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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Science, Technology and Applications of Metals in Additive Manufacturing

Science, Technology and Applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing provides a holistic picture of metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) that encompasses the science, technology and applications for the use of metal AM. Users will find design aspects, various metal AM technologies commercially available, a focus on merits and demerits, implications for qualification and certification, applications, cost modeling of AM, and future directions. This book serves as an educational guide, providing a holistic picture of metal AM that encompasses science, technology and applications for the real-life use of metal AM.

Dutta, Bhaskar↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Building Science Advisor: A Web-Based Tool to Assess the Durability of Building Envelope Components

The Department of Energy (DOE) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have developed an innovative new design tool that will put building science expert advice in the hands of every building designer who cares to manage moisture risk in high-R envelope components. As modern buildings become increasingly more airtight, constructed with modern labor-saving materials, and equipped with air-conditioning, they have become less forgiving to moisture intrusion. The Building Science Advisor (BSA) provides building science knowledge and advice based on expert experience, field measurements, laboratory tests, and computer simulations.BSA users are prompted to enter relevant information about the building location, design, and material selection options like cladding, structural system, and insulation. Influential factors such as climate, building air tightness, material properties, and internal moisture loads are also considered to estimate and compare the moisture durability performance of several design options. If the BSA deems the assembly’s performance unsatisfactory, it will provide the reasons why, and suggest necessary changes to wall design to ensure more robust performance.Using the BSA tool enables building designers to confidently select assembly design characteristics that achieve their design goals with the least moisture durability risk. Links to design-specific guidance are also be provided to help users manage any remaining risk. This tool will further enable DOE’s Building Technologies Office (BTO) to meet its long-term energy goal of a 50% reduction in building energy consumption by reducing builder concern about using highly energy efficient wall systems.

Desjarlais, Andre Omer↗
DOE OSTI2021

Virtual Framework for Science Federations with Instruments Access and Control

Experimental science workflows require federations of geographically dispersed science instruments and computing systems connected over a wide-area network. We develop a Virtual Infrastructure Twin (VIT) framework, which is a digital twin of the physical infrastructure that utilizes network virtualization and containerization technologies to support the development and testing of science workflow codes. Using VIT, we illustrate the access to instruments via EPICS system and the orchestration of containerized computations across federation computing systems. We also present a machine learning method to convert VIT throughput measurements to closely match the corresponding physical testbed measurements.

Rao, Nageswara↗
DOE OSTI2023

Science Plan for the Deployment of the Third ARM Mobile Facility to the Southeastern United States at the Bankhead National Forest, Alabama (AMF3 BNF)

