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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
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Identifying Improvements to Airborne and Field Data Stewardship from Data User and Producer Needs (Findings from the March 2022 Airborne and Field Data Workshop)

Workshop Purpose: to gather valuable feedback from data users and data producers in order to improve the acquisition and use of NASA’s airborne and field data. Workshop Goals: - Identify new ways to improve the discovery, access, and reuse of NASA’s airborne and field data - Intentionally include the airborne community in future planning to ensure the community needs are met - Understand how NASA can better help researchers realize the full value of airborne and field data - Enable Open Source Science and determine what this means for airborne and field data communities

Geoffrey Stano↗
DOE OSTI2011

The effects of self-consistent electric field on the neoclassical transport in tokamaks with stochastic magnetic fields

The presence of the magnetic stochasticity induced by resonant magnetic perturbations in fusion experiments leads to radial electron particle and heat diffusivities which are substantially different from quasilinear predictions. In this paper, using neoclassical simulation, the effects of the self-consistent electric field on the radial electron particle and heat transports are investigated. The presence of stochasticity produces positive contribution to the radial electric field, consistent with experimental observations. Bringing both radial and poloidal components of the electric field into the simulation might help recover some of the trends observed in the experiment and is currently under investigation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

DC response of hot carriers under circularly polarized intense microwave fields and intense magnetic fields in quantum wells

Hot carrier dynamics under intense microwave and crossed magnetic fields are investigated theoretically for the case that the dominant scattering process is inelastic collision, especially intersubband and intrasubband transition in Quantum wells. If the applied electric fields are circularly polarized, the equation of motion forms symmetric on the x-y plane. But the carrier motions are complicated to accumulate because of acceleration and emission process. This situation makes possible to create a variation of the carrier motion, typically the carrier bunching is occurred. This state is a sort of population inversion. The DC response of this system attains strongly negative at appropriate field conditions. Through the simulation for the real case described below, it may include a type of induced emission.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Study of the electric field formation in a multi-cusped magnetic field

The multi-cusped field thruster is a kind of electric thruster adopting a cusped magnetic field to achieve a potentially longer lifetime. It is observed in some experiments that the main electric potential drop forms near the exhaust plane, but the formation mechanism of the electric field in this kind of thrusters is not fully clear yet. Based on the analysis of the electron movement, a 2D Particle-in-Cell plus Monte Carlo model is built to reveal the difference of the constraint to electrons between the central leak path and the lateral region of the thruster. Electron trajectories from cathode are analyzed furthermore. It is found that the central leak path inside the discharge channel may play a significant role in the formation of the main electric potential drop near the exhaust plane.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Numerical self-consistent field theory study of the response of strong polyelectrolyte brushes to external electric fields

The response of strong polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes grafted on an electrode to electric fields generated by opposite surface charges on the PE-grafted electrode and a second parallel electrode has been numerically investigated by self-consistent field theory. The influences of grafting density, average charge fraction, salt concentration, and mobile ion size on the variation of the brush height against an applied voltage bias were investigated. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulation results, a higher grafting density requires a larger magnitude of voltage bias to achieve the same amount of relative change in the brush height. In the experimentally relevant parameter regime of the applied voltage, the brush height becomes insensitive to the voltage bias when the grafting density is high. Including the contribution of surface charges on the grafting electrode, overall charge neutrality inside the PE brushes is generally maintained, especially for PE brushes with high grafting density and high average charge fraction. Our numerical study further reveals that the electric field across the two electrodes is highly non-uniform because of the complex interplay between the surface charges on the electrodes, the charges on the grafted PE chains, and counterions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Jet outflow and open field line measurements on the C-2U advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasma experiment

Knowledge and control of the axial outflow of plasma particles and energy along open-magnetic-field lines are of crucial importance to the stability and longevity of the advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasma. An overview of the diagnostic methods used to perform measurements on the open field line plasma on C-2U is presented, including passive Doppler impurity spectroscopy, microwave interferometry, and triple Langmuir probe measurements. Results of these measurements provide the jet ion temperature and axial velocity, electron density, and high frequency density fluctuations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Massive fields as systematics for single field inflation

