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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2008

Intelligent Engine Systems

A high bypass jet engine fan case represents one of the largest, heaviest single components in an engine. In addition to supporting the inlet and providing the fan flowpath, the most critical function is the containment of a failed fan blade. In this development program, a lightweight, low-cost composite containment case with diagnostic capabilities was developed, fabricated, and tested. The fan case design, containment methods, and diagnostic concepts evaluated in the initial Propulsion 21 program were improved and scaled up to a full case design.

Xie, Ming↗
NASA NTRS2011

Propulsive Reaction Control System Model

This software models a propulsive reaction control system (RCS) for guidance, navigation, and control simulation purposes. The model includes the drive electronics, the electromechanical valve dynamics, the combustion dynamics, and thrust. This innovation follows the Mars Science Laboratory entry reaction control system design, and has been created to meet the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entry, descent, and landing simulation needs. It has been built to be plug-and-play on multiple MSL testbeds [analysis, Monte Carlo, flight software development, hardware-in-the-loop, and ATLO (assembly, test and launch operations) testbeds]. This RCS model is a C language program. It contains two main functions: the RCS electronics model function that models the RCS FPGA (field-programmable-gate-array) processing and commanding of the RCS valve, and the RCS dynamic model function that models the valve and combustion dynamics. In addition, this software provides support functions to initialize the model states, set parameters, access model telemetry, and access calculated thruster forces.

Brugarolas, Paul↗
NASA NTRS2013

Advancements in Spacecraft Brine Water Recovery: Development of a Radial Vaned Capillary Drying Tray

Technology improvements in the recovery of water from brine are critical to establishing closedloop water recovery systems, enabling long duration missions, and achieving a sustained human presence in space. A genre of 'in-place drying' brine water recovery concepts, collectively referred to herein as Brine Residual In-Containment (BRIC), are under development which aim to increase the overall robustness and reliability of the brine recovery process by performing drying inside the container used for final disposal of the solid residual waste. Implementation of in-place drying techniques have been demonstrated for applications where gravity is present and phase separation occurs naturally by buoyancy induced effects. In this work, a microgravity compatible analogue of the gravity-driven phase separation process is considered by exploiting capillarity in the form of surface wetting, surface tension, and container geometry. The proposed design consists of a series of planar radial vanes aligned about a central slotted core. Preliminary testing of the fundamental geometry in a reduced gravity environment has shown the device to spontaneously fill and saturate rapidly creating a free surface from which evaporation and phase separation can occur similar to a 1-g like 'cylindrical pool' of fluid. Mathematical modeling and analysis of the design suggest predictable rates of filling and stability of fluid containment as a function of relevant system dimensions, e.g., number of vanes, vane length, width, and thickness. A description of the proposed capillary design solution is presented along with preliminary results from testing, modeling and analysis of the system.

Callahan, Michael R.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Advances in Spacecraft Brine Water Recovery: Development of a Radial Vaned Capillary Drying Tray

Technology improvements in the recovery of water from brine are critical to establishing closed-loop water recovery systems, enabling long-duration missions, and achieving a sustained human presence in space. A genre of 'in-place drying' brine water recovery concepts, collectively referred to herein as Brine Residual In-Containment, are under development. These brine water recovery concepts aim to increase the overall robustness and reliability of the brine recovery process by performing drying inside the container used for final disposal of the solid residual waste. Implementation of in-place drying techniques have been demonstrated for applications where gravity is present and phase separation occurs naturally by buoyancy-induced effects. In this work, a microgravity-compatible analogue of the gravity-driven phase separation process is considered by exploiting capillarity in the form of surface wetting, surface tension, and container geometry. The proposed design consists of a series of planar radial vanes aligned about a central slotted core. Preliminary testing of the fundamental geometry in a reduced gravity environment has shown the device to spontaneously fill and saturate rapidly, thereby creating a free surface from which evaporation and phase separation can occur similar to a terrestrial-like 'cylindrical pool' of fluid. Mathematical modeling and analysis of the design suggest predictable rates of filling and stability of fluid containment as a function of relevant system dimensions; e.g., number of vanes, vane length, width, and thickness. A description of the proposed capillary design solution is presented along with preliminary results from testing, modeling, and analysis of the system.

