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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2009

Processing Electromyographic Signals to Recognize Words

A recently invented speech-recognition method applies to words that are articulated by means of the tongue and throat muscles but are otherwise not voiced or, at most, are spoken sotto voce. This method could satisfy a need for speech recognition under circumstances in which normal audible speech is difficult, poses a hazard, is disturbing to listeners, or compromises privacy. The method could also be used to augment traditional speech recognition by providing an additional source of information about articulator activity. The method can be characterized as intermediate between (1) conventional speech recognition through processing of voice sounds and (2) a method, not yet developed, of processing electroencephalographic signals to extract unspoken words directly from thoughts. This method involves computational processing of digitized electromyographic (EMG) signals from muscle innervation acquired by surface electrodes under a subject's chin near the tongue and on the side of the subject s throat near the larynx. After preprocessing, digitization, and feature extraction, EMG signals are processed by a neural-network pattern classifier, implemented in software, that performs the bulk of the recognition task as described.

Jorgensen, C. C.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Roll-to-Roll Advanced Materials Manufacturing DOE Laboratory Collaboration (FY2020 Final Report)

R2R processing is used to manufacture a wide range of products for various applications which span many industrial business sectors. The overall R2R methodology has been in use for decades and this continuous technique traditionally involves deposition of material(s) onto moving webs, carriers or other continuous belt-fed or conveyor-based processes that enable successive steps to build a final version which serves to support the deposited materials. Established methods that typify R2R processing include tape casting, silk-screen printing, reel-to-reel vacuum deposition/coating, and R2R lithography. Products supported by R2R manufacturing include micro-electronics, electro-chromic window films, PVs, fuel cells for energy conversion, battery electrodes for energy storage, and barrier and membrane materials. Due to innovation in materials and process equipment, high-quality yet very low-cost multilayer technologies have the potential to be manufactured on a very cost-competitive basis. To move energy-related products from high-cost niche applications to the commercial sector, the means must be available to enable manufacture of these products in a cost-competitive manner that is affordable. Fortunately, products such as fuel cells, thin- and mid-film PVs, batteries, electrochromic and piezoelectric films, water separation membranes, and other energy saving technologies readily lend themselves to manufacture using R2R approaches. However, more early-stage research is needed to solve the challenge of linking the materials (particles, polymers, solvents, additives) used in ink and slurry formulations and the coating and drying processes to the ultimate performance of the final R2R product, especially for a process that uses multiple layers of deposition to achieve the end product. To solve the problems associated with these challenges, the R2R Collaboration is executing a research program with outcomes that will ultimately link modeling, processing, metrology and defect detection tools, thereby directly relating the properties of constituent particles and processing conditions to the performance of final devices. This collaborative approach was designed to foster identification and development of materials and processes related to R2R for clean-energy materials development. Using computational and experimental capabilities by acknowledged subject matter experts within the supported National Laboratory system, this project leverages the capabilities and expertise at each of five National Laboratories to further the development of multilayer technologies that will enable high-volume, cost-competitive platforms. A typical R2R process has three steps: (1) mixing of particles and various constituents in a slurry, (2) coating of the ink/slurry mixture on a substrate, and (3) drying/curing and processing of the coating. Final performance of devices made via R2R processes is dependent on the active materials (e.g., electrochemical particles in battery or fuel cell electrodes) and the device structure that stems from the governing component interactions within the various steps. However, a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms and phenomena is still lacking, which is why industrial-scale R2R process development and manufacturing is still largely empirical in nature. The FY 2019 through FY 2021 program addresses aspects of the following two targets from the AMO Multi-Year Program Plan: (1) Target 8.1 Develop technologies to reduce the cost per manufactured throughput of continuous R2R manufacturing processes. (A) Increasing throughput of R2R processes by 5 times for batteries (to 50 square feet per minute (50 ft 2 /min)) and capacitors and 10 times for printed electronics and the manufacture of other substrates and MEs used in support of these products. (B) Developing resolution capabilities to enable registration and alignment that will detect, align, and co-deposit multiple layers of coatings and print < 1-micron (1 µm) features using continuous process scalable for commercial production. (C) Developing scalable and reliable R2R processes for solution deposition of ultra-thin (<10 nm) films for active and passive materials. (D) Develop in-line multilayer coating technology on thin films with yields greater than 95%. (2) Target 8.2 Develop in-line instrumentation tools that will evaluate the quality of single and multilayer materials in-process. (A) Developing in-line QC technologies and methodologies for real-time identification of defects and expected product properties “in-use/application” during continuous processing at all size-scales with a focus on the “micro” and “nano” scale traces, lines, and devices, i.e., <1 μm at 300 ft./min for R2R processing in air and <10 nm at 20 ft./min for vacuum (B) Developing technologies to increase the measurement frequency of surface rheology without significant cost increases with a goal of a 10-nanometer in-line profilometry at a production rate of 100,000 square millimeters per minute (100,000 mm 2 /min).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hierarchically structured MoO 2 /dopamine-derived carbon spheres as intercalation electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

