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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Synthesis and characterization of CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles with high coercivity

Single crystalline CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles with high coercivity were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal method. The shape and size of the nanocrystals (in the range of 20–100 nm) can be controlled by varying synthesis parameters such as the concentration of NaOH and CTAB. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra analysis confirmed that all the as-synthesized nanoparticles have a face centered cubic spinel crystal structure. HRTEM observation of particles shows interlayer spacing 0.48 nm of (111) lattice planes. A coercive force up to 5.0 kOe and saturation magnetization of 73 emu/g was achieved at room temperature for the 40 nm CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

A four-probe thermal transport measurement method for nanostructures

Several experimental techniques reported in recent years have enabled the measurement of thermal transport properties of nanostructures. However, eliminating the contact thermal resistance error from the measurement results has remained a critical challenge. Here, we report a different four-probe measurement method that can separately obtain both the intrinsic thermal conductance and the contact thermal resistance of individual nanostructures. The measurement device consists of four microfabricated, suspended metal lines that act as resistive heaters and thermometers, across which the nanostructure sample is assembled. The method takes advantage of the variation in the heat flow along the suspended nanostructure and across its contacts to the four suspended heater and thermometer lines, and uses sixteen sets of temperature and heat flow measurements to obtain nine of the thermal resistances in the measurement device and the nanostructure sample, including the intrinsic thermal resistance and the two contact thermal resistances to the middle suspended segment of the nanostructure. Two single crystalline Si nanowires with different cross sections are measured in this work to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. This four-probe thermal transport measurement method can lead to future discoveries of unique size-dependent thermal transport phenomena in nanostructures and low-dimensional materials, in addition to providing reliable experimental data for calibrating theoretical models.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

The impact of sodium on the sub-bandgap states in CZTSe and CZTS

We compare the optically active sub-bandgap states in polycrystalline Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} (CZTSe) and Cu{sub 2}ZnSnS{sub 4} (CZTS) thin films as a function of sodium content. In all samples studied, we find that CZTSe has a lower concentration of radiative defect-derived states compared to CZTS and that the states are also shallower in CZTSe compared to CZTS. Further, we find that sodium impacts the relative ratios of two sub-bandgap peaks in the 4 K photoluminescence (PL) spectra of CZTSe (one at ∼0.85 eV and another at ∼0.92 eV). We propose that both of these sub-bandgap peaks stem from intrinsic point defects in CZTSe rather than from electronic states introduced by sodium; this is supported by a measurement on a sodium-free single-crystal of CZTSe. We also show that films with stronger emission through the shallower sub-bandgap states at 4 K display room-temperature PL closer to the bandgap energy. For all sodium quantities studied, one broad PL peak is observed in the 4 K PL spectrum of CZTS which also shifts towards the band edge with increasing sodium. A reduced overall defect density and the fact that the states that are present are shallower together may help account for the lower V{sub OC} deficits in CZTSe and the empirical observations that sodium improves device performance.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Giant magnetocaloric effect and temperature induced magnetization jump in GdCrO{sub 3} single crystal

We report on a systematic study of the single-crystal GdCrO{sub 3}, which shows various novel magnetic features, such as temperature-induced magnetization reversal (TMR), temperature-induced magnetization jump (TMJ), spin reorientation, and giant magnetocaloric effect (MCE). In the field-cooled cooling process with modest magnetic field along the c axis, GdCrO{sub 3} first shows a TMR at T{sub comp}∼120−130 K and then an abrupt TMJ with a sign change of magnetization at T{sub jump}∼52−120 K, and finally a spin reorientation at T{sub SR}∼4−7 K. Interestingly, the remarkable TMJ behavior, which was not reported ever before, persists at higher fields up to 10 kOe even when TMR disappears. In addition, giant MCE with the maximum value of magnetic entropy change reaching ∼31.6 J/kg K for a field change of 44 kOe was also observed in GdCrO{sub 3} single crystal, suggesting it could be a potential material for low-T magnetic refrigeration. A possible mechanism for these peculiar magnetic behaviors is discussed based on the various competing magnetic interactions between the 3d electrons of Cr{sup 3+} ions and 4f electrons of Gd{sup 3+} ions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Manipulation of exciton and photon lasing in a membrane-type ZnO microcavity

We report on the fabrication and characterization of a membrane-type ZnO microcavity (MC). The ZnO membrane was cut from a single crystalline ZnO substrate by using focused ion beam milling, and was then placed onto a SiO{sub 2} substrate by using glass microtweezers. Through changing the pumping regime, manipulation of P-band exciton lasing and whispering-gallery mode (WGM) photon lasing could be easily achieved. P-band exciton lasing was observed only when the pumping laser was focused at the center of the ZnO MC with a small pumping size because of the innate ring-shaped WGM distribution. Furthermore, the lasing threshold of the ZnO MC could be reduced to an order lower by using a larger pumping spot because of the more favorable spatial overlap between the optical gain and WGM.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Enhanced power factor and high-pressure effects in (Bi,Sb){sub 2}(Te,Se){sub 3} thermoelectrics