Callahan, Michael R.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Propulsion Trade Studies for Spacecraft Swarm Mission Design

Spacecraft swarms constitute a challenge from an orbital mechanics standpoint. Traditional mission design involves the application of methodical processes where predefined maneuvers for an individual spacecraft are planned in advance. This approach does not scale to spacecraft swarms consisting of many satellites orbiting in close proximity; non-deterministic maneuvers cannot be preplanned due to the large number of units and the uncertainties associated with their differential deployment and orbital motion. For autonomous small sat swarms in LEO, we investigate two approaches for controlling the relative motion of a swarm. The first method involves modified miniature phasing maneuvers, where maneuvers are prescribed that cancel the differential delta V of each CubeSat's deployment vector. The second method relies on artificial potential functions (APFs) to contain the spacecraft within a volumetric boundary and avoid collisions. Performance results and required delta V budgets are summarized, indicating that each method has advantages and drawbacks for particular applications. The mini phasing maneuvers are more predictable and sustainable. The APF approach provides a more responsive and distributed performance, but at considerable propellant cost. After considering current state of the art CubeSat propulsion systems, we conclude that the first approach is feasible, but the modified APF method of requires too much control authority to be enabled by current propulsion systems.

CubeSat↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Reversibly Assembled Microparticles for Sustained Applications on the Moon and Mars

A sustained presence in any extra-terrestrial environment will require the capability to generate materials, goods, and ultimately vehicles, construction supplies and habitats to be tenable. As an example, NASA, in collaboration with Made In Space, Inc., recently reported the results of extensive research toward enabling3D printing in space. The extensive characterization and comparison of 3D printed articles suggested that, overall, articles generated in the International Space Station microgravity environment were comparable to those generated on Earth. The benefit of in-space manufacturing can be increased through utilization of recyclable materials. A recent analysis of a hypothetical 1,100 day round trip mission to Mars determined that significant mass savings and increase in mission probability of success could be achieved through in-space manufacturing with recyclable materials. NASA’s project ESPUR (Enabling Sustained Presence Using Recyclables), through support from NASA Langley’s Innovative Research and Development Fund, is investigating novel, polymer-coated, epoxy microparticle systems as an enabling technology to realize in-space manufacturing using recyclable feedstocks. Building from previously reported results, further progress toward synthesis of the polymer coating containing click chemical functionalities will be described here. Finite elemental analysis (FEA) has been utilized, in light of scale-free/small world considerations in an effort to identify compositions most likely to yield robust macroscopic geometries. Initial results will be described here. Finally, potential mass savings and life cycle of this recyclable materials technology will be discussed.

Click Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2011

TRIM24 Links a Non-canonical Histone Signature to Breast Cancer

Recognition of modified histone species by distinct structural domains within 'reader' proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. Readers that simultaneously recognize histones with multiple marks allow transduction of complex chromatin modification patterns into specific biological outcomes. Here we report that chromatin regulator tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) functions in humans as a reader of dual histone marks by means of tandem plant homeodomain (PHD) and bromodomain (Bromo) regions. The three-dimensional structure of the PHD-Bromo region of TRIM24 revealed a single functional unit for combinatorial recognition of unmodified H3K4 (that is, histone H3 unmodified at lysine 4, H3K4me0) and acetylated H3K23 (histone H3 acetylated at lysine 23, H3K23ac) within the same histone tail. TRIM24 binds chromatin and oestrogen receptor to activate oestrogen-dependent genes associated with cellular proliferation and tumour development. Aberrant expression of TRIM24 negatively correlates with survival of breast cancer patients. The PHD-Bromo of TRIM24 provides a structural rationale for chromatin activation through a non-canonical histone signature, establishing a new route by which chromatin readers may influence cancer pathogenesis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Steric Effect for Proton, Hydrogen-Atom, andHydride Transfer Reactions with Geometric Isomers of NADH-Model Ruthenium Complexes

