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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Influence of tritium exposure route on vegetation types at the Savannah River Site

Plant, soil, water, and other media from various locations at the Savannah River Site were measured for total tritium (T) content and T speciation to characterize T in these areas, as well as investigate its uptake behavior and the transport of T species in these media. This characterization included the isolation and measurement of T in tritiated water (HTO), and (when possible) exchangeable organic bound T (E-OBT) and non-exchangeable organic bound T (NE-OBT). Two areas of interest were investigated: (1) a holding pond with T-contaminated water and (2) open basins or streams with low to background levels of T. Water in the holding pond is used to irrigate forest plots in the local area as a T remediation approach. This study compares the analytical data for water, soil/sediment, plants, and lichens from these locations. Here, the results indicate that the behavior of T in plants from these areas can be a function of one or more of the following: seasonal precipitation, the plant's primary route of access to the T-contamination (such as water uptake through the root vs. shoot), plant physical location (relative to T-contaminated water sources), plant rooting depth, pond water level, and plant height above the ground. Total T concentrations were lowest in the un-irrigated forest plants, followed by irrigated forest plants, shallow rooting plants near the pond, deep rooting plants further from the pond, and then water-saturated plants. The OBT:HTO and NE-OBT:E-OBT ratios were always greater for plants from irrigated forest plots compared to those from the holding pond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Systemwide Planning with a Branch-and-Price Algorithm for Pavement-Marking Assessment Data Collection via the Mobile Retroreflectivity Unit Routing Model

The visibility of pavement markings is one of the most critical factors for traffic safety, and a periodical assessment plan is crucial for maintaining this function. Traditional assessment methods, such as visual windshield surveys or manual testing using handheld devices, are unsafe, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. In recent years, transportation agencies have begun to adopt the use of mobile retroreflectivity units (MRUs) for condition assessment of pavement markings. MRUs, different from other manual methods, can be utilized to collect large-scale retroreflectivity data in an efficient manner. However, no relevant research has yet proposed a mathematical optimization model for arranging the evaluation schedule and paths of MRUs. This study aims to propose a MRU routing model, and an efficient solution methodology. A branch-and-price algorithm, including column generation and branch-and-bound, was implemented. Computational experiments have been conducted based on actual tasks from the Florida MRU program for validation. In conclusion, results show that the proposed solution methodology with a set partitioning model in this study not only finds the optimal solution for problems with tasks less than 60, but also effectively narrows the solution gap to be within 1.0% for problems with tasks less than 131.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2010

Physical Property of Magnesium Doped Barium Hexaferrite Particles By Citrate Precursor Route In Presence Of Surfactants

M-type Barium Magnesium hexaferrite with the composition BaMg{sub 2}Fe{sub 10}O{sub 19} was successfully prepared with and without surfactant by using a citrate precursor route. The obtained precursors were calcined at various temperatures. The crystalline structure, phase analysis and particle size were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. It is observed that the surfactant addition controls the microstructure of the formed Barium Magnesium hexaferrite particles and the type of surfactant plays a crucial role in deciding the morphology of particles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2010

The Microscopic Magnetic Properties of W-type Hexaferrite Powder Prepared by A Sol-Gel Route

Magnetic particles of W-type barium-calcium hexaferrite (BaCa{sub 2}Fe{sub 16}O{sub 27}) have been synthesized using a Stearic acid gel route. The gel precursors were dried at 100 deg. C for 2 hrs and then calcinated at 650 deg. C, 750 deg. C, 850 deg. C and 950 deg. C for 4 hrs in a furnace and slowly cooled to room temperature in order to obtain barium-calcium hexaferrite particles. The microscopic magnetic properties of prepared samples studying using Moessbauer spectroscopy. Moessbauer spectra of all samples were recorded at room temperature. Mossbauer parameters like Isomer shift, Quadruple splitting etc. were calculated with respect to iron foil. Barium calcium hexaferrite samples heated at 650 deg. C, 750 deg. C, 850 deg. C show relaxation type Moessbauer spectra along with paramagnetic doublet. The intensity of paramagnetic doublet increases with temperature confirm the presence of ferrous ions in the samples, where as sample calcinated at 950 deg. C confirm the presence of ferrimagnetic phase with partial super paramagnetic nature of prepared hexaferrite sample.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Direct Synthesis of Fe-Pt Nanoparticles in Ordered Face Centered (fct)LI{sub o} Phase by Microwave Assisted Route

