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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Traveling-Wave-Based Electrodynamic Switch for Concurrent Dual-Polarity Ion Manipulations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations

In this work, we describe the development of a dual-polarity traveling-wave (TW) structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) device capable of switching both positive and negative ions that are traveling simultaneously along the same path to different regions of the SLIM. Through simulations, the routing efficiency of the SLIM TW switch was compared to a SLIM direct-current-based (DC) switch developed previously for IMS-MS. We also report on the initial experimental evaluation of a dual-polarity SLIM platform, which uses the TW-based ion switch to achieve higher resolution multipass serpentine ultralong path with extended routing (SUPER) IMS separations. Overall, these results show that the dual-polarity TW switch is not only as effective as DC switching in terms of routing efficiency but also is agnostic to the polarity of the ions being routed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Complex Ion Dynamics in Carbonate Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes

Li-ion battery performance is strongly influenced by ionic conductivity, which depends on the mobility of the Li ions in solution, and is related to their solvation structure. In this work, we have performed first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations of a LiPF6 salt solvated in different Li-ion battery organic electrolytes. We employ an analytical method using relative angles from successive time intervals to characterize complex ionic motion in multiple dimensions from our FPMD simulations. We find different characteristics of ionic motion on different time scales. We find that the Li ion exhibits a strong caging effect due to its strong solvation structure, while the counterion, PF6– undergoes more Brownian-like motion. Lastly, our results show that ionic motion can be far from purely diffusive and provide a quantitative characterization of the microscopic motion of ions over different time scales.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Mg-Ion Battery Electrode: An Organic Solid’s Herringbone Structure Squeezed upon Mg-Ion Insertion

We report that crystalline 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), an organic solid, is highly amenable to host divalent metal ions, i.e., Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , in aqueous electrolytes, where the van der Waals structure is intrinsically superior in hosting charge-dense ions. We observe that the divalent nature of Mg 2+ causes unique squeezing deformation of the electrode structure, where it contracts and expands in different crystallographic directions when hosting the inserted Mg-ions. This phenomenon is revealed experimentally by ex situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and is investigated theoretically by first-principles calculations. Interestingly, hosting one Mg 2+ ion requires the coordination from three PTCDA molecules in adjacent columns of stacked molecules, which rotates the columns, thus reducing the (011) spacing but increasing the (021) spacing. Here, we demonstrate that a PTCDA Mg-ion electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 125 mA h g –1 , which may include a minor contribution of hydronium storage, a good rate capability by retaining 75 mA h g –1 at 500 mA g –1 (or 3.7 C), and a stable cycle life. We also report Ca 2+ storage in PTCDA, where a reversible capacity of over 80 mA h g –1 is delivered.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Indistinguishable telecom band photons from a single Er ion in the solid state

Atomic defects in the solid state are a key component of quantum repeater networks for long-distance quantum communication1. Recently, there has been significant interest in rare earth ions, in particular Er 3+ for its telecom band optical transition that allows long-distance transmission in optical fibres. However, the development of repeater nodes based on rare earth ions has been hampered by optical spectral diffusion, precluding indistinguishable single-photon generation. Here, we implant Er 3+ into CaWO 4 , a material that combines a non-polar site symmetry, low decoherence from nuclear spins and is free of background rare earth ions, to realize significantly reduced optical spectral diffusion. For shallow implanted ions coupled to nanophotonic cavities with large Purcell factor, we observe single-scan optical linewidths of 150 kHz and long-term spectral diffusion of 63 kHz, both close to the Purcell-enhanced radiative linewidth of 21 kHz. This enables the observation of Hong–Ou–Mandel interference between successively emitted photons with a visibility of V = 80(4)%, measured after a 36 km delay line. We also observe spin relaxation times T 1,s = 3.7 s and T 2,s > 200 μs, with the latter limited by paramagnetic impurities in the crystal instead of nuclear spins. Furthermore, this represents a notable step towards the construction of telecom band quantum repeater networks with single Er 3+ ions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Metal sulfide ion exchangers: superior sorbents for the capture of toxic and nuclear waste-related metal ions

