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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Hydriding, Oxidation, and Ductility Evaluation of Cr-Coated Zircaloy-4 Tubing

Accident-tolerant fuel concepts have been developed recently in diverse research programs. Recent research has shown clear advantages of Cr-coated Zr cladding over bare cladding tubes regarding oxidation behavior under the design basis loss-of-coolant accident condition. However, limited data are available about the hydriding behavior of the Cr coating. For that purpose, Cr-coated Zricaloy-4 tubes were tested to investigate the effects of hydriding, oxidation, and postquench ductility behavior on coated Zr cladding. A high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) process was used to produce a high-density coating on the Zircaloy-4 tube surface. Coated and uncoated Zircaloy-4 tube specimens underwent one-sided hydriding in a tube furnace filled with pure hydrogen gas at 425 °C. The tubing specimen ends were sealed with Swagelok plugs before the hydriding runs. For uncoated specimens, H analysis of the hydrided specimens indicated that the H content increased as the test time and initial pressure increased. However, almost no change was observed for the coated specimens that were hydrided under the same test conditions. After one-sided hydriding, the hydrided coated and uncoated specimens were exposed to steam at high temperatures for two-sided oxidation studies to simulate accident conditions. The coated specimens showed a slower oxidation: oxygen pickup was 50% lower than the uncoated specimens tested under the same conditions. Ring compression testing was performed to evaluate the embrittlement behavior of the Cr-coated specimens after hydriding and oxidation. The results indicated that the HiPIMS coating provides excellent protection from hydriding and oxidation at high temperatures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2012

Enhancement of Aviation Fuel Thermal Stability Characterization Through Application of Ellipsometry

ASTM D3241/Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT) procedure, the standard method for testing thermal stability of conventional aviation turbine fuels is inherently limited due to the subjectivity in the color standard for tube deposit rating. Quantitative assessment of the physical characteristics of oxidative fuel deposits provides a more powerful method for comparing the thermal oxidation stability characteristics of fuels, especially in a research setting. We propose employing a Spectroscopic Ellipsometer to determine the film thickness and profile of oxidative fuel deposits on JFTOT heater tubes. Using JP-8 aviation fuel and following a modified ASTM D3241 testing procedure, the capabilities of the Ellipsometer will be demonstrated by measuring oxidative fuel deposit profiles for a range of different deposit characteristics. The testing completed in this report was supported by the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Subsonics Fixed Wing Project

Browne, Samuel Tucker↗
NASA NTRS2010

Experimental Charging Behavior of Orion UltraFlex Array Designs

The present ground based investigations give the first definitive look describing the charging behavior of Orion UltraFlex arrays in both the Low Earth Orbital (LEO) and geosynchronous (GEO) environments. Note the LEO charging environment also applies to the International Space Station (ISS). The GEO charging environment includes the bounding case for all lunar mission environments. The UltraFlex photovoltaic array technology is targeted to become the sole power system for life support and on-orbit power for the manned Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). The purpose of the experimental tests is to gain an understanding of the complex charging behavior to answer some of the basic performance and survivability issues to ascertain if a single UltraFlex array design will be able to cope with the projected worst case LEO and GEO charging environments. Stage 1 LEO plasma testing revealed that all four arrays successfully passed arc threshold bias tests down to -240 V. Stage 2 GEO electron gun charging tests revealed that only the front side area of indium tin oxide coated array designs successfully passed the arc frequency tests

Golofaro, Joel T.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites for Leading Edges

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTC) have performed unreliably due to material flaws and attachment design. These deficiencies are brought to the fore by the low fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of UHTC. If these deficiencies are overcome, we are still faced with poor oxidation resistance as a limitation on UHTC applicability to reusable launch vehicles. We have been addressing the deficiencies of UHTC for the past two years via a small task at GRC that is in the Airframe part of the Next Generation Launch Technology Program. Our focus is on composite constructions and functional grading to address the mechanical issues and on composition modification to address the oxidation issue. The progress on approaches to improving oxidation resistance by alloying and functional grading will be reported. In particular, initial tests of tantalum additions have shown potential for major improvement. Results for additional tests at higher temperatures will be presented. These oxidation improvements are being incorporated in the composites approaches. Two fabrication approaches are being persued to produce carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites: prepregging and rigid perform infiltration. Fabrication procedures, microstructures, and initial mechanical property and oxidation results for composites will be reported.