In the present work, microwave-assisted chemical reduction route has been explored for the direct synthesis of fct LIo-phase of Fe-Pt nanoparticles. Effects of microwave power and irradiation time on the growth process were investigated. Using this facile and high yield technique we could tune particle size from 7 to 17 nm. The as-prepared FePt were found to be sensitive to the microwave irradiation power, while influence of exposure time was insignificant. The hysteresis measurements were performed at room temperature (300 K) to study magnetic properties of as-synthesized Fe-Pt as a function of crystallize size. The coercivity and saturation magnetization was observed to be decrease with diminishing for direct synthesis of metal alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Dielectric Properties Of Pb(In{sub 1/2}Nb{sub 1/2})O{sub 3}-PbTiO{sub 3} Solid Solution Synthesized By Solid State Reaction Route

Phase pure (1-x)Pb(In{sub 1/2}Nb{sub 1/2})O{sub 3}-x PbTiO{sub 3} ceramics near morphotrophic phase boundary (x = 0.35) are prepared by conventional solid state reaction route, by adding 2 mol.% MgO. The dielectric properties of lead indium niobate-lead titanate ceramic are studied as a function of both temperature and frequency. For this composition the dielectric constant for 100 Hz increases from 1944 at room temperature to 1510 at Curie temperature(304 deg. C). The saturation polarization, measured at room temperature, is found to be 23.9 {mu}C/cm{sup 2} for 40 kV/cm.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Studies of Some Cerium Doped Strontium Stannate Synthesized by Solid State Route

Cerium doped ceramic compositions SrSn{sub 1-x}Ce{sub x}O{sub 3} (x = 0.00 ,0.01, 0.02, 0.04) have been synthesized by solid state reaction route and structurally characterized using x-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of single phase compositions having orthorhombic perovskite structure for all compositions. The lattice parameters change with cerium doping. Percentage experimental density decreases from 87.9% in undoped composition to 72.6%, 70.6%, 66.5% respectively with increase in cerium doping indicating that cerium is going to Sr site. The temperature dependent dielectric behavior shows low frequency dielectric dispersion at higher temperature and a weak dielectric anomaly emerging in the temperature range around 250 deg. C. D.C. and A.C. electrical conductivity variation with temperature and frequency show that the d.c. conductivity of the sample in lower temperature region is few orders of magnitude less than the a.c. conductivity and its variation with temperature is also different. The activation energy barriers for a.c. and d.c. conduction is also different.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Large area ceramic thin films on plastics: A versatile route via solution processing

A new general route for large area, submicron thick ceramic thin films (crystalline metal oxide thin films) on plastic substrates is presented, where the crystallization of films is guaranteed by a firing process. Gel films are deposited on silicon substrates with a release layer and fired to be ceramic films, followed by transferring onto plastic substrates using adhesives. The ceramic films thus fabricated on plastics exhibit a certain degree of flexibility, implying the possibility of the technique to be applied to high-throughput roll-to-roll processes. Using this technique, we successfully realized transparent anatase thin films that provide high optical reflectance and transparent indium tin oxide thin films that exhibit electrical conductivity on polycarbonate and acrylic resin substrates, respectively. Crystallographically oriented zinc oxide films and patterned zinc oxide films are also demonstrated to be realized on acrylic resin substrates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Europium location in the AlN: Eu green phosphor prepared by a gas-reduction-nitridation route