In 2018, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) held a workshop for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) (Mather and Voyles 2013) user facility to discuss critical climate challenges and locations where key ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) observational assets could impact Earth system modeling (ESM). As an outcome, the southeast United States (SE U.S.) was identified as a high-priority region to target climate-process studies that promote a deeper understanding of the climate system and bolster ARM interactions with the community to drive ESM advancement. The DOE ARM user facility is a globally recognized leader in deploying and operating strategically located observation sites around the world for studying the properties of aerosols and clouds and their interaction with radiation, precipitation, and the Earth’s surface. In partnering with the DOE Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program, ARM solicited a multi-agency Site Science Team approach to provide input and close interaction with ARM management towards a successful SE U.S. deployment of the ARM third Mobile Facility (AMF3) (Miller et al. 2016). These efforts included identifying key locations, science drivers and instruments, and measurement strategies to address the wider climate-process needs and ESM improvement. Community input served a vital role in establishing, refining, and informing the relevant drivers and decisions regarding this AMF3 deployment. The team has identified Northern Alabama (N. AL) as regionally representative to unlock the key opportunities that will improve our understanding and model representation of aerosol, cloud, and land surface processes and their couplings in the SE U.S. A defining aspect of the AMF3 deployment is its commitment to long-term (anticipated five-year) observations to mitigate potential seasonal-to-annual variability that often limits appropriate attribution of phenomena to local or larger-scale processes. The proposed location may leverage nearby surface networks and multi-agency and partner assets to enrich this multi-year deployment. One motivation is to understand the role of spatiotemporal variability (thermodynamic, land-surface) across aspects of the climate system, with our AMF3 team anticipating future demands on characterizing the relationships between local-to-regional cloud development and surface processes across a diverse patchwork of natural, managed, and urban landscapes as found throughout the N. AL regions. The main site targets an intact, representative, forested region – the Bankhead National Forest (BNF) – underscoring further team commitment to regionally important land atmosphere two-way interactive studies “from the canopy to the clouds”, with enhanced tower instrumentation augmenting traditional ARM capabilities adjacent to this site. Multiple supplemental sites will also be distributed across this region, prioritizing added needs for biodiversity. Anticipated high-priority cloud science themes will target N. AL as a regional SE U.S. hotbed for high-impact weather, convective cloud onset, and shallow to-deep cloud transitioning. Anticipated aerosol drivers will focus on chemical processes that control the evolution of organic aerosol, the seasonality and spatial distribution of water vapor and particle-phase water, and its role on aerosol optical properties. Anticipated land atmosphere drivers consider the two-way feedbacks between surface influence on aerosols, clouds, and precipitation properties and the associated radiative impacts on plant physiology and canopy-scale fluxes. Emphasis will include the study of the impact of surface processes on aerosols via precursor emission, and on clouds via moisture flux and thermal development.

Doppler lidar, aerosols, convection↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantum-centric Supercomputing for Materials Science: A Perspective on Challenges and Future Directions

Computational models are an essential tool for the design, characterization, and discovery of novel materials. Hard computational tasks in materials science stretch the limits of existing high-performance supercomputing centers, consuming much of their simulation, analysis, and data resources. Quantum computing, on the other hand, is an emerging technology with the potential to accelerate many of the computational tasks needed for materials science. In order to do that, the quantum technology must interact with conventional high-performance computing in several ways: approximate results validation, identification of hard problems, and synergies in quantum-centric supercomputing. In this paper, we provide a perspective on how quantum-centric supercomputing can help address critical computational problems in materials science, the challenges to face in order to solve representative use cases, and new suggested directions.

Alexeev, Yuri↗
DOE OSTI2020

Panel Session 48: Panel: Young Professionals in Nuclear Science and Engineering: An International Perspective (R8.2)

This panel focused on young professionals and covered views on radioactive waste management from young persons' perspective from all around the world. An informal panel enabled the future leaders of our industry to share ideas and experiences, and of course, develop contacts within their peer group on a truly international level. The panel was led by young professionals who actively encouraged participation from all those attending. Panelists with presentations: Young Professionals in Nuclear Science and Engineering An International Journey (Mario Gomez Fernandez); Young Professionals in Nuclear Science and Engineering (Mellissa Komninakis); Young Professionals in Nuclear Science and Engineering - an International Perspective (Hannah Paterson, Carwyn Chamberlain)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

ACE Science Workshop Report

We summarize the Fermilab Accelerator Complex Evolution (ACE) Science Workshop, held on June 14-15, 2023. The workshop presented the strategy for the ACE program in two phases: ACE Main Injector Ramp and Target (MIRT) upgrade and ACE Booster Replacement (BR) upgrade. Four plenary sessions covered the primary experimental physics thrusts: Muon Collider, Neutrinos, Charged Lepton Flavor Violation, and Dark Sectors. Additional physics and technology ideas were presented from the community that could expand or augment the ACE science program. Given the physics framing, a parallel session at the workshop was dedicated to discussing priorities for accelerator R&D. Finally, physics discussion sessions concluded the workshop where experts from the different experimental physics thrusts were brought together to begin understanding the synergies between the different physics drivers and technologies. In December of 2023, the P5 report was released setting the physics priorities for the field in the next decade and beyond, and identified ACE as an important component of the future US accelerator-based program. Given the presentations and discussions at the ACE Science Workshop and the findings of the P5 report, we lay out the topics for study to determine the physics priorities and design goals of the Fermilab ACE project in the near-term.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Computational Science at the National Laboratory of the Rockies