Levine, Stanley R.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Long Term Degradation of Resin for High Temperature Composites

The durability of polymer matrix composites exposed to harsh environments is a major concern. Surface degradation and damage are observed in polyimide composites used in air at 125 to 300 C. It is believed that diffusion of oxygen into the material and oxidative chemical reactions in the matrix are responsible. Previous work has characterized and modeled diffusion behavior, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) have been carried out in nitrogen, air, and oxygen to provide quantitative information on thermal and oxidative reactions. However, the model developed using these data was not able to capture behavior seen in isothermal tests, especially those of long duration. A test program that focuses on lower temperatures and makes use of isothermal tests was undertaken to achieve a better understanding of the degradation reactions under use conditions. A new low-cost technique was developed to collect chemical degradation data for isothermal tests lasting over 200 hr in the temperature range 125 to 300 C. Results indicate complex behavior not captured by the previous TGA tests, including the presence of weight-adding reactions. Weight gain reactions dominated in the 125 to 225 C temperature range, while weight loss reactions dominated beyond 225 C. The data obtained from isothermal tests was used to develop a new model of the material behavior. This model was able to fully capture the behavior seen in the tests up to 275 C. Correlation of the current model with both isothermal data at 300 C and high rate TGA test data is mediocre. At 300 C and above, the reaction mechanisms appear to change. Attempts (which failed) to measure non-oxidative degradation indicate that oxidative reactions dominate the degradation at low temperatures. Based on this work, long term isothermal testing in an oxidative atmosphere is recommended for studying the degradation behavior of this class of materials.

Patekar, Kaustubh A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The effect of water injection on nitric oxide emissions of a gas turbine combustor burning ASTM Jet-A fuel

Tests were conducted to determine the effect of water injection on oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of a full annular, ram induction gas turbine combustor burning ASTM Jet-A fuel. The combustor was operated at conditions simulating sea-level takeoff and cruise conditions. Water at ambient temperature was injected into the combustor primary zone at water-fuel ratios up to 2. At an inlet-air temperature of 589 K (600 F) water injection decreased the NOx emission index at a constant exponential rate: NOx = NOx (o) e to the -15 W/F power (where W/F is the water-fuel ratio and NOx(o) indicates the value with no injection). The effect of increasing combustor inlet-air temperature was to decrease the effect of the water injection. Other operating variables such as pressure and reference Mach number did not appear to significantly affect the percent reduction in NOx. Smoke emissions were found to decrease with increasing water injection.

Marchionna, N. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Ignition-Spark Detector for Engine Testing

Optical fiber views sparks directly. In fuel or oxidizer tube, optical fiber collects light from ignition spark. Fibers also used to collect light from combustion reactions for spectrographic analysis. Useful in engine testing, detector helps determine reason for engine failure.

Kuhr, G.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Role of phosphorus impurities in decomposition of La 2 NiO 4 –La 0.5 Ce 0.5 O 2-δ oxygen electrode in a solid oxide electrolysis cell

This study explored the decomposition mechanism of a La 2 NiO 4 (LNO) phase in the La 2 NiO 4 –La 0.5 Ce 0.5 O 2-δ (LNO-LDC) oxygen electrode in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) after testing at 800 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy examinations of the LNO-LDC oxygen electrode before and after testing were undertaken. Other than phosphorus contamination in the form of P-rich grains and P-rich deposits along all grain boundaries (GBs), LNO and LDC phases were intact without degradation in the as-fabricated electrode. However, mild to aggressive LNO phase decomposition triggered by the phosphorus poisoned GBs was observed after testing at 800 °C for 900 h. The evolution of the LNO phase decomposition was noted beginning with the exsolution of Ni into the surrounding LNO matrix and GBs, forming La-rich and Ni-rich phases correspondingly, in the LNO. Importantly, this study illustrates a detailed decomposition progress of the LNO phase at the atomic level under an SOEC operation condition, and sheds light on how to ameliorate the fabrication process of SOECs to enhance their performance and durability.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Uranium corrosion characterization by handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