A hydrogen peroxide initiated sol-gel process involving molybdenum transformation in the presence of dopamine (Dopa) hydrochloride excess produced the metastable precipitate composed of polydopamine (PDopa) spheres coated with Dopa preintercalated molybdenum oxide, (Dopa) x MoO y @PDopa. The hydrothermal treatment (HT) of the (Dopa) x MoO y @PDopa precursor resulted in the simultaneous carbonization of Dopa and molybdenum reduction generating MoO 2 nanoplatelets distributed and confined on the surface of the Dopa-derived carbon matrix (HT-MoO 2 /C). The consecutive annealing (An) of the HT-MoO 2 /C sample at 600 °C under Ar atmosphere led to the formation of MoO 2 with increased Mo oxidation state and improved structural stability (AnHT-MoO 2 /C). Annealing had also further facilitated interaction between the molybdenum-derived and Dopa-derived components resulting in the modification of the carbon matrix confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Morphology of both materials is best described as Dopa-derived carbon spheres decorated with MoO 2 nanoplatelets. These integrated metal oxide and carbon structures were tested as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries in the potential window that corresponds to the intercalation mechanism of charge storage. The AnHT-MoO 2 /C electrode showed enhanced electrochemical activity, with an initial specific discharge capacity of 260 mAh/g and capacity retention of 67% after 50 cycles, compared to the HT-MoO 2 /C electrode which exhibited an initial specific discharge capacity of 235 mAh g –1 and capacity retention of 47% after 50 cycles. The rate capability experiments revealed that the capacity of 93 mAh/g and 120 mAh/g was delivered by the HT-MoO 2 /C and AnHT-MoO 2 /C electrodes, respectively, when the current density was increased to 100 mA/g. Here, the improved specific capacity, electrochemical stability, and rate capability achieved after annealing were attributed to higher crystallinity of MoO 2 , increased oxidation state of Mo, and formation of the tighter MoO 2 /carbon contact accompanied by the annealing assisted interaction between MoO 2 and Dopa-derived carbon.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Copper Electrode on Flexible Substrate by Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of Microsized Copper Particles

Metal electrodes deposited in a grid pattern onto flexible polymer substrates have been shown to be a viable alternative to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent anode for organic photovoltaics. copper may be a better alternative in terms of cost and stability for large area low-cost solar modules, specifically on roll-to-roll platforms. These customized electrode patterns can be fabricated from copper nanoparticles through various printing techniques applicable to solution phase processing. The Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) technique has been used to sinter copper nanoparticles (~100nm) to fabricate conductive copper electrodes on flexible polymer substrates. However, compared to nanosized (~100 nm) copper particles, microsized (~2 um) copper is much cheaper. In this work, microsized (~2 um) copper is used to produce high conductive copper inks. The conductivity of the print can be adjusted through the use of surfactant. IPL sintering was optimized to obtain high conductivity copper films. In conclusion, several microscopic and electrical spectroscopic characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), 4-point probe resistivity measurements were employed to characterize the copper electrodes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1985