Two isomers, [Ru(1)]{sup 2+} (Ru = Ru(bpy){sub 2}, bpy = 2,2{prime}-bipyridine, 1 = 2-(pyrid-2{prime}-yl)-1-azaacridine) and [Ru(2)]{sup 2+} (2 = 3-(pyrid-2{prime}-yl)-4-azaacridine), are bio-inspired model compounds containing the nicotinamide functionality and can serve as precursors for the photogeneration of C-H hydrides for studying reactions pertinent to the photochemical reduction of metal-C{sub 1} complexes and/or carbon dioxide. While it has been shown that the structural differences between the azaacridine ligands of [Ru(1)]{sup 2+} and [Ru(2)]{sup 2+} have a significant effect on the mechanism of formation of the hydride donors, [Ru(1HH)]{sup 2+} and [Ru(2HH)]{sup 2+}, in aqueous solution, we describe the steric implications for proton, net-hydrogen-atom and net-hydride transfer reactions in this work. Protonation of [Ru(2{sup {sm_bullet}-})]{sup +} in aprotic and even protic media is slow compared to that of [Ru(1{sup {sm_bullet}-})]{sup +}. The net hydrogen-atom transfer between *[Ru(1)]{sup 2+} and hydroquinone (H{sub 2}Q) proceeds by one-step EPT, rather than stepwise electron-proton transfer. Such a reaction was not observed for *[Ru(2)]{sup 2+} because the non-coordinated N atom is not easily available for an interaction with H{sub 2}Q. Finally, the rate of the net hydride ion transfer from [Ru(1HH)]{sup 2+} to [Ph{sub 3}C]{sup +} is significantly slower than that of [Ru(2HH)]{sup 2+} owing to steric congestion at the donor site.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

The radiolysis of CMPO: effects of acid, metal complexation and alpha vs. gamma radiation

Abstract The group actinide/lanthanide complexing agent octylphenylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO) has been examined for its radiation stability by measuring the kinetics of its reactions with free radicals in both the aqueous and organic phases for the free and metal-complexed ligand, identifying its degradation products for both alpha and gamma irradiation, measuring the effects on solvent extraction performance, and measuring the G-values for its degradation under various conditions. This includes the G-values for CMPO in the absence of, and in contact with the acidic aqueous phase, where it is shown that the acidic aqueous phase provides radio-protection for this ligand. It was found that both solvent and metal complexation affect the kinetics of the reaction of the •NO3 radical, a product of HNO3 radiolysis, with CMPO. For example, CMPO complexed with lanthanides has a rate constant for this reaction an order of magnitude higher than for the free ligand, and the reaction for the free ligand in the organic phase is about three times faster than in the aqueous phase. In steady state radiolysis kinetics it was determined that HNO3, although not NO3- anion, provides radio-protection to CMPO, with the G-value for its degradation decreasing with increasing acidity, until it was almost completely suppressed by irradiation in contact with 5 M HNO3. The same degradation products were produced by irradiation with alpha and gamma-sources, except that the relative abundances of these products varied. For example, the product of C-C bond scission was produced only in low amounts for gamma-radiolysis, but it was an important product for samples irradiated with a He ion beam. These results are compared to the new data appearing in the literature on DGA radiolysis, since CMPO and the DGAs both contain the amide functional group.

CMPO↗
DOE OSTI2017

TRANSFORM - TRANsient Simulation Framework of Reconfigurable Models

Existing development tools for early stage design and scoping of energy systems are often time consuming to use, proprietary, and do not contain the necessary function to model complete systems (i.e., controls, primary, and secondary systems) in a common platform. The Modelica programming language based TRANSFORM tool (1) provides a standardized, common simulation environment for early design of energy systems (i.e., power plants), (2) provides a library of baseline component modules to be assembled into full plant models using available geometry, design, and thermal-hydraulic data, (3) defines modeling conventions for interconnecting component models, and (4) establishes user interfaces and support tools to facilitate simulation development (i.e., configuration and parameterization), execution, and results display and capture.