Metal sulfide ion-exchangers (MSIEs) represent a new addition to the field of ion exchange materials. This is a growing class of materials that display exceptional selectivity and rapid sorption kinetics for soft or relatively soft metal ions as a result of their soft basic frameworks. Without requiring functionalization, they outperform the most efficient sulfur-functionalized materials. This is the first review focusing on this class of materials; it covers the most important MSIEs, focusing on their synthesis, structural features and ion-exchange chemistry. Furthermore, recent developments in the engineered and composite forms of MSIEs are described. Future research opportunities are also discussed in the hope of inspiring additional scientists to engage in this new area of research on sulfidic ion-exchange materials.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2023

Li-ion and Na-ion intercalation in layered MnO 2 cathodes enabled by using bismuth as a cation pillar

Low-cost batteries based on Earth-abundant materials are needed for large-scale electrical storage for the grid. Cathodes based almost entirely on Mn oxides would reduce overall battery cost but cycling of Mn oxides is often not stable. In Li-ion cells, most polymorphs of MnO 2 undergo irreversible transformation to spinel LiMn 2 O 4 during cycling, causing capacity loss. Doping MnO 2 with Bi is known to stabilize the structure, but previous reports have relied on low-crystallinity material making it impossible to pinpoint the Bi location in the structure or its mechanism. In this work, we report a series of hydrated Bi-doped layered MnO 2 compounds and characterize their structures as a function of Bi amount. Bi is shown to reside in the material interlayer, provoking higher long-range structural order even at a low doping level of 1.3%. Doped material improves the specific capacity and stability of cycling in both Li-ion and Na-ion cells. A high level of Bi doping, 4.3%, causes loss of the interlayer crystal water in non-aqueous electrolyte, and this reduces the interlayer distance. Crystal water is shown to be beneficial in a Na-ion system, while its loss improves Li-ion cycling. This provides fundamental insight into how pillaring by a heavy, multivalent cation stabilizes layered oxides.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Developing low-cost rechargeable batteries: beyond traditional layered oxide cathodes for Li-ion and beyond Li-ion batteries

Here, the rising demand for energy storage systems, driven by the rapid adoption of electric vehicles and the global shift toward renewable energy, necessitates continuous efforts to lower the cost of current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and enhance the sustainability of existing battery chemistries. This feature article examines the key challenges associated with Ni- and Co-containing LIB cathodes and compares advancements in cathode development for non-traditional Li-ion and beyond Li-ion chemistries. First, a review of earth-abundant element containing disordered rock-salt cathodes is presented, with a discussion of key strategies such as compositional tuning and carbon coating to improve their electrochemical performance. Hurdles in developing oxide-based cathodes for Na- and K-ion batteries are also highlighted, followed by an in-depth overview of polyanion and Prussian blue cathodes for Na- and K-ion systems. Overall, this article provides a systematic perspective on the design of earth-abundant, low-cost, and sustainable cathode materials for both LIB and beyond LIB technologies.

Lohani, Harshita [Lawrence Berkeley National Labor↗
DOE OSTI2014

Modified Korteweg–de Vries equation in a negative ion rich hot adiabatic dusty plasma with non-thermal ion and trapped electron

In this report, the investigation of the properties of dust acoustic (DA) solitary wave propagation in an adiabatic dusty plasma including the effect of the non-thermal ions and trapped electrons is presented. The reductive perturbation method has been employed to derive the modified Korteweg–de Vries (mK-dV) equation for dust acoustic solitary waves in a homogeneous, unmagnetized, and collisionless plasma whose constituents are electrons, singly charged positive ions, singly charged negative ions, and massive charged dust particles. The stationary analytical solution of the mK-dV equation is numerically analyzed and where the effect of various dusty plasma constituents DA solitary wave propagation is taken into account. It is observed that both the ions in dusty plasma play as a key role for the formation of both rarefactive as well as the compressive DA solitary waves and also the ion concentration controls the transformation of negative to positive potentials of the waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Photoionisation of ions with synchrotron radiation: from ions in space to atoms in cages