During inflation, massive fields can contribute to the power spectrum of curvature perturbation via a dimension-5 operator. This contribution can be considered as a bias for the program of using n {sub s} and r to select inflation models. Even the dimension-5 operator is suppressed by Λ = M {sub p} , there is still a significant shift on the n {sub s} - r diagram if the massive fields have m ∼ H . On the other hand, if the heavy degree of freedom appears only at the same energy scale as the suppression scale of the dimension-5 operator, then significant shift on the n {sub s} - r diagram takes place at m =Λ ∼ 70 H , which is around the inflationary time-translation symmetry breaking scale. Hence, the systematics from massive fields pose a greater challenge for future high precision experiments for inflationary model selection. This result can be thought of as the impact of UV sensitivity to inflationary observables.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electromagnetic radiation from positive-energy bound electrons in the Coulomb field of a nucleus at rest in a strong uniform magnetic field

A classical analysis is presented of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by positive-energy electrons performing bound motion in the Coulomb field of a nucleus at rest in a strong uniform magnetic field. Bounded trajectories exist and span a wide range of velocity directions near the nucleus (compared to free trajectories with similar energies) when the electron Larmor radius is smaller than the distance at which the electron-nucleus Coulomb interaction energy is equal to the mechanical energy of an electron. The required conditions occur in magnetic white dwarf photospheres and have been achieved in experiments on production of antihydrogen. Under these conditions, the radiant power per unit volume emitted by positive-energy bound electrons is much higher than the analogous characteristic of bremsstrahlung (in particular, in thermal equilibrium) at frequencies that are below the electron cyclotron frequency but higher than the inverse transit time through the interaction region in a close collision in the absence of a magnetic field. The quantum energy discreteness of positive-energy bound states restricts the radiation from an ensemble of bound electrons (e.g., in thermal equilibrium) to nonoverlapping spectral lines, while continuum radiative transfer is dominated by linearly polarized bremsstrahlung.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Spin relaxation and linear-in-electric-field frequency shift in an arbitrary, time-independent magnetic field

A method is presented to calculate the spin relaxation times T 1 , T 2 due to a nonuniform magnetic field, and the linear-in-electric-field precession frequency shift δω E when an electric field is present, in the diffusion approximation for spins confined to a rectangular cell. It is found that the rectangular cell geometry admits of a general result for T 1 , T 2 , and δω E

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Magnetic field line random walk in isotropic turbulence with varying mean field

In astrophysical plasmas, the magnetic field line random walk (FLRW) plays an important role in guiding particle transport. The FLRW behavior is scaled by the Kubo number R=(b/B{sub 0})(ℓ{sub ∥}/ℓ{sub ⊥}) for rms magnetic fluctuation b, large-scale mean field B{sub 0}, and coherence scales parallel (ℓ{sub ∥}) and perpendicular (ℓ{sub ⊥}) to B{sub 0}. Here we use a nonperturbative analytic framework based on Corrsin’s hypothesis, together with direct computer simulations, to examine the R-scaling of the FLRW for varying B {sub 0} with finite b and isotropic fluctuations with ℓ{sub ∥}/ℓ{sub ⊥}=1, instead of the well-studied route of varying ℓ{sub ∥}/ℓ{sub ⊥} for b ≪B{sub 0}. The FLRW for isotropic magnetic fluctuations is also of astrophysical interest regarding transport processes in the interstellar medium. With a mean field, fluctuations may have variance anisotropy, so we consider limiting cases of isotropic variance and transverse variance (with b {sub z} = 0). We obtain analytic theories, and closed-form solutions for extreme cases. Padé approximants are provided to interpolate all versions of theory and simulations to any B {sub 0}. We demonstrate that, for isotropic turbulence, Corrsin-based theories generally work well, and with increasing R there is a transition from quasilinear to Bohm diffusion. This holds even with b {sub z} = 0, when different routes to R→∞ are mathematically equivalent; in contrast with previous studies, we find that a Corrsin-based theory with random ballistic decorrelation works well even up to R = 400, where the effects of trapping are barely perceptible in simulation results.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1994