We investigated the effects of applied high pressure on thermoelectric, electric, structural, and optical properties of single-crystalline thermoelectrics, Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3}, Bi{sub x}Sb{sub 2−x}Te{sub 3} (x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6), and Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 2.73}Se{sub 0.27} with the high thermoelectric performance. We established that moderate pressure of about 2–4 GPa can greatly enhance the thermoelectric power factor of all of them. X-ray diffraction and Raman studies on Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and Bi{sub 0.5}Sb{sub 1.5}Te{sub 3} found anomalies at similar pressures, indicating a link between crystal structure deformation and physical properties. We speculate about possible mechanisms of the power factor enhancement and suppose that pressure/stress tuning can be an effective tool for the optimization of the thermoelectric performance.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Optical and magneto-optical studies of martensitic transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys

Optical and magneto-optical properties of single crystal of Ni{sub 50.1}Mn{sub 28.4}Ga{sub 21.5} magnetic shape memory alloy during its transformation from martensite to austenite phase were systematically studied. Crystal orientation was approximately along (100) planes of parent cubic austenite. X-ray reciprocal mapping confirmed modulated 10 M martensite phase. Temperature depended measurements of saturation magnetization revealed the martensitic transformation at 335 K during heating. Magneto-optical spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry were measured in the sample temperature range from 297 to 373 K and photon energy range from 1.2 to 6.5 eV. Magneto-optical spectra of polar Kerr rotation as well as the spectra of ellipsometric parameter Ψ exhibited significant changes when crossing the transformation temperature. These changes were assigned to different optical properties of Ni-Mn-Ga in martensite and austenite phases due to modification of electronic structure near the Fermi energy during martensitic transformation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Temperature dependent exchange bias training effect in single-crystalline BiFeO{sub 3}/Co bilayers

Single-crystalline BiFeO{sub 3} (BFO)/Co bilayers were prepared by combined pulsed laser deposition and magnetron sputtering on (001) SrTiO{sub 3} substrates. Exchange bias (EB) and accompanying training effect have been studied as a function of temperature (T) between 5 K and 300 K. A non-monotonic exchange field variation with sharp increase below 100 K has been observed. In the meanwhile, strong training effect was recorded when T < 100 K and it weakens monotonically with increasing T up to 300 K. These temperature dependent EB and training effect may be caused by the uncompensated spins in both the interfacial spin-glass (SG) phase at low temperature and the antiferromagnetic BFO layer at higher temperature. The low temperature EB training results can be well fitted by a modified Binek's model considering asymmetric changes of the pinning SG spins at the descending and the ascending branches.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth of MoO{sub 3} nanostructured thin films as a function of O{sub 2}-partial pressure

In this report, we synthesized molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO{sub 3}) nanostructured thin films (NST{sub s}) with nanoflakes (NF{sub s}) on the Ni-coated glass substrates employing plasma assisted sublimation process (PASP) as a function of oxygen partial pressure (PO{sub 2}). The effect of oxygen partial pressure on structural, morphological, and vibrational properties have been investigated systematically. The structural analysis divulged that all films deposited at different PO{sub 2} have pure orthorhombic phase, no impurity phase is detected under the limit of resolution. The morphological studies of samples is carried out by SEM, revealed that features as well as alignment of MoO{sub 3} NST{sub s} can be monitored by PO{sub 2} and the sample having best features is obtained at 7.5×10{sup −2} Torr. In addition, the more insight information is accomplished by TEM/HRTEM on the best featured sample, which confirmed the single crystalline nature of nanoflakes. The vibrational study of all samples are performed by FTIR, and strongly supports the XRD observations. All the results are in consonance with each other.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Synthesis and characterization of electron doped La{sub 0.85}Te{sub 0.15}MnO{sub 3} thin film grown on LaAlO{sub 3} substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique

We report the structural, morphological and magneto-transport properties of electron doped La{sub 0.85}Te{sub 0.15}MnO{sub 3} (LTMO) thin film grown on (001) LaAlO{sub 3} single crystal substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm that the film has good crystalline quality, single phase, and c-axis orientation. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results have revealed that the film consists of grains with the average size in a range of 20–30 nm and root-mean square (rms) roughness of 0.27nm. The resistivity versus temperature measurement exhibits an insulator to metal transition (MIT). We have noticed a huge value of magnetoresistance (∼93%) close to MIT in presence of 8T field. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy confirms the electron doping and suggests that Te ions could be in the Te{sup 4+} state, while the Mn ions stay in the Mn{sup 2+} and Mn{sup 3+} valence state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Bulk growth of <001> organic nonlinear optical (NLO) L-arginine 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol dihydrate (LAPP) single crystals by SR method

