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Monitoring device detects and indicates directly the amount of contamination deposited on a surface. It uses an optical system in conjunction with a reliable collimated light source and associated electronics. Change in its output signal is proportional to change in the optical absorption characteristics of the sample plate surface.
Pure synchronization techniques utilizing direct and heterodyne detection and pulsed lasers for optical communication systems
A detailed interpretation and analysis of selected corn blight data set was undertaken in order to better define the present capabilities and limitations of agricultural remote multispectral sensing and automatic processing techniques and to establish the areas of investigation needing futher attention in the development of operational survey systems. While the emphasis of this effort was directed toward the detection of various corn blight levels, problems related to the more general task of crop identification were also investigated. Since the analog recognition computer (SPARC) was fully committed to the more routine aspects of processing and since the detailed interpretation and analysis required more in the way of quantitative information, the CDC 1604 digital computer was employed.
The v = 1,J = 1 to 0 rotational transition of SiO at 43.1 GHz has been detected in the direction of Becklin's star in the Orion Nebula, and in the M-type star W Hya. In Orion two velocity components are observed, one (the stronger) at a radial velocity of 17 km/sec, the other at -7 km/sec; in W Hya a single line is observed at 39 km/sec. In each case a line at the same radial velocity has been observed at 86.2 GHz in the v = 1,J = 2 to 1 transition, so that the presence of vibrationally excited SiO would seem to be confirmed beyond a reasonable doubt. In the v = 1 state, the photon fluxes of the J = 2 to 1 and 1 to 0 transitions are about equal, suggesting saturated masers occupying the same region of space.
A multiplexed synthetic aperture Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) that simultaneously images the terrain with X-band (3.2 cm) and L-band (23.0 cm) radar wavelengths was developed. The Feasibility of using multiplexed SLAR to obtain useful information for earth resources purposes. The SLAR imagery, aerial photographs, and infrared imagery are examined to determine the qualitative tone and texture of many rural land-use features imaged. The results show that: (1) Neither X- nor L-band SLAR at moderate and low depression angles can directly or indirectly detect pools of water under standing vegetation. (2) Many of the urban and rural land-use categories present in the test areas can be identified and mapped on the multiplexed SLAR imagery. (3) Water resources management can be done using multiplexed SLAR. (4) Drainage patterns can be determined on both the X- and L-band imagery.
A review is presented of recent arguments concerning the origin of the cosmic X-ray background in the energy region below 1 keV. Observational limitations on a possible hot intergalactic medium are discussed. Reanalysis of the Small Magellatic Cloud shadowing experiment of McCammon et al. (1971) using refined neutral hydrogen maps have confirmed the conclusion that at least 75% of the 1/4 keV flux detected from that direction must originate from regions closer than the SMC. Recent rocket observations have located three galactic soft X-ray emitting regions of large angular extent. Arguments are reviewed that the emission mechanism for this diffuse galactic flux must be thermal. It is suggested that a component of the interstellar medium is very hot and is responsible for both the soft X-ray background and the oxygen VI ions seen as interstellar absorption lines in the ultraviolet spectra of some early-type stars observed by the Copernicus satellite.
The spatial and temporal characteristics of X-ray microbursts detected by collimated directional telescopes have been analyzed in detail. Results indicate the presence of a persistent periodicity of about 0.5 second and 1.2 seconds, respectively. In one event, microbursts exhibit fine structures similar to those observed by Lampton (1967). These substructures are poorly correlated in both space and time as indicated by the low correlation coefficients obtained in auto- and cross-correlation analyses between various pairs of telescopes. The source dimension of these substructures is deduced to be less than 18 km at ionospheric heights. By considering that microburst electrons are near regions of strong diffusion, we show that microburst precipitation can be generated if electric field turbulence is present in the magnetosphere. We argue that electrons of about 50 keV in bounce resonance with a parallel electric field of about 1 millivolt/meter at about 1 Hz can account for the microburst period as well as the precipitation lifetime of about 0.2 second.
An onboard failure detection and identification (FDI) technique for dual redundant sensors on the NASA F8C digital fly-by-wire (DFBW) aircraft is presented. The failure of one of a pair of sensors of the same type is detected by a direct redundancy trigger which observes the difference between the outputs of these two sensors. Identification of the failed sensor is accomplished utilizing the analytic redundancy that exists as kinematic and functional relationships among the variables being measured by dissimilar instruments. In addition, identification of generic failures, common to both instruments of a given type, is accomplished by using a time trigger to periodically initiate analytic redundancy failure identification tests for individual sensors. The basic form of these tests is the comparison of the measurement of a variable using the suspect instrument with another measurement of the same variable obtained using other instrument types.
Emission from the J = 1-0 transition of H(N-15)C has been detected in the direction of DR21(OH). The transition frequency of 88,865.69 MHz was measured in the laboratory by microwave absorption spectroscopy. The computed N-15/C-13 isotopic abundance ratio of 1.01 for DR21(OH) is larger than those calculated from isotopes of HCN in other interstellar clouds, perhaps implying a localized enrichment in N-15 in DR21(OH).