Structure-property characterization of rheocast and VADER processed IN-100 superalloy

Two recent solidification processes have been applied in the production of IN-100 nickel-base superalloy: rheocasting and vacuum arc double electrode remelting (VADER). A detailed microstructural examination has been made of the products of these two processes; associated tensile strength and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate at an elevated temperature were evaluated. In rheocasting, processing variables that have been evaluated include stirring speed, isothermal stirring time and volume fraction solid during isothermal stirring. VADER processed IN-100 was purchased from Special Metals Corp., New Hartford, NY. As-cast ingots were subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and heat treatment. Both rheocasting and VADER processed materials yield fine and equiaxed spherical structures, with reduced macrosegregation in comparison to ingot materials. The rheocast structures are discussed on the basis of the Vogel-Doherty-Cantor model of dendrite arm fragmentation. The rheocast ingots evaluated were superior in yield strength to both VADER and commercially cast IN-100 alloy. Rheocast and VADER ingots may have higher crack propagation resistance than P/M processed material.

Cheng, J. J. A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dimensionality effect of conductive carbon fillers in LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 cathode

Developing advanced electrode architectures through modifying active materials, conductive fillers, binders, and electrolytes as well as processing methods has drawn significant research interest. Due to the insufficient electrical conductivity of many active materials, adding conductive carbon fillers to composite electrodes provides the necessary electrical conductivity. The dimensionality effect among different conductive fillers has a significant impact on electrochemistry, which can be associated with morphological and chemical heterogeneities of electrodes. In this study, synchrotron X-ray mosaic nanotomography and X-ray spectroscopy nanoimaging provided direct three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification capabilities to investigate the dimensionality effects of Super P (SP) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fillers on the capacity retention of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (NMC111). The results indicate that NMC/SWCNT electrodes, with a wrapping effect from the SWCNTs, exhibited more homogeneous particle size distributions, morphological changes, and chemical states than NMC/SP electrodes, without the wrapping effect. This work developed a framework of 3D quantification methods to study the capacity fading behavior associated with morphological and chemical heterogeneities and paved the way toward designing electrodes for high rate energy storage applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2005

In Situ Electrochemical Deposition of Microscopic Wires

A method of fabrication of wires having micron and submicron dimensions is built around electrochemical deposition of the wires in their final positions between electrodes in integrated circuits or other devices in which the wires are to be used. Heretofore, nanowires have been fabricated by a variety of techniques characterized by low degrees of controllability and low throughput rates, and it has been necessary to align and electrically connect the wires in their final positions by use of sophisticated equipment in expensive and tedious post-growth assembly processes. The present method is more economical, offers higher yields, enables control of wire widths, and eliminates the need for post-growth assembly. The wires fabricated by this method could be used as simple electrical conductors or as transducers in sensors. Depending upon electrodeposition conditions and the compositions of the electroplating solutions in specific applications, the wires could be made of metals, alloys, metal oxides, semiconductors, or electrically conductive polymers. In this method, one uses fabrication processes that are standard in the semiconductor industry. These include cleaning, dry etching, low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, lithography, dielectric deposition, electron-beam lithography, and metallization processes as well as the electrochemical deposition process used to form the wires. In a typical case of fabrication of a circuit that includes electrodes between which microscopic wires are to be formed on a silicon substrate, the fabrication processes follow a standard sequence until just before the fabrication of the microscopic wires. Then, by use of a thermal SiO-deposition technique, the electrodes and the substrate surface areas in the gaps between them are covered with SiO. Next, the SiO is electron-beam patterned, then reactive-ion etched to form channels having specified widths (typically about 1 m or less) that define the widths of the wires to be formed. Drops of an electroplating solution are placed on the substrate in the regions containing the channels thus formed, then the wires are electrodeposited from the solution onto the exposed portions of the electrodes and into the channels. The electrodeposition is a room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure process. The figure shows an example of palladium wires that were electrodeposited into 1-mm-wide channels between gold electrodes.

