used to obtain quantitative engineering data. Areas of dynamic stress concentration, stress concentration factors, local anomalies, etc., can be readily determined by holography.

Evensen, D. A.↗

Gravity field of Jupiter from Pioneer 11 tracking data

Significantly improved values of the zonal gravity harmonic coefficients J3, J4, and J6 of Jupiter have been obtained from a preliminary analysis of Pioneer 11 spacecraft Doppler data taken while the spacecraft was near Jupiter. The new results, which will have an important application as boundary conditions for theoretical models of Jupiter's interior, are consistent with a planet in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Null, G. W.↗

Summary of initial results from the GSFC fluxgate magnetometer on Pioneer 11

The main magnetic field of Jupiter was measured by the Fluxgate Magnetometer on Pioneer 11 and analysis reveals it to be relatively more complex than expected. In a centered spherical harmonic representation with a maximum order of n = 3 (designated GSFC model 04), the dipole term (with opposite polarity to the Earth's) has a moment of 4.28 Gauss x (Jupiter radius cubed), tilted by 9.6 deg towards a system 111 longitude of 232. The quadrupole and octupole moments are significant, 24% and 21% of the dipole moment respectively, and this leads to deviations of the planetary magnetic field from a simple offset tilted dipole for distances smaller than three Jupiter radii. The GSFC model shows a north polar field strength of 14 Gauss and a south polar field strength of 10.4 Gauss. Enhanced absorption effects in the radiation belts may be predicted as a result of field distortion.

Acuna, M. H.↗

Incipient Failure Detection (IFD) of antifriction ball bearings

Two methods were investigated for retrieving the ball bearing signals buried by the overall signature of an operating large engine such as the main space shuttle engine. The signal averaging method averages n** signals over a time duration equaling the known period of the ball bearing defect frequency. With this method, the desired ball bearing defect signal will be enhanced over the noise by a factor of the square root of n. A second method is to perform a further frequency analysis on the logarithmic spectrum in order to detect and separate different families of harmonics and sidebands, thereby giving information about modulating frequencies. These two alternate IFD methods were carried out with a Norland 3001 waveform and data system. The obtained results are then compared with the power spectral density (PSD) of the overall machine signals and conclusions are made accordingly.

Wang, D. Y.↗

NIMBUS-7 SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) observations of solar UV spectral irradiance variations caused by solar rotation and active-region evolution for the period November 7, 1978 - November 1, 1980

Observations of temporal variations of the solar UV spectral irradiance over several days to a few weeks in the 160-400 nm wavelength range are presented. Larger 28-day variations and a second episode of 13-day variations occurred during the second year of measurements. The thirteen day periodicity is not a harmonic of the 28-day periodicity. The 13-day periodicity dominates certain episodes of solar activity while others are dominated by 28-day periods accompanied by a week 14-day harmonic. Techniques for removing noise and long-term trends are described. Time series analysis results are presented for the Si II lines near 182 nm, the Al I continuum in the 190 nm to 205 nm range, the Mg I continuum in the 210 nm to 250 nm range, the MgII H & K lines at 280 nm, the Mg I line at 285 nm, and the Ca II K & H lines at 393 and 397 nm.

Heath, D. F.↗

Identification of aerodynamic models for maneuvering aircraft

The method based on Fourier functional analysis and indicial formulation for aerodynamic modeling as proposed by Chin and Lan is extensively examined and improved for the purpose of general applications to realistic airplane configurations. Improvement is made to automate the calculation of model coefficients, and to evaluate more accurately the indicial integral. Test data of large angle-of-attack ranges for two different models, a 70 deg. delta wing and an F-18 model, are used to further verify the applicability of Fourier functional analysis and validate the indicial formulation. The results show that the general expression for harmonic motions throughout a range of k is capable of accurately modeling the nonlinear responses with large phase lag except in the region where an inconsistent hysteresis behavior from one frequency to the other occurs. The results by the indicial formulation indicate that more accurate results can be obtained when the motion starts from a low angle of attack where hysteresis effect is not important.

