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At least 595 records · Page 33

Creep-fatigue Behavior and Damage Accumulation of a Candidate Structural Material for Concentrating Solar Power Solar Thermal Receiver (Final Technical Report)

Creep-fatigue deformation is an important consideration for a thermal receiver in Concentrating Solar Power systems due to the constant static stress or pressure, diurnal cycling, and elevated service temperatures required for efficient operation. An accurate description of the creep-fatigue behavior, not available for five of the six candidate materials, is important for assessment of preliminary designs. This project has provided a detailed analysis of the creep-fatigue behavior and damage accumulation of Alloy 740H, a candidate structural material for a CSP solar thermal receiver to address a critical knowledge barrier for receiver designs identified in the CSP Gen3 Demonstration Roadmap. This project was divided in to three tasks, split between two general categories: Experimental and design methodology. Tasks 1 and 3, relating to the collection of data on Alloy 740H plate and sheet forms, respectively, were performed at the Idaho National Laboratory and used as input to Task 2, the development of design methodology performed at Argonne National Laboratory. Experimental work covered limited tensile and creep testing to fill gaps in available data that is currently available and to demonstrate how the plate of Alloy 740H tested in this work compared to historical data. A more substantial testing program for fatigue and creep-fatigue was performed, with particular emphasis on creep-fatigue as there is little available data and it is necessary to understand the creep-fatigue interaction and develop related design models. This effort includes the development of rules for the design of solar receiver components against high temperature creep-fatigue and ratcheting failure modes. The ASME Code rules for high temperature nuclear components was used to the basis of the method but adjustments will be made to reflect the generally shorter, diurnal operating cycles of thermal receivers and the relative consequences of failure, comparing nuclear to solar components. This work has provided guidance for the design of components for concentrating power facilities operating at high temperatures and undergoing high, secondary thermal stresses relative to the applied primary pressure stress. The design rules were developed for the design of Generation 3 CSP tubular receivers manufactured from Alloy 740H, but are generally applicable to a wide range of component types undergoing similar loads. Procedural design rules for components to be used in conjunction with the 2019 edition of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code and the corresponding design data for Alloy 740H have been developed. A commentary describing the rationale behind the design rules and the data underlying the design material properties, as well as an extensive set of worked sample problems detailing the application of the rules to CSP components were developed as a part of this project, with a separate report covering these aspects in detail and included in the Appendix of this report.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Beam steering at the nanosecond time scale with an atomically thin reflector

Techniques to mold the flow of light on subwavelength scales enable fundamentally new optical systems and device applications. The realization of programmable, active optical systems with fast, tunable components is among the outstanding challenges in the field. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a few-pixel beam steering device based on electrostatic gate control of excitons in an atomically thin semiconductor with strong light-matter interactions. By combining the high reflectivity of a MoSe 2 monolayer with a graphene split-gate geometry, we shape the wavefront phase profile to achieve continuously tunable beam deflection with a range of 10°, two-dimensional beam steering, and switching times down to 1.6 nanoseconds. Our approach opens the door for a new class of atomically thin optical systems, such as rapidly switchable beam arrays and quantum metasurfaces operating at their fundamental thickness limit.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

An interactive graphics program for manipulation and display of panel method geometry

Modern aerodynamic panel methods that handle large, complex geometries have made evident the need to interactively manipulate, modify, and view such configurations. With this purpose in mind, the GEOM program was developed. It is a menu driven, interactive program that uses the Tektronix PLOT 10 graphics software to display geometry configurations which are characterized by an abutting set of networks. These networks are composed of quadrilateral panels which are described by the coordinates of their corners. GEOM is divided into fourteen executive controlled functions. These functions are used to build configurations, scale and rotate networks, transpose networks defining M and N lines, graphically display selected networks, join and split networks, create wake networks, produce symmetric images of networks, repanel and rename networks, display configuration cross sections, and output network geometry in two formats. A data base management system is used to facilitate data transfers in this program. A sample session illustrating various capabilities of the code is included as a guide to program operation.

