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Load circuit for testing dc power supplies adjusted without momentary interruptions typical of rheostat loads. Load current passes through power transistor and fixed resistor instead of wire-wound rheostat. In new circuit potentiometer used to adjust bias of power transistor and thereby adjust load. Components are standard, commercially available parts, mounted on transistor heat sink, forming compact package.
Bracket for mounting toroidal inductors adapted for removing heat and providing support. Copper windings wound around bracket instead of directly on core. Heat-dissipating mounting bracket encircles hollow cylindrical magnetic core. Core wrapped with toroidal winding and encapsulated in usual way. Bracket provides direct path for heat to leave both core and windings.
Design procedure developed for dc-to-dc power converters with multiple outputs having inductors wound on common core. With common core, minimum load current consistent with good output regulation is lower, output regulation is improved, and total inductor size and weight is reduced.
The measurement characteristics of thin-Pt-film temperature sensors fabricated using advanced methods are discussed. The limitations of wound-wire Pt temperature sensors and the history of Pt-film development are outlined, and the commonly used film-deposition, structuring, and trimming methods are presented in a table. The development of a family of sputtered film resistors is described in detail and illustrated with photographs of the different types. The most commonly used tolerances are reported as + or - 0.3 C + 0.5 percent of the temperature measured.
An energy storage flywheel consisting of a quasi-isotropic composite disk overwrapped by a circumferentially wound ring made of carbon fiber and a elastometric matrix is proposed. Through analysis it was demonstrated that with an elastomeric matrix to relieve the radial stresses, a laminated disk/ring flywheel can be designed to store a least 80.3 Wh/kg or about 68% more than previous disk/ring designs. at the same time the simple construction is preserved.
The design requirements are given for magnetic oxide coated, electronic data processing tape, wound on reels. Magnetic recording tape types covered by this specification are intended for use on digital tape transports using the Non-Return-to-Zero-change-on-ones (NRZI) recording method for recording densities up to and including 800 characters per inch (cpi) and the Phase-Encoding (PE) recording method for a recording density of 1600 cpi.
In order to elucidate the role of ehtylene in gravitropism, detailed time courses for ethylene production in horizontal and upright plants were measured. Tomato and pea were chosen as examples of plants which exhibit different patterns of gravitropic curvature. Tomato seedlings were placed in gas-tight lucite boxes from which air was sampled and analyzed for ethylene. During the first 2 min interval after one set of plants was turned horizontal ethylene production was double the baseline. Similarly, plants rotated 3 rpm about a vertical axis transiently doubled ethylene production when the axis was shifted 90 deg. In order to clarify the role of this 2-min burst, the effect of exogenous ethylene was studied. In peas, epicotyls were excised, equilibrated until wound ethylene had subsided to a low stable level, and ethylene production was measured in vertical and horizontal segments. As for tomatoes, excised pea epicotyls increased their rate of ethylene production during the first 2 min of gravistimulation. Also, very low concentrations of exogenous ethylene slightly enhance curvature. On the other hand, higher levels of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) inhibit overall curvature.
A high voltage isolation transformer is provided with primary and secondary coils separated by discrete electrostatic shields from the surfaces of insulating spools on which the coils are wound. The electrostatic shields are formed by coatings of a compound with a low electrical conductivity which completely encase the coils and adhere to the surfaces of the insulating spools adjacent to the coils. Coatings of the compound also line axial bores of the spools, thereby forming electrostatic shields separating the spools from legs of a ferromagnetic core extending through the bores. The transformer is able to isolate a high constant potential applied to one of its coils, without the occurrence of sparking or corona, by coupling the coatings, lining the axial bores to the ferromagnetic core and by coupling one terminal of each coil to the respective coating encasing the coil.
Arc metal spraying is used to spray liquid metal onto an array of high strength fibers that were previously wound onto a large drum contained inside a controlled atmosphere chamber. This chamber is first evacuated to remove gaseous contaminants and then backfilled with a neutral gas up to atmospheric pressure. This process is used to produce a large size metal matrix composite monotape.
The goal of producing spiral wound D cell was met. The cell design and electrodes, particularly the carbon cathodes were produced in-house. Also all parts were assembled, the welding performed, the electrolyte aided and the cells sealed in-house. The lithium capacity (theoretical) was 19.3 Ah and that of the SOCl2 in the 1.8 m LiAlCl4 electrolyte, 16.4 Ah (a greater excess of SOCl2 is necessary for safe high rate operation). The electrode surface area was 452 sq cm. The carbon electrode comprised Shawinigen Black/Teflon -30 (90/10 by weight) mixture 0.020 inches thick on an expanded metal screen prepared in the JPL laboratory. There were two tab connections to the cathode. The 0.0078 inch thick lithium foil was rolled into an expanded nickel screen. The separator was Mead 934-5 fiberglass material.
A determination of primary energy is required in order to study the energy dependence of meson multiplicity in A-A collisions in cosmic rays. Various procedures which estimate the energy of a primary nucleus from its interaction were investigated. An average of two methods were used, one using the pions and wounded protons and the other using spectator protons and alpha particles. The high P sub T tail observed for Z = 2 fragments requires a modification of the latter method.
