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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Grid Utility Asset Vulnerability Assessment (GUAVA) Software Tool

Increasing demand and changes in generation portfolios is pushing power grid to operate towards the limit. However, due to lack of analytical tools for understanding various scales of impact on grid, it is becoming more vulnerable to wide scale power outages and blackouts. A vulnerable grid operating at its limit can be easily disrupted by asset failures caused by devastating hurricanes which has been known to damage transmission and distribution lines along its track. In this direction, researchers have focused on determining these assets by conducting Monte Carlo simulations of hurricanes with uncertainties and collected a large set of simulation data. To determine the infrastructure updates necessary for mitigating wide scale impact of hurricanes on the grid, we propose a software tool named “Grid Utility Asset Vulnerability Analysis” (GUAVA) framework. GUAVA presents a novel data-driven probabilistic analytical approach to (1) post-process hurricane failure scenarios, (2) identify/rank assets that are most vulnerable and critical to failing and are associated with highest impact/risk, and (3) to inform system upgrade decisions & prioritization. Based on the observed results and employed data-driven methodology, it is expected GUAVA can be adapted to provide power system planners with a recommendation engine for making informed decisions to improve resilience of grid.

Mahapatra, Kaveri↗
DOE OSTI2023

Transactive Energy System Deployment Over Insecure Communication Links

Here, in this paper, the privacy and security issues associated with the transactive energy system (TES) deployment over insecure communication links are addressed. In particular, it is ensured that 1) individual agents’ bidding information is kept private throughout hierarchical market-based interactions; and 2) any extraneous data injection attack can be quickly and easily detected. An implementation framework is proposed to enable the cryptography-based enhancement of privacy and security for the deployment of any general hierarchical systems including TESs. Under the proposed framework, a unified cryptography-based approach is developed to achieve both privacy and security simultaneously. Specifically, privacy preservation is realized by an enhanced Paillier encryption scheme, where a block design is proposed to significantly improve computational efficiency. Attack detection is further achieved by an enhanced Paillier digital signature scheme, where a stamp-concatenation mechanism is proposed to enable detection of data replace and reorder attacks. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed cyber-resilient design for transactive energy systems. Note to Practitioners—This paper is motivated by addressing the issues of cyber resiliency for practically deploying transactive energy system (TES) but it is also applicable to the problem of enhancing the privacy and security for any general hierarchical control systems. TES is an emerging control approach that engages energy suppliers and customers through market operations and uses the price to optimally allocate energy resources. While it has been shown to be promising for power system applications, the underlying market-based interactions raise significant concerns of privacy (data leakage) and security (data tampering). However, existing TES works only focus on the coordination mechanism instead of privacy and security issues. This paper proposes a new cryptography-based TES design for practical deployment. Specifically, to protect privacy, individual supply and demand amounts to be exchanged are all encrypted in a particular way such that the original amounts cannot be inferred from the encrypted amounts, while the desired computation for setting the market clearing price can be carried out over the encrypted amounts, thus generating an encrypted result which, when decrypted, matches that of the same computation over the original amounts. To achieve security, for each exchanged data, its sender generates a particular digital signature which is exchanged together with the data. This enables the receiver to automatically detect the integrity by checking whether a mathematical relationship holds for the pair of data and signature. In our future research, we will investigate more challenging scenarios where some suppliers and customers themselves could be corrupted and purposely submit distorted amounts.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Systems-To-Atoms (S2A): enabling hydrogen for climate security

The project addresses a critical gap in hydrogen infrastructure by integrating system-level energy models with atomic-scale material simulations in a unified Systems-to-Atoms (S2A) framework. The motivation stems from the need to develop efficient, cost-effective, and durable hydrogen transport and utilization technologies to support decarbonization of hard-to-electrify sectors such as heavy-duty transportation. Current system models lack awareness of material performance mechanisms, while material-scale models do not account for system-level usage and variability. To bridge this divide, the team developed a co-simulation capability linking techno-economic analyses, reactor/process-flow modeling, and molecular-scale catalysis simulations. Applied to hydrogen delivery in California, the framework enabled comparative evaluations of compressed, cryogenic, and liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) pathways, highlighting how catalyst operation and unit process efficiency influence overall performance. The results demonstrate that no single material or transport mode is universally optimal; instead, heterogeneous solutions tuned to specific operational contexts deliver better performance. The project delivers a new capability for cross-scale material co-design, advancing hydrogen infrastructure readiness and informing DOE and LLNL missions in climate and energy resilience.