Hall, J. F.↗

Modelling and control of a rotor supported by magnetic bearings

In this paper we develop a dynamical model of a rotor and the active magnetic bearings used to support the rotor. We use this model to develop a stable state feedback control of the magnetic bearing system. We present the development of a rigid body model of the rotor, utilizing both Rotation Matrices (Euler Angles) and Euler Parameters (Quaternions). In the latter half of the paper we develop a stable state feedback control of the actively controlled magnetic bearing to control the rotor position under inbalances. The control law developed takes into account the variation of the model with rotational speed. We show stability over the whole operating range of speeds for the magnetic bearing system. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the closed loop system performance. We develop the model of the magnetic bearing, and present two schemes for the excitation of the poles of the actively controlled magnetic bearing. We also present a scheme for averaging multiple sensor measurements and splitting the actuation forces amongst redundant actuators.

Gurumoorthy, R.↗

Experience with Inner Reflector Plug exchange in SNS

The Inner Reflector Plug (IRP) is a central component of the Spallation Neutron Source target monolith, which houses the mercury target and four liter-sized neutron moderator units. It is exposed to high-level radiation fields during routine operation and builds up significant activity. The IRP needs to be replaced due to moderator neutron poison and decoupler burn-out, which is used for shaping neutron pulses. The first IRP exchange took place in March 2018. The old IRP was extracted from the target monolith, providing space for the new one. It was split into three segments, each of which was handled separately. The lowest section of the IRP is the largest segment in size and in activity and is temporarily stored on-site for cool down before conduction post irradiation examination. In support of planning the replacement activities, a wide range of activation and transport analyses were performed. This included calculating isotope inventories and the radiation fields for each segment as it is extracted in storage casks, and the radiation field from the empty IRP pit in the target monolith. While the replacement was taking place, measurements were performed and later on compared to the calculations. During these studies, it was discovered that a significant contributor to the radiation field from the lower IRP segment is from photo-neutrons. Photo-nuclear physics was added to the analyses and calculated results compared well with measured dose rates.

Popova, Irina I.↗

Advanced Prop-fan Engine Technology (APET) single- and counter-rotation gearbox/pitch change mechanism

The preliminary design of advanced technology (1992) turboprop engines for single-rotation prop-fans and conceptual designs of pitch change mechanisms for single- and counter-rotation prop-fan application are discussed. The single-rotation gearbox is a split path, in-line configuration. The counter-rotation gearbox is an in-line, differential planetary design. The pitch change mechanisms for both the single- and counter-rotation arrangements are rotary/hydraulic. The advanced technology single-rotation gearbox yields a 2.4 percent improvement in aircraft fuel burn and a one percent improvement in operating cost relative to a current technology gearbox. The 1992 counter-rotation gearbox is 15 percent lighter, 15 percent more reliable, 5 percent lower in cost, and 45 percent lower in maintenance cost than the 1992 single-rotation gearbox. The pitch controls are modular, accessible, and external.

Reynolds, C. N.↗

Midgap state requirements for optically active quantum defects

Abstract Optically active quantum defects play an important role in quantum sensing, computing and communication. The electronic structure and the single-particle energy levels of these quantum defects in the semiconducting host have been used to understand their optoelectronic properties. Optical excitations that are central for their initialization and readout are linked to transitions between occupied and unoccupied single-particle states. It is commonly assumed that only quantum defects introducing levels well within the band gap and far from the band edges are of interest for quantum technologies as they mimic an isolated atom embedded in the host. In this perspective, we contradict this common assumption and show that optically active defects with energy levels close to the band edges can display similar properties. We highlight quantum defects that are excited through transitions to or from a band-like level (bound exciton) such as the T center and Se S i + in silicon. We also present how defects such as the silicon split-vacancy in diamond can involve transitions between localized levels that are above the conduction band or below the valence band. Loosening the commonly assumed requirement on the electronic structure of quantum defects offers opportunities in quantum defects design and discovery especially in smaller band gap hosts such as silicon. We discuss the challenges in terms of operating temperature for photoluminescence or radiative lifetime in this regime. We also highlight how these alternative type of defects bring their own needs in terms of theoretical developments and fundamental understanding. This perspective clarifies the electronic structure requirement for quantum defects and will facilitate the identification and design of new color centers for quantum applications especially driven by first principles computations.