Lan, C. Edward↗

Forcing function modeling for flow induced vibration

The fundamental forcing function unsteady aerodynamics for application to turbomachine blade row forced response are considered, accomplished through a series of experiments performed in a rotating annular cascade and a research axial flow turbine. In particular, the unsteady periodic flowfields downstream of rotating rows of perforated plates, airfoils and turbine blade rows are measured with a cross hot-wire and an unsteady total pressure probe. The unsteady velocity and static pressure fields were then analyzed harmonically and split into vortical and potential gusts, accomplished by developing a gust splitting analysis which includes both gust unsteady static pressure and velocity data. The perforated plate gusts closely were found to be linear theory vortical gusts, satisfying the vortical gust constraints. The airfoil and turbine blade row generated velocity perturbations did not satisfy the vortical gust constraints. However, the decomposition of the unsteady flow field separated the data into a propagating vortical component which satisfied these vortical gust constraints and a decaying potential component.

Fleeter, Sanford↗

Quantitative Assessment of Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Wavy Slip Metals from Acoustic Harmonic Generation

A comprehensive, analytical treatment is presented of the microelastic-plastic nonlinearities resulting from the interaction of a stress perturbation with dislocation substructures (veins and persistent slip bands) and cracks that evolve during high-cycle fatigue of wavy slip metals. The nonlinear interaction is quantified by a material (acoustic) nonlinearity parameter beta extracted from acoustic harmonic generation measurements. The contribution to beta from the substructures is obtained from the analysis of Cantrell [Cantrell, J. H., 2004, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 460, 757]. The contribution to beta from cracks is obtained by applying the Paris law for crack propagation to the Nazarov-Sutin crack nonlinearity equation [Nazarov, V. E., and Sutin, A. M., 1997, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 3349]. The nonlinearity parameter resulting from the two contributions is predicted to increase monotonically by hundreds of percent during fatigue from the virgin state to fracture. The increase in beta during the first 80-90 percent of fatigue life is dominated by the evolution of dislocation substructures, while the last 10-20 percent is dominated by crack growth. The model is applied to the fatigue of aluminium alloy 2024-T4 in stress-controlled loading at 276MPa for which experimental data are reported. The agreement between theory and experiment is excellent.

Cantrell, John H.↗

A Comparative Techno-Economic Analysis of Renewable Methanol Synthesis Pathways from Biomass and CO2: Preprint

Global demand for methanol as both a chemical precursor and a fuel additive is rising. At the same time, numerous sustainable methanol production pathways are under development which, if commercialized, could present significant environmental benefits over traditional methanol synthesis pathways. There is a need to harmonize the analyses of sustainable pathways using a consistent techno-economic approach to evaluate the potential for commercialization of various pathways. This analysis considers economic and environmental factors critical to market acceptance of three sustainable pathways versus a commercial baseline. We suggest that biomass gasification to methanol represents a near-term viable pathway with high technology readiness level and commercially competitive market price. However, long-term solutions should consider CO2 electrolysis pathways which offer further improvements in sustainability metrics to support global decarbonization efforts.

biomass↗

Mallat Scattering Transformation based surrogate for Magnetohydrodynamics

Abstract A Machine and Deep Learning (MLDL) methodology is developed and applied to give a high fidelity, fast surrogate for 2D resistive MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) simulations of Magnetic Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) implosions. The resistive MHD code is used to generate an ensemble of implosions with different liner aspect ratios, initial gas preheat temperatures (that is, different adiabats), and different liner perturbations. The liner density and magnetic field as functions of x , y , and z were generated. The Mallat Scattering Transformation (MST) is taken of the logarithm of both fields and a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is done on the logarithm of the MST of both fields. The fields are projected onto the PCA vectors and a small number of these PCA vector components are kept. Singular Value Decompositions of the cross correlation of the input parameters to the output logarithm of the MST of the fields, and of the cross correlation of the SVD vector components to the PCA vector components are done. This allows the identification of the PCA vectors vis-a-vis the input parameters. Finally, a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network with ReLU activation and a simple three layer encoder/decoder architecture is trained on this dataset to predict the PCA vector components of the fields as a function of time. Details of the implosion, stagnation, and the disassembly are well captured. Examination of the PCA vectors and a permutation importance analysis of the MLP show definitive evidence of an inverse turbulent cascade into a dipole emergent behavior. The orientation of the dipole is set by the initial liner perturbation. The analysis is repeated with a version of the MST which includes phase, called Wavelet Phase Harmonics (WPH). While WPH do not give the physical insight of the MST, they can and are inverted to give field configurations as a function of time, including field-to-field correlations.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Effects of Central Cut Width on the Dynamical Characteristics of Box Assembly Structure