organic↗
DOE OSTI2022

Assessment Framework of Marine Hydrokinetic Technologies for Microgrid Applications

Communities in Alaska that are not connected to a regional grid (referred to hereafter as grid-islanded Alaskan communities) rely heavily on stand-alone generators with imported diesel fuel as the primary source of energy. Several of these grid-islanded Alaskan communities have the potential to harness significant wave, tidal, and hydrokinetic power; many also have hydropower or wind potential that could complement these resources. The implementation of marine and hydrokinetic energy focused microgrids in these communities would diversify their energy profiles, with the potential in many communities to keep costs flat while reducing dependance on diesel. This would enhance resilience and reduce environmental impacts. This seedling proposal will systematically identify grid-islanded coastal communities in Alaska with wave, tidal, and hydrokinetic energy potential to add fuel diversity to generation, applying microgrid integration methods and strategies that will meet the community’s needs. This proposal is in partnership with the Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP) and XENDEE Corporation who bring extensive expertise in Alaskan communities and microgrid technoeconomic assessment, respectively. This project will deliver: (1) a database of grid-islanded communities that are candidates for MHK based microgrids, (2) an assessment of possible microgrid integration methods and strategies related to tidal, wave, and hydrokinetic technologies, and (3) a MHK development plan for the XENDEE Microgrid design platform and planning tool that can serve these grid-islanded communities and project developers. In the final stage, the planning tool will allow for the comprehensive comparison between diesel based and MHK based renewable generation.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Multi‐objective optimization for cost‐efficient and resilient machining under tool wear

Abstract With the onset and rapid growth of smart manufacturing, there is a constant increase in the demand for automation technologies to enhance productivity while providing uninterrupted, cost‐efficient, and resilient machining. Traditional manufacturing systems, however, suffer from several losses due to machine faults and degradation. Specifically, tool wear directly impacts the precision and quality of the milled parts, which causes an increase in the scrap production. Hence, more attempts are required to meet the desired quota of successful parts, which in turn results in wasted material, longer delays, further tool degradation, and higher energy, machining, and labor costs. As such, this paper develops a multi‐objective optimization framework to generate the optimal control set points (e.g., feed rate and width of cut) that minimize the total cost of machining operations resulting from multiple contradictory cost functions (e.g., material, energy, tardiness, machining, labor, and tool) in the presence of tool wear. Notably, we estimate the total expected cost in dollars, which provides automatic and intuitive weighting in this multi‐objective formulation. The optimization framework is tested on a high‐fidelity face milling model that has been validated on real data from industry. Results show significant dollar savings of up to as compared to the default control scheme.

Wilson, James P.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Puerto Rico Energy Efficiency Scenario Analysis Tool (PREESAT)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed the Puerto Rico Energy Efficiency Scenario Analysis Tool (PREESAT) to allow stakeholders to estimate the long-term aggregate electricity consumption impacts of various energy efficiency measures in Puerto Rico’s residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. PREESAT is an energy accounting framework that addresses electricity use. This report provides an overview of the tool and serves as a user manual with instructions for users.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Coupling of the Electricity and Transportation Sectors - Part II: Risk Assessment