A New Approach to Isolating External Magnetic Field Components in Spacecraft Measurements of the Earth's Magnetic Field Using Global Positioning System observables

We review the problem of separating components of the magnetic field arising from sources in the Earth's core and lithosphere, from those contributions arising external to the Earth, namely ionospheric and magnetospheric fields, in spacecraft measurements of the Earth's magnetic field.

magnetic field components ionospheric and magnetos↗
NASA NTRS2023

Application of Acoustical Holography for Projecting Near-Field Data to the Far Field

In this report, the application of the acoustical holography (AH) technique for projecting near-field acoustic data to the far field is discussed. Test problems will be used to showcase the accuracy and utility of this technique and to demonstrate its superiority over the more common technique of spherical spreading projection. Three versions of the technique will be presented: planar, cylindrical, and spherical. Depending on the nature of the acoustic field, one or more of these versions may be useful and practical to use. Since the cylindrical and spherical versions depend on the accurate numerical computations of certain special functions, such as the Hankel functions and the associated Legendre polynomials, the implementation of the high-precision numerical computation of the required special functions on a computer are included in the appendixes at the end of the report. In some cases, the material presented in these appendixes represents a substantial extension of the results previously published in the open literature. As appropriate, special considerations associated with the use of the AH technique in practical situations are discussed.

Holography↗
DOE OSTI2010

Power counting regime of chiral effective field theory and beyond.

Chiral effective field theory ({chi}EFT) complements numerical simulations of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) on a space-time lattice. It provides a model-independent formalism for connecting lattice simulation results at finite volume and a variety of quark masses to the physical world. The asymptotic nature of the chiral expansion places the focus on the first few terms of the expansion. Thus, knowledge of the power-counting regime (PCR) of {chi}EFT, where higher-order terms of the expansion may be regarded as negligible, is as important as knowledge of the expansion itself. Through the consideration of a variety of renormalization schemes and associated parameters, techniques to identify the PCR where results are independent of the renormalization scheme are established. The nucleon mass is considered as a benchmark for illustrating this general approach. Because the PCR is small, the numerical simulation results are also examined to search for the possible presence of an intrinsic scale which may be used in a nonperturbative manner to describe lattice simulation results outside of the PCR. Positive results that improve on the current optimistic application of chiral perturbation theory ({chi}PT) beyond the PCR are reported.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

AdS field theory from conformal field theory

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a Conformal Field Theory to have a description in terms of a perturbative Effective Field Theory in AdS. The first two conditions are well-known: the existence of a perturbative ‘1/N’ expansion and an approximate Fock space of states generated by a finite number of low-dimension operators. We add a third condition, that the Mellin amplitudes of the CFT correlators must be well- approximated by functions that are bounded by a polynomial at infinity in Mellin space, or in other words, that the Mellin amplitudes have an effective theory-type expansion. We explain the relationship between our conditions and unitarity, and provide an analogy with scattering amplitudes that becomes exact in the flat space limit of AdS. The analysis also yields a simple connection between conformal blocks and AdS diagrams, providing a new calculational tool very much in the spirit of the S-Matrix program. We also begin to explore the potential pathologies associated with higher spin fields in AdS by generalizing Weinberg’s soft theorems to AdS/CFT. The AdS analog of Weinberg’s argument constrains the interactions of conserved currents in CFTs, but there are potential loopholes that are unavailable to theories of massless higher spin particles in flat spacetime.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Near-field radiative thermoelectric energy converters: a review

Radiative thermoelectric energy converters, which include thermophotovoltaic cells, thermoradiative cells, electroluminescent refrigerators, and negative electroluminescent refrigerators, are semiconductor p-n devices that either generate electricity or extract heat from a cold body while exchanging thermal radiation with their surroundings. If this exchange occurs at micro or nanoscale distances, power densities can be greatly enhanced and near-field radiation effects may improve performance. This Review covers the fundamentals of near-field thermal radiation, photon entropy, and nonequilibrium effects in semiconductor diodes that underpin device operation. The development and state-of-the art of these near-field converters are discussed in detail. In conclusion, remaining challenges and opportunities for progress are identified.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydro-chemo-mechanical phase field formulation for corrosion induced cracking in reinforced concrete