An investigation into the Box Assembly with Removable Component (BARC) structure is conducted by utilizing computational simulations and experimental structural testing in order to determine the complex dynamical responses instigated by the central cut of the system. Because the dynamics of the BARC system is complex, this study focuses primarily on analyzing the behavior of the box assembly (BA) system. The investigation explores the dynamics of the BA system by varying the central cut widths, ranging from a cut as wide as 0.5” cut to a 0.25” cut system, as well as a 0.1” cut and a system with no cut at all. Experimental testing is performed on each system including a free vibration test using an impact hammer to excite and identify the dominant frequencies of each structure. This testing is followed by pseudo-random vibration tests and swept sinusoidal excitation tests to determine the nonlinear aspects of these systems, such as the possible existence of nonlinear softening, hardening, and/or damping. The results show that nonlinear softening and nonlinear damping are present in each system. The no-cut system demonstrated the highest peak frequencies throughout all the tests, being the most rigid structure. The 0.25” cut system was shown to have the highest peak frequencies among all the cut systems in both the finite elemenet analysis (FEA) and impact testing. This trend did not continue, though, in the random and harmonic testing, possibly due to the added stiffness of the test setup with the slip table and stinger. The results show the importance of accurately measuring the central cut width and how possible geometric uncertainties change the overall dynamical behaviors of complex systems, such as natural characteristics, nonlinear responses, coupling of modes, and oscillating amplitudes.

Padilla, Christopher (ORCID:000900033446732X)↗

Flaw detection by mechanical resonant measurement

Testing technique is based on analysis of varying frequency scan applied to measured samples. Any changes in resonant-frequency harmonics detected in samples are used to indicate size of fault. Testing apparatus uses drive mechanism to apply vibrating force to sample. Force is applied longitudinally along axis to eliminate directionality on flexural vibrations.

Buck, O.↗

Feldspar basalts in lunar soil and the nature of the lunar continents

It is found that 25% on the Apollo-14 glasses have the same composition as the glasses in two samples taken from the Luna-16 column. The compositions are equivalent to feldspar basalt and anorthosite gabbro, and are similar to the feldspar basalts identified from Surveyor-7 analysis for lunar continents.

Reid, A. M.↗

Design study of a feedback control system for the Multicyclic Flap System rotor (MFS)

The feasibility of automatically providing higher harmonic control to a deflectable control flap at the tip of a helicopter rotor blade through feedback of selected independent parameter was investigated. Control parameters were selected for input to the feedback system. A preliminary circuit was designed to condition the selected parameters, weigh limiting factors, and provide a proper output signal to the multi-cyclic control actuators. Results indicate that feedback control for the higher harmonic is feasible; however, design for a flight system requires an extension of the present analysis which was done for one flight condition - 120 kts, 11,500 lbs gross weight and level flight.

Weisbrich, R.↗

Structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter from Pioneer 10 and 11 radio occultation measurements

A technique for incorporating effects of the oblateness of Jupiter's atmosphere into the data analysis procedure for radio-occultation measurements is described which makes use of a spherical harmonic representation of the gravity field to compute the shape of the planet. With this technique, the center of refraction is located by the radius of curvature and the normal direction at the closest approach point of the ray. The present technique, a subsequent approximation involving the use of a constant center of refraction, and the Abel integral transform inversion method for spherical planets are applied to Pioneer 10 and 11 data. All the intermediate results obtained show a temperature inversion between 10 and 100 mb, with temperatures from 130 to 170 K at 10 mb and from 80 to 120 K at 100 mb. Comparison of the radio-occultation profiles with radiative-convective equilibrium models and the temperature profile based on Pioneer 10 IR radiometer data indicates good agreement between the models and the occultation results.

Kliore, A. J.↗

Spatial and temporal variations of monthly mean total columnar ozone derived from 7 years of BUV data

Ninth-degree spherical harmonic models are used to represent monthly mean total columnar ozone fields, with spatial spectra defined in terms of simple analytic expressions representing the rms value of each spherical harmonic coefficient. The spectra are combined with estimation theory techniques to develop a realistic error analysis accounting for errors due to nonglobal coverage. Amplitude and phase variations for longitudinal waves one, two and three are presented, and it is shown that these waves reinforce in space and time in the period of high poleward ozone transport in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the wave two and three components are much smaller, with wave one maximum amplitude occurring in September and October.

Tolson, R. H.↗