This comprehensive report explores the intricate interplay through “sector coupling” between the Transportation Sector, Energy Sector, and the critical infrastructure challenges faced by the United States. Aligned with the ambitious federal goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the report analyzes the present vulnerabilities in the fossil fuel supply chain, highlighting instances where the dependence on this industry has been susceptible to local and global disruptions. With a focus on risk assessment, this report establishes a framework to compare the fossil fuel-based transportation sector with the burgeoning electrified sector, considering the evolving technologies in electric vehicles (EVs) and the nascent charging infrastructure. This study delves into the historical reliability of fossil fuel-based transportation and identifies opportunities for strengthening sector coupling between transportation and the electric sector. Assessments of the gasoline-diesel supply chain provide insights into both opportunities and threats, offering a roadmap for creating a more reliable and resilient electrified transportation system. We modeled sectoral coupling scenarios for the current internal combustion engine (ICE)-based and future EV-dominant landscapes, leveraging qualitative sector attributes to identify relative strengths and weaknesses in Part 1 of the report. In this report (Part 2) we continue to understand the role of the electricity sector on transportation and develop a semi-quantitative methodology is employed to evaluate and compare the risks associated with the fossil fueled and electric transportation sector during emergency scenarios, drawing from real-world events like hurricanes and geopolitical disruptions. Different operational scenarios for the fossil fuel and electrified sectors have been developed to understand the risks associated with them. This report concludes with recommendations for the architectural designs of electric charging infrastructure, underlining the need for informed decisions in the transition towards a sustainable and resilient transportation future.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Recyclable Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Vitrimer Composite

Vitrimer is an innovative class of polymeric materials which demonstrates traditional thermoset-like mechanical and chemical resilience while still being able to flow on demand like a traditional thermoplastic through covalently adaptive dynamic linkages. Herein, high-performance cellulose fiber reinforced vitrimer composites are developed using an epoxy-based vitrimer and natural cellulose paper. The reinforced vitrimer composite was fabricated by impregnating the porous structure of cellulose paper with two curable monomers, followed by in-situ polymerization of the monomers inside the fibrous scaffold. The introduction of hydroxyl group present on the cellulosic framework assisted in a faster topological rearrangement of the crosslinked matrix through transesterification exchange reaction, thus imparting various sought-after properties like shape recovery and recyclability via simple thermal reprocessing. Moreover, the reinforced vitrimer composite exhibits superior tensile properties as high as 90 MPa with 15-25 volume% vitrimer loading due to the interfacial adhesion via ester exchange reaction between the epoxy matrix and functionalities on the cellulosic fibers. Noteworthily, the key ingredients of the resulting composite (i.e., epoxy-based vitrimer and cellulose fibers) can be comfortably recycled without using aggressive chemical treatment, enabling composite to be easily recycled or disposed of at the end of service life and assist in reducing the subsequent manufacturing cost. This study would shed light on the development of a recyclable polymer composite with exceptional mechanical properties while simultaneously demonstrating self-healing and shape memory capabilities.

Rohewal, Sargun Singh↗
DOE OSTI2020

National-Tribal Critical Infrastructure Protection: Collaboration for Extraordinary National Security Benefit

This paper examines national and tribal collaborative opportunities to get ahead of the critical infrastructure insecurity problem. Recommendations are viewed through the lens of the Sandia Labs Tribal Cyber-Energy initiative and national security projects. Recommendations include 1) Collaboratively address national priority and shared challenges to gain faster and better solutions to national priority problems on a smaller yet comprehensive American Indian and Alaskan Native sovereign single-point of authority scale 2) Utilize newer standards-based technologies to provide scalable, capable, and manageable solutions for greatly expanded and connected national critical infrastructures 3) Employ Cyber-Physical-Resilient design preliminary analysis to define concept- to-disposition design requirements for preemptive critical infrastructure risk mitigation and baked-in security; 4) Develop data-centric protection to provide increased information asset protection as data shifts from data-owner operated on-premises infrastructure to virtual service provider data-steward owned and operated off-premises infrastructure; and 5) Balance shared solutions with the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity and Risk Management frameworks, and the System Security Engineering Guidelines. As yet unallocated federal funding would support research, development, the timely application of National-Tribal critical infrastructure protection, and critical infrastructure Cyber disruption response and recovery with extraordinary mutual benefits for the foreseeable future. The Critical Infrastructure Insecurity Problem: Rapid modernization and expansive connectivity are due to advances in Information and Communications Technologies that have sweeping cyber impact across all critical infrastructure sectors. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition and Industrial Control Systems are particularly impacted as systems long separated from the Internet are now being connected and computerized. Virtualization and mobility create a Data Everywhere-User Anywhere paradigm that has evaporated the enterprise network perimeter. There are multi-front technological challenges at play, where long depended on technologies simply don't scale to current needs resulting in a digital dichotomy of competing old and new standards. New standards-based technologies scale but are not as well-known or as widely deployed, which leaves decision makers, stakeholders, and the workforce in a quandary, caught mid-stream between the technological past and the virtual future. Rapid and expansive cyber threat accompanies disruptive change in connectivity and computational dependencies. A lack of action will exacerbate the problem if new technologies roll out without baked-in security design. The Risk: If National-Tribal CIP collaboration to design in security is not done, then an ongoing state of insufficient bolt-on security and elevated threat exposure will remain for years to come.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Challenges resulting from urban density and climate change for the EU energy transition