Steel corrosion induced cracking in reinforced concrete structures is often caused by volumetric straining at the steel-concrete interface. This volumetric strain is mainly controlled by the rate of generation of corrosion product, which depends on the diffusion of Cl{sup −} and dissolved O{sub 2} as well as the chemical reaction at the steel-concrete interface. While many numerical modeling techniques have been proposed to tackle this complex phenomenon, most have been limited to using staggered solution schemes, where the diffusion, chemical reaction, mechanical strain, and crack fields are solved for separately. Unfortunately, such approaches introduce numerical errors that can lead to unrealistic predictions. Therefore, a coupled solution, is needed to remove the formulation induced errors and understand this complex phenomenon. To provide a unifying solution framework for corrosion induced cracking in reinforced concrete, a phase field formulation is presented and implemented with FEM algorithms. The governing equations are derived from the system's free energy and Fick's law of diffusion. The proposed formulation was first validated in 1D by comparing the modeling results with the semi-analytical solution approximated via Laurent series to avoid singularities in the complex domain. 2D plane strain solutions to the embedded rebar undergoing corrosion induced cracking with pre-cracks are also presented and compared with the approximated solutions from linear elastic fracture mechanics theory (LEFM). The modeling of crack propagation enabled by the proposed formulation is also presented along with parametric studies to reveal the roles of the fracture toughness and permeability of the concrete on the corrosion induced cracking. A case study was also conducted on H-pile steel with concrete jackets to demonstrate the feasibility of modeling corrosion induced fracture in reinforced concrete structures with complex steel-concrete interfaces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Observation of magnetic-field-induced transformation in MnCo 0.78 Fe 0.22 Ge alloys with colossal strain output and large magnetocaloric effect

The thermal, structural and magnetic properties were studied for the hexagonal MnCo0.78Fe0.22Ge alloys, which undergoes a first-order phase transformation from paramagnetic hexagonal phase into ferromagnetic orthorhombic martensite on cooling. Owing to the magnetostructural coupling, large magnetocaloric effect (Delta S-M= 10.97 J kg(-1) K-1) was obtained at 254 K. In-situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted to reveal the detailed change in crystallographic structure of phases and the effect of applied magnetic field on phase transformation behaviors. An anomalously huge strain of 11.89% and volume expansion of 4.35% in unit-cell were obtained between martensite and parent phase across the transformation. Furthermore, the magnetic field-induced martensitic transformation was directly evidenced at 250 K, which eventually demonstrates the possibility to achieve magnetic-field-induced strain and large magnetocaloric effect simultaneously.

in-situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction↗
DOE OSTI2018

Thick Layered Semiconductor Devices with Water Top-Gates: High On–Off Ratio Field-Effect Transistors and Aqueous Sensors

Layered semiconductors show promise as channel materials for field-effect transistors (FETs). Usually, such devices incorporate solid back or top gate dielectrics. Here, we explore deionized (DI) water as a solution top-gate for field-effect switching of layered semiconductors including SnS 2 , MoS 2 , and black phosphorus. The DI water gate is easily fabricated, can sustain rapid bias changes, and its efficient coupling to layered materials provides high on–off current ratios, near-ideal subthreshold swing, and enhanced short-channel behavior even for FETs with thick, bulk-like channels, where such control is difficult to realize with conventional back gating. Screening by the high-k solution gate eliminates hysteresis due to surface and interface trap states and substantially enhances the field-effect mobility. The onset of water electrolysis sets the ultimate limit to DI water gating at large negative gate bias. Measurements in this regime show promise for aqueous sensing, demonstrated here by the amperometric detection of glucose in aqueous solution. In conclusion, DI water gating of layered semiconductors can be harnessed in research on novel materials and devices, and it may with further development find broad applications in microelectronics and sensing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