Greenwood, Michael S↗
DOE OSTI2019

Implementation of Ion Exchange Processes on Industrial Waste Streams for CO 2 Mineralization

Economic development and population growth will lead to an increase in global energy consumption. Large coal-fired power plants (>500 MW) account for almost half of the total CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, and nearly 26% of the global fossil fuel and industry CO 2 emissions. Long-term management of the more than 36 Gt of CO 2 that is emitted globally per year is urgently needed. CO 2 mineralization is an attractive method of sequestering CO 2 because it captures CO 2 as an insoluble carbonate mineral, mimicking the natural process of rock weathering. Here, we present a pathway for accelerated CO 2 mineralization enabled by divalent cations sourced from liquid streams. In this work, we investigate a mineralization route that converts flue gas CO 2 to precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) using waste aqueous streams as the calcium source. The proposed mineralization route integrates CO 2 utilization and waste liquid management at coal power plants. Maintaining alkalinity during carbonation is the primary challenge in this process. Instead of relying on the consumption of costly and unsustainable sources of alkalinity (e.g., sodium hydroxide), we used regenerable solids to increase the pH of water by ion exchange. The increase in alkalinity creates a more thermodynamically favorable environment for calcite precipitation. The capacities for ion exchange of various commercially available zeolites and ion exchange resins in CO 2 -saturated water were studied through batch equilibrium and column ion-exchange experiments. During ion exchange, H + in the water exchanges with Na + , Ca 2+ or K + in the zeolite or resin. Batch equilibrium isotherms for H + –Na + exchange were collected by first adding varying amounts of the ion exchange solid (0 – 1.0 kg per kg of water) to CO 2 -saturated water (pCO 2 = 1 atm, pH 4) to determine the maximum H + –Na + exchange achievable. Ion-exchange column studies were performed to determine breakthrough capacity of the system. In both systems, an increase in pH coupled with an increase in Na concentration was observed, demonstrating the feasibility of forward ion exchange. Zeolitic materials increased the alkalinity of the solution from pH 4 to around 10, whereas ion exchange resins containing weakly acidic functional groups (e.g., carboxylic acid) exhibited higher affinity for H + , increasing pH to 11.3 and surpassing the pH shift induced by the zeolitic materials. The extent of calcite precipitation was evaluated by mixing the alkaline CO 3 2- -rich water obtained after passing through the ion-exchange column and a CaCl 2 solution. Calcite yields are as expected from chemical thermodynamics. Calcium carbonate yields found experimentally were about 26 and 8 mmol per kg water for the weakly acidic ion exchange resin and zeolitic materials, respectively. The results from these studies indicate that ion exchange processes can be used as an alternative to the addition of stoichiometric inorganic bases (e.g., sodium hydroxide) to induce alkalinity for the consequent precipitation of CaCO 3 . Instead, weakly acidic ion exchange resins commonly used for water hardness removal were alternatively used to induce pH swings in the aqueous solutions. The high calcium carbonate yields obtained for the materials examined demonstrate the potential application of this process. In addition, the successful operation of the calcium carbonate production process at standard temperature and pressure conditions support its potential for industrial implementation.