Dense urban morphologies further amplify extreme climate events due to the urban heat island phenomenon, rendering cities more vulnerable to extreme climate events. Here we develop a modelling framework using multi-scale climate and energy system models to assess the compound impact of future climate variations and urban densification on renewable energy integration for 18 European cities. We observe a marked change in wind speed and temperature due to the aforementioned compound impact, resulting in a notable increase in both peak and annual energy demand. Therefore, an additional cost of 20–60% will be needed during the energy transition (without technology innovation in building) to guarantee climate resilience. Failure to consider extreme climate events will lower power supply reliability by up to 30%. Here, energy infrastructure in dense urban areas of southern Europe is more vulnerable to the compound impact, necessitating flexibility improvements at the design phase when improving renewable penetration levels.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hydrogen applications in airport operations: a review using the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as an illustrative airport system

Airports combine aircraft propulsion, ground operations, stationary power systems, and fuel logistics in ways that make emissions reduction technically and operationally complex. Existing studies often assess hydrogen applications in these areas separately, limiting understanding of the shared infrastructure, safety, and operational constraints that shape airport deployment. This review evaluates hydrogen across three airport-relevant operational domains: aviation propulsion, ground support equipment and vehicles, and stationary power systems. Within aviation propulsion, the review examines sustainable aviation fuel production and hydrogen-powered aircraft as two distinct hydrogen-relevant pathways. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is used as an illustrative airport system to relate the literature to a real operating context. Drawing on peer-reviewed studies, technical reports, demonstration projects, and public operational information, the review also includes screening-level calculations of hydrogen demand and potential CO 2 e reductions for selected applications. The findings show that hydrogen's role is highly application-specific. Near-term opportunities are strongest where hydrogen serves as a low-carbon process input, supports selected high-utilization ground equipment, or contributes to resilient stationary power-system configurations. Hydrogen-powered aircraft remain a longer-term option because storage, fueling infrastructure, certification, cost, and NO x management continue to constrain deployment. Across all domains, infrastructure readiness, fuel logistics, safety requirements, and leakage management emerge as recurring determinants of viability. Future research should focus on cross-domain infrastructure planning, comparative assessment of hydrogen against alternative pathways, improved treatment of leakage and non-CO 2 effects, and clearer safety and regulatory frameworks for airport deployment.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigating Resilience of Loops in HPC Programs: A Semantic Approach with LLMs

Soft errors have become one of the major concerns for the error resilience of the HPC applications as those errors may cause HPC applications to generate serious outcomes such as silent data corruptions (SDCs). Protecting the applications from soft errors is an essential while challenging task. Among different approaches, obtaining a profound understanding of the resilience proneness of an application is very important to devise efficient error detection and recovery strategies. Given the scale of the HPC applications both in the code size and execution time, there are often cases that the error propagation analysis on such applications would produce a massive volume of unstructured data, which requires a significant amount of efforts, to process and to obtain indicating actions towards error protection. In this paper, we present a control-flow based visual analysis framework to help the users conduct error propagation analysis and identify the critical sections of a program that may have a higher likelihood of leading to erroneous outcomes when affected by the control flow related errors. We also design and implement the scalable visualization framework - ResilienceVis that efficiently and effectively visualizes the affected program states under errors and the propagation traces for an application in a user-friendly manner, and eventually, we combine the analysis and visualization to exhibit the error-proneness of the different sections of applications.