Xiong, Yihuang (ORCID:0000000178096047)↗

Effective Corrosion-Resistant Single-Atom Alloy Catalyst on HfO 2 -Passivated BiVO 4 Photoanode for Durable (≈800 h) Solar Water Oxidation

Green hydrogen (H 2 ) production from solar water splitting necessitates photoelectrodes with superior photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity and durability. However, surface defects and photocorrosion instability—especially at high potentials—limit PEC performance and stability. Herein, the prototypical bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) photoanode is used to demonstrate a holistic approach to improve photocurrent density and long-term stability. In this approach, high surface-area nanostructuring of BiVO 4 is combined with barium (Ba) doping with semi-crystalline hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) surface passivation and single-atom nickel platinum (NiPt) catalysts. The introduction of Ba 2+ ions into BiVO 4 increases the concentration of conductive V 4+ ions or the ratio of V 4+ ions to oxygen vacancies, avoiding V 5+ dissolution during water oxidation. The semi-crystalline HfO 2 , which serves as a passivation layer, prevents BiVO 4 photocorrosion by suppressing harmful chemical reactions when holes are transferred to the electrolyte. The synergistic use of isolated single-atom and Ni-Pt coordination improves charge transfer at the photoanode/electrolyte interface, leading to enhanced PEC kinetics and stability. As a result, a photoelectrode is demonstrated with ≈6.5 mA cm -2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and continuous operation for 800 h with a negligible degradation rate. This work provides a promising approach to improve photoanodes for PEC H 2 production.

08 HYDROGEN↗

120 Watt Split-Mount 30 GHz Amplifier for the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite

This paper describes an amplifier for a Ka-band communication system. The amplifier consists of two units. The radio frequency (RF) unit is mounted at the antenna to provide power to the antenna, while the power supply unit is located 12 meters away in a control station. The two units are connected by a waveguide run and a set of umbilical cables to provide all the necessary inputs for the operation and protection of the RF unit. Specifications and actual performance data are presented and discussed. Special features of each unit to meet the specifications are described in detail.

Lazar, John↗

Interplay of Bright Triplet and Dark Excitons Revealed by Magneto‐Photoluminescence of Individual PbS/CdS Quantum Dots

Abstract A low‐temperature polarization‐resolved magneto‐photoluminescence experiment is performed on individual PbS/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QDs). The experiment enables a direct measurement of the exciton Landé g factor and the anisotropic zero‐field splitting of the lowest emissive bright exciton triplet in PbS/CdS QDs. While anisotropic splittings of individual QDs distribute randomly in 104—325 μeV range, the exciton Landé g factors increase from 0.95 to 2.70 as the emission energy of the QD increases from 1.0 to 1.2 eV. The tight‐binding calculations allow to rationalize these trends as a direct consequence of reducing a cubic symmetry of QD via addition/removal of a few (<70) atoms from the surfaces of the PbS core. Furthermore, it is observed that while right ( σ + ) and left ( σ − ) circularly polarized photoluminescence (PL) peaks split linearly with magnetic field as expected for Zeeman effect, the energy splitting between X and Y linearly polarized PL peaks remains nearly unchanged. The theoretical study reveals rich and complex magnetic field‐induced interplay of bright triplet and dark exciton states explaining this puzzling behavior. These findings fill the missing gaps in the understanding of lead salt QDs and provide foundation for development of classical and quantum light sources operating at telecommunication wavelengths.