In this study, a commercial-off-the-shelf handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system was modified, calibrated and tested for discrimination between uranium oxide and uranium hydride when assessing uranium corrosion products. Operating parameters, system modifications, and onboard data analysis were developed to accomplish the analytical task. This work represents the first laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of bulk uranium hydride, a pyrophoric material, within an inert glovebox. Finally, the work shown here illustrates a rapid identification technique for uranium corrosion types from pure UO 2 or U 3 O 8 to pure UH 3 .

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2022

Correlation between oxygen evolution reaction activity and surface compositional evolution in epitaxial La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Ni 1– x Fe x O 3– δ thin films

Water electrolysis can use renewable electricity to produce green hydrogen, a portable fuel and sustainable chemical precursor. Improving electrolyzer efficiency hinges on the activity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst. Earth-abundant, ABO 3 -type perovskite oxides offer great compositional, structural, and electronic tunability, with previous studies showing compositional substitution can increase the OER activity drastically. However, the relationship between the tailored bulk composition and that of the surface, where OER occurs, remains unclear. Here, we study the effects of electrochemical cycling on the OER activity of La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Ni 1– x Fe x O 3– δ ( x = 0–0.5) epitaxial films grown by oxide molecular beam epitaxy as a model Sr-containing perovskite oxide. In this work, electrochemical testing and surface-sensitive spectroscopic analyses show Ni segregation, which is affected by electrochemical history, along with surface amorphization, coupled with changes in OER activity. Our findings highlight the importance of surface composition and electrochemical cycling conditions in understanding OER performance, suggesting common motifs of the active surface with high surface area systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development and Optimization of a Multi-Functional SCR-DPF Aftertreatment System for Heavy-Duty NOX and Soot Emission Reduction

The objective of this project is to develop a strategy for the integration of catalytic NOX emission control and particulate matter emission control into a single device for the successful application to heavy-duty on-road diesel engine exhaust aftertreatment. The critical attributes of such a device, for successful application to PACCAR fleet, are as follows: 1. Must have sufficient filtration efficiency and successfully demonstrate soot management strategies (i.e., oxidation) to be economically attractive and regulatory compliant for particulate matter abatement. 2. In particular, the integrated device must retain sufficiently high soot oxidation capacity with NO2 (i.e., passive soot oxidation) across an applicable engine test cycle to be economically attractive. 3. Must exhibit sufficient catalytic NOX reduction activity in an economically-attractive fashion that is regulatory compliant.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Autonomous Flow Electrochemistry for Accelerated Catalyst Discovery

Our objective is to develop an Autonomous Chemical Experimentation (ACE) platform that accelerates discovery of new catalytic transformations and other energy-relevant chemical reactions and processes. We intentionally designed ACE to be highly modular, both with respect to its rapid deployment to different chemistries and experimental workflows as well as incorporation of a wide range of different AI algorithms. In addition to the development of the core software architecture, initial efforts were made to incorporate Large Language Models to provide human-interpretable reasoning of the optimizer’s actions, and to develop a user-friendly graphical interface for experimental researchers. ACE was demonstrated using a flow electrocatalysis platform containing an inline FTIR spectrometer for real-time analysis and quantification of the reaction outcome. Human-in-the-loop experiments were performed in which a human researcher conducted an experiment using electrode potentials suggested by ACE, then fed the spectral data back to ACE for decision making. After confirming the successful function of the optimizer, efforts were next directed to automation of the hardware and performed full autonomy tests using three reactions: catalytic oxidation of formate, catalytic oxidation of cyclohexanol, and oxidation of hydroquinone. These studies confirm that ACE can close the loop between reaction execution, analysis, and optimization. They also reveal that more improved product detection methods will be essential for ACE to make well-informed decisions for reactions with low conversions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