Jiang, Hailong↗
DOE OSTI2020

Power Sector Transformation Pathways: Exploring Objectives, Factors, and Technology Innovations to Inform Power Sector Pathway Decisions

The power and heating sectors are responsible for around 30% of global CO2 emissions and this share is likely to grow as countries move towards electrification of the transportation and building sectors. Therefore, enabling forward-thinking, long term strategies in the power sector is a crucial area for international collaboration and support. The rapid transition of power systems toward modern, low-carbon pathways and technologies will be necessary to meet key climate goals while also enabling other critical objectives such as economic development, energy access, and energy system resiliency, among others. Many developed and developing countries are well-poised to champion power sector transformation (PST), however, further support is needed to identify pathways and implement critical near and long-term actions. To address this need, the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) together with an expert team including Agora Energiewende, Energy Innovation, European Climate Foundation, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research , Prayas Energy Group and LEDS Latin America and Caribbean Platform, developed a framework identifying four key pathways that can be integrated and combined to support low-carbon PST. These four pathways are: (1) Distributed Energy Resource Revolution, (2) Bulk Power Transformation, (3) Transmission and Distribution Interactivity, and (4) Distributed Transactional Future. To support exploration of pathways, this study examines PST objectives and factors that may lead countries or jurisdictions to place a greater relative emphasis on certain pathways as well as a framework and complementary tool for considering the emphasis in a hands on manner. The report provides case studies on application of the approach to bring life to the topic. The case studies include Haiti, Kenya, Mexico, Southeast Asia, and the European Union, among others. The report also presents actions to-be-taken in the near-, medium- and long-term to support the realization of pathways and long-term transformation of the power sector. The report, together with a complementary spreadsheet tool developed under the effort, can be used to enable stakeholder engagement and visioning for the power sector over the long-term, taking into account key factors and potential innovations. It can also be used to understand and inform relevant analysis tools and models based on which pathways are emphasized, and to identify key actions in the near- and medium-term to avoid lock-in of carbon-intensive technologies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Three-Dimensional Grid Visualization for Planning Activities: A Dubai Case Study

National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), in collaboration with the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) and Infra-X, has undertaken the Energy Visualization Analysis Project. The aim of this project is to enhance analytical and 3D visualization capabilities for distribution network planning and renewable energy integration. As modern grid continues to evolve with large-scale solar PV deployment and emerging distributed energy resources (DERs), the ability to effectively analyze, visualize, and communicate complex grid behaviors has become increasingly critical. The project focuses on developing empirical use cases based on real distribution feeder data and engineering workflows, ensuring the outcomes are directly aligned with operational environment. Through time-series power flow simulations and nodal hosting capacity analysis, the study quantifies the impacts of high PV penetration on voltage and thermal limits within representative 11 kV feeders. These analyses identify specific nodes and conditions where DER integration challenges arise. Furthermore, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) optimization algorithm was applied to determine the optimal size and placement of storage systems that can mitigate network constraints and enhance hosting capacity. The comparative results between base-case and BESS-augmented scenarios clearly demonstrate improvements in network stability and load management efficiency. In parallel, the NLR team developed an immersive 3D visualization framework, enabling interactive exploration of grid simulations using commodity head-mounted display (HMD) systems. This framework transforms conventional 2D simulation data into spatially intuitive visual environments - allowing engineers to analyze feeder conditions, PV hosting potential, and BESS effects in real time. This report represents the first foundational phase in establishing a visualization-driven analytical ecosystem. It provides a methodological foundation for data integration, visualization architecture, and simulation-based decision support, paving the way for large-scale adoption of immersive visualization across DEWA's Smart Grid Initiative, R&D activities, and future network resilience studies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2023