Computational methods underpin advancing the science and engineering of energy technologies and developing a knowledge base to optimize energy systems. NLR's Computational Science Center (CSC) proudly focuses on providing the service of computing, advancing the science of computing, and enabling DOE missions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2011

PARTICIPANT SUPPORT FOR THE 2010 GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON PLASMA PROCESSING SCIENCE (JULY 11-16,2010)

The 2010 Gordon Research Conference on Plasma Processing Science will feature a comprehensive program that will highlight the most cutting edge scientific advances in low temperature plasma science and will explore the applications of low temperature plasma technology relative to many grand societal challenges. Fundamental science sessions will focus on plasma kinetics, plasma surface interactions, and recent trends in plasma generation and multi-phase plasmas. Application sessions will explore the impact of plasma technology in renewable energy and the production of fuels from renewable feedstocks, plasma-enabled medicine and sterilization, and environmental remediation and waste treatment. The conference will bring together in an informal atmosphere leaders in the field with junior investigators and graduate students. The special format of the Gordon Conferences, with programmed discussion sessions and ample time for informal gatherings in the afternoons and evenings, will provide for a fertile atmosphere of brainstorming and creative thinking among the attendees.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

An idea to explore: How an interdisciplinary undergraduate course exploring a global health challenge in molecular detail enabled science communication and collaboration in diverse audiences

Abstract Communication and collaboration are key science competencies that support sharing of scientific knowledge with experts and non‐experts alike. On the one hand, they facilitate interdisciplinary conversations between students, educators, and researchers, while on the other they improve public awareness, enable informed choices, and impact policy decisions. Herein, we describe an interdisciplinary undergraduate course focused on using data from various bioinformatics data resources to explore the molecular underpinnings of diabetes mellitus (Types 1 and 2) and introducing students to science communication. Building on course materials and original student‐generated artifacts, a series of collaborative activities engaged students, educators, researchers, healthcare professionals and community members in exploring, learning about, and discussing the molecular bases of diabetes. These collaborations generated novel educational materials and approaches to learning and presenting complex ideas about major global health challenges in formats accessible to diverse audiences.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experiential findings for sustainable software ecosystems to support experimental and observational science

In the search for a sustainable approach for software ecosystems that supports experimental and observational science (EOS) across Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), we conducted a survey to understand the current and future landscape of EOS software and data. This paper describes the survey design we used to identify significant areas of interest, gaps, and potential opportunities, followed by a discussion on the obtained responses. The survey formulates questions about project demographics, technical approach, and skills required for the present and the next five years. Here, the study was conducted among 38 ORNL participants between June and July of 2021 and followed the required guidelines for human subjects training. We plan to use the collected information to help guide a vision for sustainable, community-based, and reusable scientific software ecosystems that need to adapt effectively to: (i) the evolving landscape of heterogeneous hardware in the next generation of instruments and computing (e.g. edge, distributed, accelerators), and (ii) data management requirements for data-driven science using artificial intelligence.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nanodiamonds in Advancing Biomedical Sciences