A transparent uniaxial L-arginine 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol dehydrate (LAPP) single crystal having dimension of 20 mm diameter and 45 mm length was grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method with a growth rate of 1 mm per day. Using an identical solution the conventional crystal grown to a dimension of 8×5×5 mm{sup 3} was obtained over a period of 30 days. The crystal structure has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction measurement. The crystalline perfection of LAPP crystals grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and SR method were characterized using Vickers microhardness, UV-Vis NIR, chemical etching, dark and photo current measurements. The above study indicates that the crystal quality of the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method grown LAPP is good compared to the conventional method grown crystal.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth and characterization of nonlinear optical single crystal: Nicotinic L-tartaric

Nonlinear optical single crystals were grown from Nicotinic and L-Tartaric acid by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, The crystallinity of the Nicotinic L-Tartaric (NLT) crystals was confirmed from the powder XRD pattern. The transparent range and cut off wavelength of the grown crystal was studied by the UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis.The thermal stability of the crystal was studied by TG-DTA. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of NLT was confirmed by Kurtz Perry technique.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

On the combined experimental and theoretical investigations on 3-nitrophenylamine for nonlinear optical applications

Single crystal of 3-Nitrophenylamine (3-NPA) was grown using methanol as solvent by slow evaporation technique. The cell parameters and crystal structure was elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The laser damage threshold of the title compound was measured using Nd:YAG laser. The second harmonic generation (SHG) nonlinearity was measured using Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The optimized geometry, dipole moment, polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability were obtained by density functional theory (DFT) using 6-31++G (d, p) basis set.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth of Nd{sub 2}TiO{sub 5} single crystal using optical floating zone technique

Single crystals of Nd{sub 2}TiO{sub 5} were grown using Optical Floating zone technique in oxygen atmosphere by spontaneous nucleation. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the grown single crystal is of homogeneous composition. Laue diffraction was recorded in both transmission and backscattering geometries to check the crystal quality. Vibrational properties were analyzed using Raman measurements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Aging effect in magnetotransport property of oxygen adsorbed BaFe{sub 2}As{sub 2}

Presence of oxygen (O{sub 2}) has been found by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) on the surfaces of flux grown BaFe{sub 2}As{sub 2} single crystals which were kept in air ambience for several months. Transport studies show that the O{sub 2} adsorbed crystals are more resistive and do not display any sharp slope change near 140 K which is the well known Spin Density Wave (SDW) transition temperature (T{sub SDW}) accompanying structural transition for as grown BaFe{sub 2}As{sub 2}. An anomalous slope change in resistivity is observed around 18 K at 0 and 5T. Magnetoresistance (MR) is noticed to increase as a function of applied field (H) quite differently than that for as grown crystals below T{sub SDW} which may be attributed to aging effect.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Crystalline perfection, birefringence and laser damage threshold properties of piperidinium p-hydroxybenzoate

Piperidinium p-hydroxybenzoate (PPHB) crystal was grown by slow evaporation method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm that PPHB crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric space group Cc. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was evaluated by using high resolution X-ray diffractometry. UV-Visible transmission and birefringence studies were employed on the grown PPHB crystal. The laser induced damage threshold value was estimated using Nd:YAG laser. Thermal behavior of PPHB crystal has been investigated by TG-DTA analyses. Etching studies have been performed to assess the growth pattern of PPHB crystal.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth of high quality bulk size single crystals of inverted solubility lithium sulphate monohydrate

The paper summarizes the processes of growing large lithium sulfate monohydrate (LSMH) single crystals. We have established a procedure to grow high quality bulk size single crystals of inverted solubility LSMH by a newly developed unidirectional crystallization technique called the Sankeranarayenan - Ramasamy (SR) method. The convective flow of crystal growth processes from solution and the conditions of growing crystals of various aspects were discussed. Good quality LSMH single crystal is grown of the size 20 mmX80 mm without cracks, localized-defects and inclusions. The as-grown crystals are suitable for piezoelectric and nonlinear optical applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth of <001> TGCC crystals by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method and its characterization

Single crystals of tris (glycine) Calcium (II) dichloride (TGCC) were successfully grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method and conventional slow evaporation solution technique which have the sizes of 40 mm in length, 20 mm in diameter and 10×10×3 mm{sup 3} respectively. The grown TGCC crystals have been subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis NIR studies, Vickers micro hardness analysis, laser damage and SHG analysis. The transmittance of the grown crystal was analyzed by recording UV-Vis-NIR analysis. Mechanical strength of the SR method grown crystals was higher than the conventional method grown crystal.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