Factories-in-Space for Servicing, Assembly, & Manufacturing

Space 2.0 is a promising frontier for scientific exploration and the advancement of commerce, security, and technology. To effectively harness this potential, it is imperative to establish a multifunctional, resilient, and sustainable infrastructure that enables the maintenance and production of space-based systems. This capability is a driver for mission success on-orbit and for interplanetary travel to other celestial bodies. Central to this infrastructure is the establishment of orbital manufacturing facilities, referred to as 'factories-in-space' (FiS), which serve as critical nodes in the supply chain for the servicing, assembly, and production of systems essential for space-based operations. This paper presents a framework for understanding the key principles and design considerations underpinning FiS.

Technology↗
DOE OSTI2025

Towards Content Authenticity: Multimodal Fake News Detection and AI-Generated Text Identification

In today’s digital world, the spread of fake news and the rise of AI-generated text have become major threats to content authenticity and public trust. This thesis addresses both challenges through two complementary research directions: detecting fake news using multimodal features, and identifying AI-generated text using semantic and structural reasoning. The first part of the work focuses on fake news detection by introducing a novel model that combines text and image features through a unique rotational attention mechanism. Unlike traditional attention methods, this approach rotates the roles of query, key, and value across modalities to capture deeper interactions. Additionally, the model incorporates external domain information by linking news posts to top-ranked websites from Google search results, which helps assess the credibility of content based on its broader web context. This results in a more reliable and accurate fake news detection system that outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. The second part presents SGG-ATD, a new framework for detecting AI-generated text. It uses masked language modeling to measure sentence coherence, followed by constructing a graph where keywords—both original and predicted—are connected based on semantic and contextual similarity. A Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) is then used to learn structural relationships within the text for final classification. Experimental results demonstrate that SGG-ATD achieves high F1-scores and consistently outperforms strong baselines. This method contributes to robust AI text detection, supporting accountability and resilience against AI-driven misinformation.

Gupta, Nidhi↗
DOE OSTI2021

Using the CYBER-Champ Model to Determine Cyber Competencies and Role Alignment

Cybersecurity roles, tasks, and skills are seen by many organizations as nonessential, abstract, or complicated. Although standards are in place, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 800-181 document titled “Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework)” available since September 2012, companies are still showing security vulnerabilities in their cyber networks (Hatzes, 2020). Barriers towards creating a cyber-ready workforce are not always due to a lack of resources, but often caused by organizational structure. The need for cyber-cognizant job postings, improved communication between Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) employees, increases in staffing and funding for cyber teams, and better communication of standards and training can all contribute to increasing an organization’s cyber resilience. Cybersecurity Competency Health and Maturity Progression model (CYBER-CHAMP) is a model aimed at evaluating an organization’s structure and individual employee’s cyber knowledge and helps develop a plan to reach competency. This model was used to engage with organizations to promote proper cyber protocols and policies. The aim of this paper is to answer if it is possible for an organization to build a cyber-ready workforce by providing education and training options for current employees and prepare the future workforce to be ready on day one of employment. Both open source and firsthand interviews with organizations were used to conduct the research contained in this document. Further research may include additional development to the CYBER-CHAMP model and its delivery platform.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

System Integration Analysis for Modular Solid-State Substations

Structural modularity is critical to solid-state transformer (SST) and solid-state power substation (SSPS) concepts, but operational aspects related to this modularity are not yet fully understood. Previous studies and demonstrations of modular power conversion systems assume identical module compositions, but dependence on module uniformity undercuts the value of the modular framework. In this project, a hierarchical control approach was developed for modular SSTs which achieves system-level objectives while ensuring equitable power sharing between nonuniform building block modules. This enables module replacements and upgrades which leverage circuit and device technology advancements to improve system-level performance. The functionality of the control approach is demonstrated in detailed time-domain simulations. Results of this project provide context and strategic direction for future LDRD projects focusing on technologies supporting the SST crosscut outcome of the resilient energy systems mission campaign.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