Simonetti, Dante↗
DOE OSTI2016

PGSFR General Arrangement

The Nuclear Island of the PGSFR is constructed upon the seismic isolation structure bearing a common basemat of the Reactor Building and the Auxiliary Building. The Reactor Building is divided into two different functional structures: 1) containment structure comprised of a operating floor, head access area (HAA), annulus area and etc., 2) the other areas accessible to reactor vault area outside of the containment structure via the Auxiliary Building. The arrangement of the Auxiliary Building is composed of symmetric divisional areas where there are two steam generators, heat exchangers of the Decay Heat Removal System (DHRS), facilities of the Intermediate Sodium Purification System (ISPS), the Primary Inert Gas Processing System (PIGPS), a main control room (MCR), electric equipment rooms, and main steam valve houses (MSVH), and etc. The general arrangement of the Reactor Building and the Auxiliary Building of the PGSFR is currently in development. Not only NSSS but supporting systems have not been finalized yet. Moreover, the other facility buildings such as a Turbine Generator Building, a fuel cycle facility, radwaste treatment facilities, and etc. have to be designed with relevant interfaces to the Reactor Building and the Auxiliary Building. We can expect additional modifications to optimize the general arrangement. However, the basic principles such as sodium and non-sodium segregation, convenient accessibility and maintenance, economics of architectural volume would be kept in the design. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

History of Ultrasonic Inspection of High-Level Waste Tanks at SRS - 20220

The Liquid Waste Disposition Projects (LWDP) Structural Authority and Inspection Engineering Support Group has teamed with the Materials Science and Technology Non-destructive Evaluation Group of Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to implement a comprehensive In-Service Inspection (ISI) program for the High-Level Waste (HLW) tanks in the sites tank farms. The purpose of this program is to demonstrate the structural and leak integrity of the tanks to maintain the function of waste containment throughout the desired service life. Four types of waste tanks were constructed at Savannah River Site (SRS) from 1951 thru 1981 to store radioactive nuclear waste from the separations process. The Type I, II and III are carbon steel cylindrical tanks with varying degrees of access to the side walls and very limited access to the tank bottom. The tanks contain 750,000 to 1.3 million gallons of waste and are buried or backfilled with soil. The tanks are 75'-85' in diameter and 24'-33' from tank bottom to the tank roof. Inspection of the HLW tanks is made difficult by radiation, contamination, and small access openings. Through the years these challenges have been overcome by progressive improvements to programs and equipment resulting in the sophisticated wall crawler Ultrasonic Testing (UT) technology of today. A formal inspection program was developed and put in service in 1972. UT thickness measurements were first made in 1967 and 1969 of selected waste tanks using an analog-type instrument to measure the thickness of the carbon steel walls. Routine inspections for thinning were performed from 1972-1985 and then discontinued because no thinning had been observed and this technique could not detect pitting or cracking. UT inspections resumed in 1994 using a sophisticated robotic wall crawler with UT technology capable of detecting thinning, cracking and pitting. The current program focuses on the newer Type III tanks that are used primarily for storage. The program was upgraded in 2003 to include selected regions of the tank wall, secondary wall and annulus floor on a 7 to 10-year frequency. The facility is currently in its third cycle of tank inspections. Thus far, there have been no reportable indications of service induced degradation. This result provides assurance that the chemistry control program has been effective at mitigating corrosion and that the tanks remain structurally sound even after more than 40 years of service. This paper will present the UT technology first used at SRS and the evolution to the current systems and their capabilities. Additionally, plans for equipment upgrades that will improve the extent of inspection will be discussed. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Analysis of ELAP and mitigation strategies in Maanshan PWR with PCTRAN

On March 11, 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, owned by Tokyo Electric Power Company, encountered a beyond design basis earthquake/tsunami and the flood crippled the on-site emergency power and electric transmission systems. The ELAP (Extended Loss of Alternating Current Power) and LUHS (Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink) events severely damaged the core cooling systems and the safety functions of the containment. As a result, three reactor cores were damaged. Also, the cooling capability of nuclear spent fuel pools was lost due to loss of AC and DC power. Existing Station Blackout (SBO) analyses have demonstrated that even with leakage from Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) seals, the core could maintain coolable only when heat transfer exists between primary loop and secondary loop. Depend on the availability of DC power in different plant designs, the SBO coping times were shown to be 4 to 16 hours. According to INPO event report, it is necessary to analyze the consequences if current coping times are extended with increased core water inventory loss from pump seals. In an ELAP scenario, all active system including Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) and motor driven AFW were out of power supply, results in degradation of core cooling capability. Moreover, the fuel exposed risk would increase due to continuously Reactor Coolant System (RCS) inventory loss through pump seals. Therefore, mitigation strategy must be applied prior to core uncovering to prevent its damage and assure plant safety. This research utilized a fast running NPP safety simulation code, PCTRAN, to assess reactor performances in the situations of ELAP of Maanshan PWR. Also, the sensitivity study of injection flow rates and effectiveness of mitigation strategy were demonstrated. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