Kim, Younghee↗

Continuous liquid-phase synthesis of nickel phosphide nanoparticles in a helically coiled tube reactor

The continuous liquid phase synthesis of nickel phosphide (Ni 2 P) nanoparticles was studied in a helically coiled tube (HCT) reactor both in single-phase and two-phase slug flows. The reactants were nickel acetylacetonate and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) in a 1-octadecane solvent. For the single-phase mode, various parameters such as reaction temperature, residence time, TOP concentration, and P/Ni ratio were studied. It was found that lower temperatures of 320 and 340 °C resulted in the formation of mixed Ni 12 P 5 and Ni 2 P phases, while a higher temperature of 360 °C gave mostly Ni 2 P, with particle sizes increasing from 28 to 42 nm. Upon varying the contact time between 88 and 340 s at 360 °C, a likely sequence of reaction involved an amorphous phase that was transformed in parallel to Ni, Ni 12 P 5 , and Ni 2 P. When the flow in the HCT was changed to a two-phase slug flow by using N 2 to split the continuous liquid phase into small liquid columns, the product was nearly 100% Ni 2 P and the particle size was as small as 3–4 nm. This was attributed to the enhanced mass transfer in the small liquid columns of the slug flow that led to higher reaction rates. Finally, it is highlighted that the HCT operated in a slug flow is an efficient and continuous method for the fabrication of nanoparticles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

UKy-CAER Heat Integrated Transformative CO 2 Capture Process in Pulverized Coal Power Plants

The goal of this Phase II Topical Report is to summarize the work for public domain conducted on project DE-FE0031583. Building upon the Design Basis completed during Phase I and in accordance with the Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO), the University of Kentucky (UK) Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) (Recipient) along with team members has completed the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) for its advanced, versatile post-combustion CO 2 capture system (CCS) at the 10 MWe large pilot scale to be installed at the Wyoming (WY) Integrated Test Center (ITC), using a heat integrated process with split-rich fed, two-stage stripping and any advanced solvent to enhance the CO 2 absorber performance and lower the cost of CO 2 capture. The proposed project (Phases I-III) involves the design, fabrication, installation, testing and evaluation of a large pilot scale facility that will demonstrate the UK CAER transformative CCS integrated with an operating power plant. The work performed in Phase I, detailed in the Phase I Topical Report that was submitted in March 2019, included formation of a project team, securing the host site, and completing pre-FEED design basis, a cost estimation, a preliminary techno-economic analysis (TEA) and an environmental information volume (EIV). The work performed in Phase II, detailed in this Phase II Topical Report, includes completion of FEEDs, completion of a process risk analysis (PRA), obtaining necessary permits, updating the EIV and TEA, updating the cost and schedule estimate for the Phase III scope of work (SOW) and securing the necessary cost share. Updated information is provided on the current status of the UK CAER CCS technology and the project is ready to begin immediately detailed design, construction and operation of the proposed pilot.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

High Efficiency Powertrain for Heavy Duty Trucks Using Silicon Carbide (SiC) Inverter

The objective of the High Efficiency Propulsion (HEP) project is to research, develop, and demonstrate life cycle cost-effective Class 8 battery electric vehicles utilizing an 800 V high efficiency and compact 250 kW continuous power SiC inverter designed to support the commercial operations of the high continuous loads and challenging shock/vibration environment of heavy-duty trucks with an electrified axle specifically designed for high performance and efficiency in battery-electric Class 8 trucks used in medium range (~250 miles) distribution, and compared to the baseline Peterbilt 579 electric truck fleet performance using an IGBT inverter. The project was split into 3 budget periods, with the first two being design and development focused, and the final one is an on-vehicle demonstration phase of the high efficiency SiC traction drive inverter with daily mileage accumulation.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DRiFT current mode, trigger settings and flexible detector specifications applied to scintillator arrays