A static and dynamic finite element analysis is conducted on a U.S. Army OH-58 composite tail boom and compared with test data. The tail boom is a filament-wound graphite/epoxy monocoque structure. The structural design of the composite tail boom skin is based on 50-percent graphite fiber volume. However, material tests on representative samples of the tail boom skin reveal that the graphite fiber-volume fraction varied from 44.6 to 49.3 percent. To determine the effect of using measured material properties, static and dynamic finite element analyses are conducted for three fiber-volume conditions of 45, 48, and 50 percent. The static and dynamic model with the 45-percent fiber-volume graphite skins gives the closest agreement with test data.
Composites consisting of tungsten alloy wires in superalloy matrices are being studied because they offer the potential for increased strength compared to current materials used at temperatures up to at least 1093 C (2000F). Previous research at the NASA Lewis Research Center and at other laboratories in the U.S., Europe, and Japan has demonstrated laboratory feasibility for fiber reinforced superalloys (FRS). The data for the mechanical and physical properties used to evaluate candidate materials is limited and a need exists for a more detailed and complete data base. The focus of this work is to develop a test procedure to provide a more complete FRS data base to quantitatively evaluate the composite's potential for component applications. This paper will describe and discuss the equipment and procedures under development to obtain elevated temperature tensile stress-strain, strength and modulus data for the first generation of tungsten fiber reinforced superalloy composite (TFRS) materials. Tensile stress-strain tests are conducted using a constant crosshead speed tensile testing machine and a modified load-strain measuring apparatus. Elevated temperature tensile tests are performed using a resistance wound commercial furnace capable of heating test specimens up to 1093 C (2000 F). Tensile stress-strain data are obtained for hollow tubular stainless steel specimens serving as a prototype for future composite specimens.
A control system for a brushless DC motor responsive to digital control signals is disclosed. The motor includes a multiphase wound stator and a permanent magnet rotor. The motor is arranged so that each phase winding, when energized from a DC source, will drive the rotor through a predetermined angular position or step. A commutation signal generator responsive to the shaft position provides a commutation signal for each winding. A programmable control signal generator such as a computer or microprocessor produces individual digital control signals for each phase winding. The control signals and commutation signals associated with each winding are applied to an AND gate for that phase winding. Each gate controls a switch connected in series with the associated phase winding and the DC source so that each phase winding is energized only when the commutation signal and the control signal associated with that phase winding are present. The motor shaft may be advanced one step at a time to a desired position by applying a predetermined number of control signals in the proper sequence to the AND gates and the torque generated by the motor be regulated by applying a separate control signal and each AND gate which is pulse width modulated to control the total time that each switch connects its associated winding to the DC source during each commutation period.
Extensive computer based engineering design effort resulted in optimization of a superconducting magnet design with an average bulk current density of approximately 12KA/cm(2). Twisted, stranded 0.0045 inch diameter NbTi superconductor in a copper matrix was selected. Winding the coil from this bundle facilitated uniform winding of the small diameter wire. Test coils were wound using a first lot of the wire. The actual packing density was measured from these. Interwinding voltage break down tests on the test coils indicated the need for adjustment of the wire insulation on the lot of wire subsequently ordered for construction of the delivered superconducting magnet. Using the actual packing densities from the test coils, a final magnet design, with the required enhancement and field profile, was generated. All mechanical and thermal design parameters were then also fixed. The superconducting magnet was then fabricated and tested. The first test was made with the magnet immersed in liquid helium at 4.2K. The second test was conducted at 2K in vacuum. In the latter test, the magnet was conduction cooled from the mounting flange end.
Fracture behavior of tensile specimens containing through-the-thickness flaws and part-through semi-elliptic surface flaws was investigated. The material was T300/5208 graphite/epoxy, with a stacking sequence 0/+ or - 45/90 sub ns. Laminate thicknesses ranged from 8 to 120 plies. Fracture toughness for specimens with through-the-thickness flaws was a function of laminate thickness. Fracture toughness was also independent of crack size. Fracture toughness for the thick laminates was also independent of specimen geometry (center-cracked tension specimen, compact tension specimen, and three-point bend specimen). Using the asymptotic value of facture toughness and linear elastic isotropic fracture mechanics, the notched strength of tensile specimens with semi-elliptic surface flaws was predicted. The strength ratio is a function of the flaw depth (a/t) and flaw aspect (a/c) ratios. Comparisons between predicted and experimental strengths are good for large values of a/t. The notched strength of filament wound graphite/epoxy tensile specimens with part-through surface flaws was also predicted.
Fracture toughness testing techniques for composite materials are reviewed for simplicity, applicability to filament wound systems, and correlation with fracture mechanics preinciples. Toughness test results are repesented for homogeneous epoxy and graphite reinforced epoxy.
Differential stiffness as developed in NASTRAN is a linear change in stiffness caused by applied loads. Examples of differential stiffness are the stiffening effects of gravity forces in a pendulum, centrifugal forces in rotor blades and pressure loading of shell structures. In cases wherein this stiffness caused by a load is destabilizing, the differential stiffness concept lends itself to nonlinear structural analysis. Rigid Formats 4 (static analysis with differential stiffness) and 13 (normal modes with differential stiffness) are specifically designed to account for such stiffness changes. How pressure loading may be treated in these rigid formats is clarified. This clarification results from modal correlation of Ground Vibration Test (GVT) results from the empty and pressurized Filament Wound Case (FWC) quarter-scale Space Shuttle solid rocket booster (QSSRB). A sketch of the QSSRB cantilevered to the floor by its external tank attachments is shown.