Eu doped aluminum nitride phosphors were successfully synthesized by a novel gas-reduction-nitridation route with a reaction temperature of 1400 deg. C and a soaking time of 3 h. The obtained AlN:Eu phosphors were analyzed to elucidate the location of the Eu luminescent center. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectra proved that Eu was located in the crystal lattice of AlN, then EXAFS revealed that Eu occupied a highly distorted Al site coordinated by four nitrogen at about 2.30-2.40 Angst , and the second nearest neighbors of Eu were 12 Al. This could be confirmed by the first-principles calculations based on the obtained local structure around the Eu luminescence center, where the theoretical absorption spectrum was similar to the experimental excitation spectrum. X-ray appearance near edge structure showed that Eu existed in terms of both Eu{sup 3+} and Eu{sup 2+} ions, which could be related to the limited location space of Eu. High temperature treatment could significantly increase the amount of Eu{sup 2+} by the expansion of the crystal lattice, leading to an increased green luminescence of the obtained AlN:Eu phosphors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Different routes from a matter wavepacket to spatiotemporal chaos

We investigate the dynamics of a quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a double-well potential with spatiotemporally modulated interaction. A variety of phenomena is identified in different frequency regimes, including the self-compression, splitting, breathing-like, and near-fidelity of the matter wavepacket, which are associated with different routes for the onset of spatiotemporal chaos. The results also reveal that chaos can retain space-inversion symmetry of the system.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Solid state RF power: The route to 1W per euro cent

In most particle accelerators RF power is a decisive design constraint due to high costs and relative inflexibility of current electron beam based RF sources, i.e. Klystrons, Magnetrons, Tetrodes etc. At VHF/UHF frequencies the transition to solid state devices promises to fundamentally change the situation. Recent progress brings 1 Watt per Euro cent installed cost within reach. We present a Silicon Carbide semiconductor solution utilising the Solid State Direct Drive technology at unprecedented efficiency, power levels and power densities. The proposed solution allows retrofitting of existing RF accelerators and opens the route to novel particle accelerator concepts.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Ion-assisted phase separation in compound films: An alternate route to ordered nanostructures

In recent years, observations of highly ordered, hexagonal arrays of self-organized nanostructures on binary or impurity-laced targets under normal-incidence ion irradiation have excited interest in this phenomenon as a potential route to high-throughput, low-cost manufacture of nanoscale devices or nanostructured coatings. The currently prominent explanation for these structures is a morphological instability driven by ion erosion discovered by Bradley and Shipman; however, recent parameter estimates via molecular dynamics simulations suggest that this erosive instability may not be active for the representative GaSb system in which hexagonal structures were first observed. Motivated by recent experimental and numerical evidence suggesting the likely importance of phase separation during thin-film processing, we here generalize the Bradley-Shipman theory to include the effect of ion-assisted phase separation. The resulting system admits a chemically driven finite-wavelength instability that can explain the order of observed patterns even when the erosive Bradley-Shipman instability is inactive. In a relevant simplifying limit, it also provides an intuitive instability criterion similar to results in thin-film deposition, as well as predictions on pattern wavelengths that agree qualitatively with experimental observations. Finally, we identify a characteristic experimental signature that distinguishes the chemical and morphological instabilities and highlights the need for specific additional experimental data on the GaSb system.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Phase stability, mechanical properties, hardness, and possible reactive routing of chromium triboride from first-principle investigations

The first-principles calculations are employed to provide a fundamental understanding of the structural features and relative stability, mechanical and electronic properties, and possible reactive route for chromium triboride. The predicted new phase of CrB{sub 3} belongs to the rhombohedral phase with R-3m symmetry and it transforms into a hexagonal phase with P-6m2 symmetry at 64 GPa. The mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities of CrB{sub 3} are verified by the calculated elastic constants and formation enthalpies. Also, the full phonon dispersion calculations confirm the dynamic stability of predicted CrB{sub 3}. Considering the role of metallic contributions, the calculated hardness values from our semiempirical method for rhombohedral and hexagonal phases are 23.8 GPa and 22.1 GPa, respectively. In addition, the large shear moduli, Young's moduli, low Poisson's ratios, and small B/G ratios indicate that they are potential hard materials. Relative enthalpy calculations with respect to possible constituents are also investigated to assess the prospects for phase formation and an attempt at high-pressure synthesis is suggested to obtain chromium triboride.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Novel K rattling: A new route to thermoelectric materials?