Yun, Minhee↗
DOE OSTI2022

kiloAMPS (Final Report)

This project aims to reduce the testing time of various electrochemical techniques for neural interface electrodes by developing an automated PCB design which would be capable of testing multiple interface electrodes in parallel. The system should be able to perform the full battery of electrochemical tests, though electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) will be of primary interest. Previous versions of this project have already improved upon traditional interface testing by automating many parts of the process, reducing the test time to around a day and requiring the technician to check up on the process once every six hours. A key bottleneck is that the electrode testing is still done sequentially. Testing time could be heavily reduced if electrodes could be tested in parallel.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1991

Electrotactile and vibrotactile displays for sensory substitution systems

Sensory substitution systems provide their users with environmental information through a human sensory channel (eye, ear, or skin) different from that normally used or with the information processed in some useful way. The authors review the methods used to present visual, auditory, and modified tactile information to the skin and discuss present and potential future applications of sensory substitution, including tactile vision substitution (TVS), tactile auditory substitution, and remote tactile sensing or feedback (teletouch). The relevant sensory physiology of the skin, including the mechanisms of normal touch and the mechanisms and sensations associated with electrical stimulation of the skin using surface electrodes (electrotactile, or electrocutaneous, stimulation), is reviewed. The information-processing ability of the tactile sense and its relevance to sensory substitution is briefly summarized. The limitations of current tactile display technologies are discussed.

Kaczmarek, Kurt A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Insight on electrolyte infiltration of lithium ion battery electrodes by means of a new three-dimensional-resolved lattice Boltzmann model

Electrolyte filling takes place between sealing and formation in Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) manufacturing process. This step is crucial as it is directly linked to LIB quality and affects the subsequent time consuming electrolyte wetting process. Although having fast, homogeneous and complete wetting is of paramount importance, this process has not been sufficiently examined and fully understood. For instance, experimentally available data is insufficient to fully capture the complex interplay upon filling between electrolyte and air inside the porous electrode. We report here for the first time a 3D-resolved Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) model able to simulate electrolyte filling upon applied pressure of LIB porous electrodes obtained both from experiments (micro X-ray tomography) and computations (stochastic generation, simulation of the manufacturing process using Coarse Grained Molecular Dynamics and Discrete Element Method). The model allows obtaining advanced insights about the impact of the electrode mesostructures on the speed of electrolyte impregnation and wetting, highlighting the importance of porosity, pore size distribution and pores interconnectivity on the filling dynamics. Furthermore, we identify scenarios where volumes with trapped air (dead zones) appear and evaluate the impact of those on the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1994

Metafusion: A breakthrough in metallurgy

The Metafuse Process is a patented development in the field of thin film coatings utilizing cold fusion which results in a true inter-dispersion of dissimilar materials along a gradual transition gradient through a boundary of several hundred atomic layers. The process is performed at ambient temperatures and pressures requiring relatively little energy and creating little or no heat. The process permits a remarkable range of material combinations and joining of materials which are normally incompatible. Initial applications include titanium carbide into and onto the copper resistance welding electrodes and tungsten carbide onto the cutting edges of tool steel blades. The process is achieved through application of an RF signal of low power and is based on the theory of vacancy fusion.

Joseph, Adrian A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Impact of Sintering Atmosphere and Temperature on the Phase Evolution of High Surface Area LSCF Prepared by In Situ Carbon Templating

The thermochemical stability of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) processed between 1000 °C–1200 °C via the in situ carbon templating method was studied. This method generates high surface area ceramics at traditional solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) sintering temperatures by generating a carbon template in situ and subsequently removing the template by oxidation at 700 °C. Argon processed samples produced an amorphous carbon template, whereas nitrogen tended to form graphitic carbon. Prior to the oxidation step, nitrogen samples comprised larger La 2 O 3 crystallites (22–40 nm) compared to argon (9–17 nm). Upon oxidation, argon samples resulted in a pure LSCF phase with surface areas in the 21–29 m 2 ·g −1 range, whereas nitrogen samples contained significant impurities. This demonstrates that the size of La 2 O 3 crystallites formed during inert processing limited the ability to produce a pure LSCF phase. Symmetrical cells comprising nano-LSCF electrodes generated by the templating method were compared to cells sintered directly in air. Impedance results suggest that nano-LSCF cells and cells processed in air were dominated by interfacial charge transfer resistance and gas diffusion, respectively. The results map out conditions for preparing and integrating high surface area, nanostructured LSCF into SOFC electrodes at traditional sintering temperatures. Strategies for improving the interfacial resistance of nano-LSCF electrodes are discussed.