Nanodiamonds (NDs), tetrahedral carbon frameworks with size ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, have gained growing attention in recent years due to their distinct optical, thermal, and mechanical properties compared to other carbon nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots). Combined with a high surface-to-volume ratio and tunable and chemically versatile surfaces, these support broad applications across catalysis, electronics, and life sciences. Moreover, the biocompatible characteristics of NDs enable their controllable interfacial interactions with biological systems, positioning them as excellent candidates for advancing cutting-edge biomedical sciences, particularly through the engineering of efficient material-biointerfaces that facilitate optimal interactions with biological systems. Among various forms of NDs, fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have emerged as some of the most impactful and rapidly advancing materials, demonstrating strong potential in ultrasensitive spin-enhanced bioimaging, high-precision biosensing, traceable drug delivery, and quantum-enabled biomedical technologies. This Perspective introduces the key principles underlying NDs and FNDs, including their structural properties, synthesis methods, and surface functionalization strategies. It also highlights emerging biomedical applications of NDs and FNDs, with particular emphasis on neurological disorders. Last, the article discusses current challenges in advancing NDs as a multifunctional platform for neural therapies with translational potential toward clinical trials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Advancing Terrestrial Ecosystem Science With a Novel Automated Measurement System for Sun‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence for Integration With Eddy Covariance Flux Networks

Abstract Sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides critical information on the dynamics of gross primary productivity, a unique role not readily achievable using other methods. Long‐term continuous SIF observations have the potential to advance terrestrial ecosystem science. Realizing this potential, however, requires synergistic implementation of SIF measurements within eddy covariance (EC) flux networks. There is a need for SIF systems that can integrate seamlessly with EC instrumentation to maximize synergistic use of obtained data. Here we introduce the Fluorescence Auto‐Measurement Equipment (FAME) and protocol that fulfill such a purpose. FAME is designed specifically for plug‐and‐play integration with existing EC data acquisition systems. Its innovative hardware and software designs provide versatility, extensibility, autonomous operation, and ease of maintenance for acquiring SIF data of high quality and quantity. A major novel feature of FAME is its synchronized sampling of spectral irradiance and environmental variables, allowing for more precise interpretation of the SIF signal. FAME has been deployed since September 2016 at the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux site, providing high‐quality measurements even when air temperatures approached 40 °C. Results reveal that canopy SIF saturated or even slightly decreased at high light, similar to leaf‐level photosynthesis. Clear diurnal hysteresis was observed: For the same light, morning SIF was higher than afternoon. Dynamic energy dissipation processes and stress‐induced movements of chloroplasts and leaves may explain the observed pattern. The technology and measurement protocol introduced here advances the coordinated observation of SIF and EC fluxes and represents a step change in observational ecosystem and carbon cycle science research.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

A physical sciences network characterization of non-tumorigenic and metastatic cells

To investigate the transition from non-cancerous to metastatic from a physical sciences perspective, the Physical Sciences–Oncology Centers (PS-OC) Network performed molecular and biophysical comparative studies of the non-tumorigenic MCF-10A and metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast epithelial cell lines, commonly used as models of cancer metastasis. Experiments were performed in 20 laboratories from 12 PS-OCs. Each laboratory was supplied with identical aliquots and common reagents and culture protocols. Analyses of these measurements revealed dramatic differences in their mechanics, migration, adhesion, oxygen response, and proteomic profiles. Model-based multi-omics approaches identified key differences between these cells’ regulatory networks involved in morphology and survival. These results provide a multifaceted description of cellular parameters of two widely used cell lines and demonstrate the value of the PS-OC Network approach for integration of diverse experimental observations to elucidate the phenotypes associated with cancer metastasis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Equity and modeling in sustainability science: Examples and opportunities throughout the process

Equity is core to sustainability, but current interventions to enhance sustainability often fall short in adequately addressing this linkage. Models are important tools for informing action, and their development and use present opportunities to center equity in process and outcomes. This Perspective highlights progress in integrating equity into systems modeling in sustainability science, as well as key challenges, tensions, and future directions. We present a conceptual framework for equity in systems modeling, focused on its distributional, procedural, and recognitional dimensions. We discuss examples of how modelers engage with these different dimensions throughout the modeling process and from across a range of modeling approaches and topics, including water resources, energy systems, air quality, and conservation. Synthesizing across these examples, we identify significant advances in enhancing procedural and recognitional equity by reframing models as tools to explore pluralism in worldviews and knowledge systems; enabling models to better represent distributional inequity through new computational techniques and data sources; investigating the dynamics that can drive inequities by linking different modeling approaches; and developing more nuanced metrics for assessing equity outcomes. We also identify important future directions, such as an increased focus on using models to identify pathways to transform underlying conditions that lead to inequities and move toward desired futures. By looking at examples across the diverse fields within sustainability science, we argue that there are valuable opportunities for mutual learning on how to use models more effectively as tools to support sustainable and equitable futures.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Integrated Liquid Metal Flowing First Wall and Open-Surface Divertor for Fusion Nuclear Science Facility: Concept, Design, and Analysis