We have performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the alkali-metal dynamics in the Al-doped (KAl{sub 0.33}W{sub 1.67}O{sub 6} and RbAl{sub 0.33}W{sub 1.67}O{sub 6}) and undoped (KW{sub 2}O{sub 6} and RbW{sub 2}O{sub 6}) defect pyrochlore tungstates. The K atoms exhibit novel rattling dynamics in both the doped and undoped tungstates while the Rb atoms do not. The KAl{sub 0.33}W{sub 1.67}O{sub 6} experimental thermal conductivity curve shows an unusual depression between ∼50 K and ∼250 K, coinciding with two crossovers in the K dynamics: the first at ∼50 K, from oscillatory to diffusive, and the second at ∼250 K, from diffusive back to oscillatory. We found that the low-temperature crossover is a result of the system transitioning below the activation energy of the diffusive dynamics, whereas the high-temperature crossover is driven by a complex reconstruction of the local potential around the K atoms due to the cage dynamics. This leads to a hardening of the K potential with increasing temperature. This unusual reconstruction of the potential may have important implications for the interpretation of finite-temperature dynamics based on zero-temperature potentials in similar materials. The key result is that the novel K rattling, involving local diffusion, leads to a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity. We suggest that this may open a new route in the phonon engineering of cage compounds for thermoelectric materials, where the rattlers are specifically selected to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity by the mechanism of local diffusion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Dielectric studies of BaTi{sub 0.96}Co{sub 0.04}O{sub 3} prepared via solid state route

The synthesis and characterization of cobalt doped barium titanate; BaTi{sub 0.96}Co{sub 0.04}O{sub 3} was investigated with a view to understand its structural and dielectric properties. A finest possible sample of Cobalt doped micro particles of BaTiO{sub 3} (BTO) with possible cubic structure via a solid-state route was prepared. Prepared samples were structural characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dielectric constant measurements of the sample above and below the Curie temperature were carried out at various frequencies. The Transition temperature is found shifted towards lower side from that of pure BaTiO{sub 3}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis of CdS/CdSe core/shell ultra small nanostructures using new microwave assisted ultrasonic sol gel route

Core-shell CdS/CdSe nanostructures have been synthesized by new microwave assisted ultrasonic sol gel route. The solution was obtained by dissolving cadmium acetate and Thiourea in the molar ratio 1:1 in Triethlioamine. The solution was Ultrasonically irradiated by Ultrasonic crystal at 40 Hz for 3 hours at 70°C. The sol was kept for another 24 hours for gel formation. Selenium dioxide was used as a selenium source and added separately. The gel was spin coated on Quartz and Glass slides followed by microwave heat treatment. The samples were characterized by structural morphological and optical characterization. XRD studies confirm the zinc blende phase of the CdS nanoparticles. The mean nanocrystal sizes calculated using Scherrer equation is ∼1.2nm. Optical studies show the strong blue shift in the spectra due to very small size of the nanocrystals. TEM and HRTEM confirm the formation of core shell structures.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Routes to fractality and entropy in Liesegang systems

Liesegang bands are formed when solutions of co-precipitate ions interdiffuse in a 1D gel matrix. In a recent study [R. F. Sultan, Acta. Mech. Sin. 27, 119 (2011)], Liesegang patterns have been characterized as fractal structures. In addition to experimentally obtained patterns, geometric Liesegang patterns were constructed in conformity with the well-known empirical laws. Both mathematical fractal dimensions and box count dimensions for images of PbF{sub 2} and PbI{sub 2} Liesegang patterns have been calculated. Liesegang patterns can also be described by the entropy state function, and categorized as more or less ordered structures. We revisit the relation between entropy and fractal dimension, and apply it to simulated geometrical Liesegang patterns. We have resort to three different routes for the estimation of the entropy of a Liesegang pattern. The HarFA software enabled the calculation of the Hausdorff dimension and the topological entropy, then the information dimension and the Shannon entropy. In a third pathway, analytical calculations were carried out by estimating the probability of occurrence of a fractal element or coverage. The product of Shannon entropy and Boltzmann constant yields the thermodynamic entropy. The values for PbF{sub 2} and PbI{sub 2} Liesegang patterns attained the order of magnitude of the reported Third Law entropies, but yet remained lower, in conformity with the more ordered Liesegang structures.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