funcX: Federated Function as a Service for Science

Here, funcX is a distributed function as a service (FaaS) platform that enables flexible, scalable, and high performance remote function execution. Unlike centralized FaaS systems, funcX decouples the cloud-hosted management functionality from the edge-hosted execution functionality. funcX's endpoint software can be deployed, by users or administrators, on arbitrary laptops, clouds, clusters, and supercomputers, in effect turning them into function serving systems. funcX's cloud-hosted service provides a single location for registering, sharing, and managing both functions and endpoints. It allows for transparent, secure, and reliable function execution across the federated ecosystem of endpoints-enabling users to route functions to endpoints based on specific needs. funcX uses containers (e.g., Docker, Singularity, and Shifter) to provide common execution environments across endpoints. funcX implements various container management strategies to execute functions with high performance and efficiency on diverse funcX endpoints. funcX also integrates with an in-memory data store and Globus for managing data that may span endpoints. We motivate the need for funcX, present our prototype design and implementation, and demonstrate, via experiments on two supercomputers, that funcX can scale to more than 130000 concurrent workers. We show that funcX's container warming-aware routing algorithm can reduce the completion time for 3,000 functions by up to 61% compared to a randomized algorithm and the in-memory data store can speed up data transfers by up to 3x compared to a shared file system.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2011

Stepwise synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of ordered mesoporous carbons containing well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles using a functionalized template route

A stepwise method is described for the accurately controlled growth of Pt nanoparticles supported on ordered mesoporous carbons (Pt-OMC) by the nanocasting of carbon and metal precursors in the pore channels of mesoporous silicas functionalized with Si-H groups. Results obtained from N{sub 2} adsorption/desorption isotherms and transmission electron microscopy showed well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles (2-3 nm) on Pt-OMC with high surface area (837 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}) and regular pore channels (2.9 nm), which facilitate reactant/product diffusion. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that Pt nanoparticles in the Pt-OMC sample were mostly present in the metallic form of a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure. The Pt-OMC catalyst was found to have superior electrocatalytic properties during oxygen reduction reaction as compared to typical commercial electrocatalysts. - Graphical abstract: A novel procedure has been developed to synthesize ordered carbon mesoporous carbons (OMC) containing well-dispersed and highly electrocatalytic Pt nanoparticles (Pt-OMC) for oxygen reduction reaction. Highlights: > A novel method to incorporate nanosized Pt particles on nanostructure carbons. > Functionalized silica templates were used to control size and distribution of Pt nanoparticles. > Electrochemical measurements of oxygen reduction demonstrated high catalytic activity compared to common commercial catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1996

The Application of DFT to Systems Containing Metal Atoms

The application of density functional theory (DFT) to a series of metal containing systems will be described. The focus will be on the calculation of accurate bond energies, especially metal-ligand successive bond energies. The DFT results will be compared with experiment and other levels of theory. If time permits, metal clusters will also be discussed.

Ricca, Alessandra↗
DOE OSTI2025

Videos and front speeds of frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) of DCPD/ENB with norbornene-functionalized PDMS comonomers

This dataset contains videos and front speed measurements for 16 frontal ring-opening metastasis polymerization experiments of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) resins and norbornene-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (nor-PDMS) comonomers. Each run was carried out in a 10 mm diameter glass test tube and recorded to quantify front propagation behavior. Reported front speeds were extracted by video tracking and reported maximum front temperatures were measured with a thermocouple.

Clarke, Brandon R.↗