The Fusion Energy System Studies (FESS) Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) project team in the United States is examining the use of liquid metals (LMs) for plasma-facing components (PFCs). Our approach has been to utilize an already established fusion design, FESS-FNSF, which is a tokamak-based machine with 518 MW fusion power, a 4.8-m major radius, a 1.2-m minor radius, and a machine average neutron wall loading of ~1 MW/m 2 . For this design, we propose a PFC concept that integrates a flowing LM first wall (FW) and an open-surface divertor. The flowing LM first removes the surface heat flux from the FW and then proceeds to the lower section of the vacuum chamber to form a large area LM surface for absorbing high peak surface heat flux in the divertor region. In pursuing the application of large open LM surfaces in the FNSF, two new computer codes have been developed and then applied to the analysis of free-surface magnetohydrodynamic flows and heat transfer, including fast thin flowing liquid layers over the solid FW (liquid wall), a tublike divertor, and a fast flow divertor. The analysis is aimed at optimization of the liquid wall design by matching certain proposed design criteria and also at evaluation of the maximum heat fluxes, using liquid lithium (Li) as a working fluid. It was demonstrated that the flowing Li FW (at ~2 cm and ~10 m/s) can tolerate a surface heat flux of ~1 MW/m 2 , while the open-surface Li divertor can remove a maximum high peak heat flux of 10 MW/m 2 . Furthermore, the paper also focuses on the underlying science. One such example is the evaluation and characterization of heat transfer mechanisms and heat transfer intensification in the tublike Li divertor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

32 examples of LLM applications in materials science and chemistry: towards automation, assistants, agents, and accelerated scientific discovery

Abstract Large language models (LLMs) are reshaping many aspects of materials science and chemistry research, enabling advances in molecular property prediction, materials design, scientific automation, knowledge extraction, and more. Recent developments demonstrate that the latest class of models are able to integrate structured and unstructured data, assist in hypothesis generation, and streamline research workflows. To explore the frontier of LLM capabilities across the research lifecycle, we review applications of LLMs through 32 total projects developed during the second annual LLM hackathon for applications in materials science and chemistry, a global hybrid event. These projects spanned seven key research areas: (1) molecular and material property prediction, (2) molecular and material design, (3) automation and novel interfaces, (4) scientific communication and education, (5) research data management and automation, (6) hypothesis generation and evaluation, and (7) knowledge extraction and reasoning from the scientific literature. Collectively, these applications illustrate how LLMs serve as versatile predictive models, platforms for rapid prototyping of domain-specific tools, and much more. In particular, improvements in both open source and proprietary LLM performance through the addition of reasoning, additional training data, and new techniques have expanded effectiveness, particularly in low-data environments and interdisciplinary research. As LLMs continue to improve, their integration into scientific workflows presents both new opportunities and new challenges, requiring ongoing exploration, continued refinement, and further research to address reliability, interpretability, and reproducibility.

Computer Science↗
DOE OSTI2022

Climate change challenges, plant science solutions

Abstract Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st century, and this decade is a critical time for action to mitigate the worst effects on human populations and ecosystems. Plant science can play an important role in developing crops with enhanced resilience to harsh conditions (e.g. heat, drought, salt stress, flooding, disease outbreaks) and engineering efficient carbon-capturing and carbon-sequestering plants. Here, we present examples of research being conducted in these areas and discuss challenges and open questions as a call to action for the plant science community.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