Muhoza, Sixbert P. (ORCID:0000000299864241)↗
DOE OSTI2022

An Improved Pathway to Ethylene Glycol via CO 2

This report describes our efforts to develop a partial electrochemical oxidation process to produce formaldehyde selectively from methanol. The effort examined numerous potential anode materials in pursuit of 70% Faradaic efficiency for conversion of methanol to formaldehyde. Among the various electrode materials tested herein both Pt and PtRu were identified as the most promising catalysts in this process as the Faradaic efficiency obtained in these cases are 40% and >70% respectively. Several other 3d transition metals, Pt group metals and their alloys were also studied in which the Faradaic efficiency was obtained within 5-30%. In case of Pt and PtRu bulk metal electrode shows higher selectivity to formaldehyde compared to their nanostructured materials. Based on the literature, nanostructured Pt and PtRu are considered as active catalysts for methanol fuel cells, thus, lower selectivity to formaldehyde with nano Pt and PtRu in our case was attributed to their preferential oxidation of methanol to CO 2 . Severe catalyst deactivation was noted when 0.5 (M) sulfuric acid was used as the electrolyte irrespective of catalyst formulation. On the other hand, much higher activity and selectivity for formaldehyde was noted when alkaline electrolyte was employed during oxidation. Considering selective electrochemical oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde is an area which is underexplored as of today, our findings about catalyst formulation and process condition is noteworthy in this direction. Both bulk metal electrodes of Pt and PtRu may be cost prohibitive and thus present challenges to the scale up this technology. Therefore, we recognize that additional efforts are needed to develop catalysts with high activities and Faradaic efficiencies similar to bulk electrodes for the electrooxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1986

Analysis of the solidified structure of rheocast and VADER processed nickel-base superalloy

Conventional 'ingot' processing of highly alloyed compositions results in a cast product which suffers from extensive macrosegregation, hot tears, and heterogeneities. By controlling the solidification journey, one can produce a fine grained cast product. This is achieved by manipulating the melt in the mushy zone. Rheocasting and vacuum arc double electrode remelting (VADER) are two such technologies where the melt is processed in the mushy zone. IN-100, a nickel based superalloy, was rheocast as well as VADER processed. The resultant cast structures are analyzed, compared and discussed both onmicro- and macrostructural levels. The effect of the rheocast processing variables (stirring seed, time and temperature) on the cast microstructure are also discussed.

Apelian, D.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Tuning Organic Electrochemical Transistor Threshold Voltage using Chemically Doped Polymer Gates

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have shown promise as transducers and amplifiers of minute electronic potentials due to their large transconductances. Tuning the OECT threshold voltage is important to achieve low-powered devices with amplification properties within the desired operational voltage range. However, traditional design approaches have struggled to decouple channel and materials properties from threshold voltage, thereby compromising on several other OECT performance metrics, such as electrochemical stability, transconductance, and dynamic range. In this work, simple solution-processing methods are utilized to chemically dope polymer gate electrodes, thereby controlling their work function, which in turn tunes the operation voltage range of the OECTs without perturbing their channel properties. Chemical doping of initially air-sensitive polymer electrodes further improves their electrochemical stability in ambient conditions. Thus, OECTs that are simultaneously low-powered and electrochemically resistant to oxidative side reactions under ambient conditions are demonstrated. Furthermore, this approach shows that threshold voltage, which is once interwoven with other OECT properties, can in fact be an independent design parameter, expanding the design space of OECTs.

chemical doping↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pushing the Limits: Maximizing Energy Density in Silicon Sulfide Solid‐State Batteries

Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a silicon solid-state battery (SSB) architecture that achieves >400 Wh kg −1 , approaching the theoretical limit for silicon-based SSBs. This configuration features a 99.9 wt% micro-Si, a thin sulfide solid electrolyte (SSE), and a high-loading NMC811. Key to these results is strategically selecting and evaluating the processing techniques, whether wet or dry, for the negative electrode, positive electrode and thin sheet-type SSE. Excessive lithium incorporation into the silicon host, beyond the Li 3.75 +Si phase to form a LiSi composite, is essential to match the high capacity of the positive electrode. This SSB achieves over 1000 cycles for a 2 mAh cm −2 with ≈80% capacity retention and 94% capacity retention for 3 mAh cm −2 over 500 cycles at 25 °C. Post analysis identifies the primary capacity decay mechanisms as oxidation at the NMC/SSE interface and structural disruptions within NMC. Meanwhile, the Si electrode maintains a robust solid-electrolyte interphase layer, minimizing capacity decay. This study highlights the necessity for improved NMC coatings, lattice oxygen stabilization, and a durable positive electrode-electrolyte interface to improve the long-term stability of SSBs. Strategies leading to a single-layer pouch cell SSB exceeding 400 Wh kg −1 are developed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Consequences of long-term water exposure for bulk crystal structure and surface composition/chemistry of nickel-rich layered oxide materials for Li-ion batteries

Water exposure of layered nickel-rich transition metal oxide electrodes, widely used in high-energy lithium-ion batteries, has detrimental effects on the electrochemical performance, which complicates electrode handling and prevents implementation of environmentally benign aqueous processing procedures. Elucidating the degradation mechanisms in play may help rationally mitigate/circumvent key challenges. Here, the bulk structural consequences of long-term (>2.5 years) deuterated water (D2O) exposure of intercalation materials with compositions Li x Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM523) and Li x Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) are studied by neutron powder diffraction (NPD). Detailed inspection of the NPD data reveals gradual formation of a secondary crystalline phase in all exposed samples, not previously reported for this system. This unknown phase forms faster in liquid- compared to vapor-exposed compounds. Structural modelling of the NPD data shows a stable level of Li/Ni anti-site defects and does not indicate any significant changes in lattice parameters or hydrogen-lithium (D + /Li + ) exchange in the structure. Consequently, the secondary phase formation must take place via transformation rather than modification of the parent material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data indicate formation of LiHCO 3 /Li 2 CO 3 at the surface and a Li-deficient oxide in the sub-surface region of the pristine compounds, and the presence of adsorbed water and transition metal hydroxides at the exposed sample surfaces.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Petaloid-shaped ZnO coated carbon felt as a controllable host to construct hierarchical Li composite anode

Prestoring Li metal into the 3D host via thermal infusion strategy has been considered as an effective approach on suppressing Li dendrites growth of Li-metal anode during cycling. However, the fast Li infusing process generally induces uncontrollable and undesirable structures during the formation of composite Li metal anode. It is widely accepted that both physical and chemical interactions between the molten Li and the hosts provide driving forces for Li infusing into the host, but which one plays the dominant role has not been explored clearly. In this work, a 3D carbon felt coated by petaloid zinc oxide (CFZO) is designed as a controllable host for prestoring Li metal via thermal infusion method. It is revealed that the morphology induced physical driving force plays a more important role than the chemical reaction between ZnO and molten Li in the thermal infusion process. The physical driving force originates from the capillarity effect, depending on the roughness of the host according to Wenzel's model. An adjustable Li infusing process can be controlled to fabricate the Li composite electrode with a hierarchical structure (with dense Li-rich layer and porous Li-poor layer). The unique structure of the CFZO-Li not only provides enough spaces for Li deposition, but also disperses local current density to induce a uniform Li deposition behavior, thus Li dendrites can be suppressed effectively. As a result, CFZO-Li anode exhibits promising cycle stability when coupled with both Li-containing (LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 ) and Li-free (sulfur) cathodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