MCNP radiation transport output is post-processed by DRiFT, a Detector Response Function Toolkit to simulate detailed nuclear instrumentation response. DRiFT can be used to assess the performance and potential limitations of scintillator, gas, and semiconductor detectors under a variety of simulated conditions not easily achievable in a laboratory setting. This work describes new updates in DRiFT for scintillator simulations which focus on the capability to simulate scintillators in current mode, an expansion of trigger options, and the ability to customize individual detector properties in a simulation. These improvements are designed to facilitate the ability to model large arrays of scintillator detectors with higher fidelity than was previously possible and are demonstrated in three examples. The first shows the difference between operating DRiFT in current and pulse mode. In the second example, which is intended to demonstrate deviations in individual detector performance, each detector has properties (PMT gain, optical transport, scintillation yield, etc.) that vary between detectors and are specified in DRiFT. A final example examines how DRiFT could be used to optimize digitizer settings in high rate measurements with split signals using the new common trigger option.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

DRiFT Current Mode, Trigger Settings and Flexible Detector Specifications Applied to Scintillator Arrays

MCNP radiation transport output is post-processed by DRiFT, a Detector Response Function Toolkit to simulate detailed nuclear instrumentation response. DRiFT can be used to assess the performance and potential limitations of scintillator, gas, and semiconductor detectors under a variety of simulated conditions not easily achievable in a laboratory setting. This work describes new updates in DRiFT for scintillator simulations which focus on the capability to simulate scintillators in current mode, an expansion of trigger options, and the ability to customize individual detector properties in a simulation. These improvements are designed to facilitate the ability to model large arrays of scintillator detectors with higher fidelity than was previously possible and are demonstrated in three examples. The first shows the difference between operating DRiFT in current and pulse mode. In the second example, which is intended to demonstrate deviations in individual detector performance, each detector has properties (PMT gain, optical transport, scintillation yield, etc.) that vary between detectors and are specified in DRiFT. A final example examines how DRiFT could be used to optimize digitizer settings in high rate measurements with split signals using the new common trigger option.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

A packet data compressor

We are in the preliminary stages of creating an operational system for losslessly compressing packet data streams. The end goal is to reduce costs. Real world constraints include transmission in the presence of error, tradeoffs between the costs of compression and the costs of transmission and storage, and imperfect knowledge of the data streams to be transmitted. The overall method is to bring together packets of similar type, split the data into bit fields, and test a large number of compression algorithms. Preliminary results are very encouraging, typically offering compression factors substantially higher than those obtained with simpler generic byte stream compressors, such as Unix Compress and HA 0.98.

Grunes, Mitchell R.↗

Experimental Investigation of a Two-dimensional Split-wing Ram-jet Inlet at Mach Number of 3.85

Performance characteristics of a two-dimensional isentropic diffuser have been experimentally determined at a Mach number of 3.85. At zero angle of attack, a maximum total-pressure recovery of 0.41 was obtained with a supercritical mass-flow ratio of 0.95. As a consequence of the twin-duct arrangement of the diffuser, a large discontinuity in pressure recovery and mass flow with a characteristic hysteresis was encountered between critical and subcritical operation. An asymmetric shock pattern with large-scale separation and flow reversal in one of the passages occurred at reduced mass flows. Pressure and force data presented for an angle-of-attack range from zero to 4 degrees.

DIFFUSERS, SUPERSONIC↗

Adaptive X-ray imaging with reinforcement learning

X-ray imaging is a powerful technique to scan samples in a variety of contexts including biological, environmental and materials science, but commonly requires a synchrotron light source to produce X-rays at sufficient intensity. As these facilities are expensive to operate, the available beam time is limited and always in high demand. Particularly if the illuminated samples are sparse, standard raster scanning methods can be time-consuming, with a majority of that time being spent on areas of the image that carry little information. To increase the efficiency and maximize the information gain for a given time budget, we split the scanning process into a series of steps where previous measurements are used to inform the decision making and adapt the exposure distribution at later stages of the sequence. We formulate this task as a reinforcement learning problem where the goal is to produce a sequence of exposure maps that maximize a predefined scalar metric. We demonstrate the potential of this approach in simulations where the adaptive illumination can accelerate the measurement process by up to an order of magnitude compared with standard raster scanning. Finally, we present the first results from deploying the trained agents on an X-ray fluorescence beamline at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.

Reinforcement Learning↗