Here, we introduce the photon-ion merged-beams technique for the photoionisation of mass/charge selected ionised atoms, molecules and clusters by x-rays from synchrotron radiation sources. Examples for photoionisation of atomic ions are discussed by going from outer shell ionisation of simple few electron systems to inner shell ionisation of complex many electron ions. Fundamental ionisation mechanisms are elucidated and the importance of the results for applications in astrophysics and plasma physics is pointed out. Finally, the unique capabilities of the photon-ion merged-beams technique for the study of photoabsorption by nanoparticles are demonstrated by the example of endohedral fullerene ions.

Schippers, Stefan↗
DOE OSTI2022

Novel internal measurements of ion cyclotron frequency range fast-ion driven modes

Abstract Novel internal measurements and analysis of ion cyclotron frequency range fast-ion driven modes in DIII-D are presented. Observations, including internal density fluctuation ( n ~ ) measurements obtained via Doppler backscattering, are presented for modes at low harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency localized in the edge. The measurements indicate that these waves, identified as coherent ion cyclotron emission (ICE), have high wave number, k ⊥ ρ fast ≳ 1, consistent with the cyclotron harmonic wave branch of the magnetoacoustic cyclotron instability, or electrostatic instability mechanisms. Measurements show extended spatial structure (at least ∼1/6 the minor radius). These edge ICE modes undergo amplitude modulation correlated with edge localized modes (ELM) that is qualitatively consistent with expectations for ELM-induced fast-ion transport.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multiscale Chirping Modes Driven by Thermal Ions in a Plasma with Reactor-Relevant Ion Temperature

A thermal ion driven bursting instability with rapid frequency chirping, considered as an Alfv´enic ion temperature gradient mode, has been observed in plasmas having reactor-relevant temperature in the DIII-D tokamak. The modes are excited over a wide spatial range from macroscopic device size to micro-turbulence size and the perturbation energy propagates across multiple spatial scales. The radial mode structure is able to expand from local to global in ~ 0.1 ms and it causes magnetic topology changes in the plasma edge, which can lead to a minor disruption event. Since the mode is typically observed in the high ion temperature ≳ 10 keV and high-! plasma regime, the manifestation of the mode in future reactors should be studied with development of mitigation strategies, if needed. In conclusion, this is the first observation of destabilization of the Alfv´en continuum caused by the compressibility of ions with reactor-relevant ion temperature.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Evidence of high-n hollow-ion emission from Si ions pumped by ultraintense x-rays from relativistic laser plasma

We report on the first observation of high- n hollow ions (ions having no electrons in the K or L shells) produced in Si targets via pumping by ultra-intense x-ray radiation produced in intense laser-plasma interactions reaching the radiation dominant kinetics regime (RDKR). The existence of these new types of hollow ions in high-energy density plasma has been found via observation of highly resolved x-ray emission spectra of silicon plasma. This has been confirmed by plasma kinetics calculations, underscoring the ability of powerful radiation sources to fully strip electrons from the innermost shells of light atoms. Hollow-ions spectral diagnostics provide a unique opportunity to characterize powerful x-ray radiation of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. With the use of this technique we provide evidence for the existence of the RDKR via observation of asymmetry in the observed radiation of hollow ions from the front and rear sides of the target.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1972

Ion heating via turbulent ion acoustic waves.

The ion acoustic turbulence in the turbulent-heating experiment reported is excited by the ion-ion beam instability. Graphs are presented, showing the spatial evolution of the parallel ion beam energy and the spatial evolution of the ion acoustic turbulent wave spectrum. The observed characteristics of test waves in a turbulent beam-plasma imply that wave saturation is a dynamic balance between the emission of waves by the beam and the destruction or damping of wave coherence by the turbulent diffusion of particle orbits.

Taylor, R. J.↗