Decoder computer program is hybrid between optimal Viterbi and optimal algebraic decoders. Tests have shown that hybrid decoder outperforms any strictly Viterbi or strictly algebraic decoder and effectively handles compound channels. Algorithm developed uses syndrome-detecting logic to direct two decoders to assume decoding load alternately, depending on real-time channel characteristics.
Directionally resolved atmospheric radio frequency emission data were acquired from thunderstorms occurring in the central and southwestern United States. In addition, RF sferic tracking data were obtained from hurricanes and tropical depressions occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. The data were acquired using a crossed baseline phase interferometer operating at a frequency of 2.001 MHz. The received atmospherics were tested for phase linearity across the array, and azimuth/elevation angles of arrival were computed in real time. A histogram analysis of sferic burst count versus azimuth provided lines of bearing to centers of intense electrical activity. Analysis indicates a consistent capability of the phase linear direction finder to detect severe meteorological activity to distances of 2000 km from the receiving site. The technique evidences the ability to discriminate severe storms from nonsevere storms coexistent in large regional scale thunderstorm activity.
A breadboard heterodyne receiver is described which was used to establish the characteristics of lead salt diode lasers pertinent to their use as local oscillators using laser devices operating in the 15-25 micrometer spectral region. Heterodyne detection efficiency is directly correlated with the transverse mode structure and emphasizes the necessity of stable lowest order mode operation for lasers when used as local oscillators. The results obtained indicate that the continued development of these lasers provide suitable local oscillators for a variety of applications.
CO was detected in 17 directions and its upper limits were estimated in 21 directions by a UV survey carried out with the Copernicus satellite in the C-X 1088 A and E-X 1076 A lines toward 48 bright stars. The CO column densities range from 10 to the 12th to 10 to the 17th/sq cm and correlate with C I and H2. The tendency of the C I/CO ratio to be about 10 follows the ratio of particular atomic and molecular cross-sections and the physical parameters of interstellar clouds. Finally, the connection between UV observations in diffuse clouds and radio observations of (C-13)O in dark clouds is discussed.
The flow behavior in a vaneless radial turbine scroll was examined experimentally. The data was obtained using the slant sensor technique of hot film anemometry. This method used the unsymmetric heat transfer characteristics of a constant temperature hot film sensor to detect the flow direction and magnitude. This was achieved by obtaining a velocity vector measurement at three sensor positions with respect to the flow. The true magnitude and direction of the velocity vector was then found using these values and a Newton-Raphson numerical technique. The through flow and secondary flow velocity components are measured at various points in three scroll sections.
A numerical study of the conjugated problem of a separated supersonic flow field and a conductive solid wall with an embedded heat source is presented. Implicit finite-difference schemes were used to solve the two-dimensional time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes equations and the time-dependent heat-conduction equation for the solid in both general coordinate systems. A detailed comparison between the thin-layer and Navier-Stokes models was made for steady and unsteady supersonic flow and showed insignificant differences. Steady-state and transient cases were computed and the results show that a temperature pulse at the solid-fluid interface can be used to detect the flow direction near the wall in the vicinity of separation without significant distortion of the flow field.
A three-dimensional model of the Kentucky body was developed to fit surface gravity and long wavelength aeromagnetic data. Magnetization and density parameters for the model are much like those of Mayhew et al (1982). The magnetic anomaly due to the model at satellite altitude is shown to be much too small by itself to account for the anomaly measured by Magsat. It is demonstrated that the source region for the satellite anomaly is considerably more extensive than the Kentucky body sensu stricto. The extended source region is modeled first using prismatic model sources and then using dipole array sources. Magnetization directions for the source region found by inversion of various combinations of scalar and vector data are found to be close to the main field direction, implying the lack of a strong remanent component. It is shown by simulation that in a case (such as this) where the geometry of the source is known, if a strong remanent component is present its direction is readily detectable, but by scalar data as readily as vector data.
The use of cinematography or holographic interferometry for dynamic flow visualization in an internal combustion engine requires a control device that globally synchronizes camera and light source timing at a predefined shaft encoder angle. The device is capable of 0.35 deg resolution for rotational speeds of up to 73 240 rpm. This was achieved by implementing the shaft encoder signal addressed look-up table (LUT) and appropriate latches. The developed digital signal processing technique achieves 25 nsec of high speed triggering angle detection by using direct parallel bit comparison of the shaft encoder digital code with a simulated angle reference code, instead of using angle value comparison which involves more complicated computation steps. In order to establish synchronization to an AC reference signal whose magnitude is variant with the rotating speed, a dynamic peak followup synchronization technique has been devised. This method scrutinizes the reference signal and provides the right timing within 40 nsec. Two application examples are described.
Torsionally excited methanol lines were detected in the direction of four galactic molecular cloud regions by means of scans in the 20-24 GHz interval with the Effelsberg 100 m radiotelescope. Transitions in both the first torsionally excited state, with excitation energies of about 450 K, and the ground state were seen in the direction of the hot, molecular cloud cores of the Orion-KL region, W3(OH), NGC 7538 and W51. The emission in Orion originated from a hot region in the southern ridge cloud 4 arcsec from the hot core. The greatest deviations from LTE occurred when a strong compact continuum source was present.