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At least 595 records · Page 33

Role of the edge stochastic layer in density pump-out by resonant magnetic perturbations

The role of the edge stochastic layer on particle transport is addressed in DIII-D plasmas with applied resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) causing density pump-out (a term used to denote the density reduction at the top of the pedestal due to the applied RMPs). Using an analytical model that adds the stochastic parallel transport of electrons (Harvey et al 1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 102) to the fluid equations, the ambipolar radial electric field and particle flux are calculated simultaneously. In this model the nonambipolar electron particle flux, driven by the stochastic magnetic field, is predominantly balanced by the nonambipolar perpendicular ion flux, driven by toroidal viscosity, across a narrow stochastic layer of order two percent of the plasma radius (0.98 < ψn < 1). The model reproduces the level of density pump-out and its dependence on RMP amplitude near the separatrix for three plasma discharges for which the pedestal foot is at medium to high collisionality $(2\leqslant {\nu }_{\text{sep}}^{\ast }\leqslant 30)$. In this work, the experimentally observed and numerically tested inverse density dependence of density pump-out (Hu et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 076001) is accurately captured by the model: an increase in collisionality with density in the pedestal foot results in a decrease in stochastic diffusivity, and hence a decrease in the level of pump-out.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Spin pumping from antiferromagnetic insulator spin-orbit-proximitized by adjacent heavy metal: a first-principles Floquet-nonequilibrium Green function study

Motivated by the recent experiment on spin pumping from sub-THz radiation-driven uniaxial antiferromagnetic insulator (AFI) MnF 2 into heavy metal (HM) Pt hosting strong spin-orbit (SO) coupling, we compute and compare pumped spin currents in Cu/MnF 2 /Cu and Pt/MnF 2 /Cu heterostructures. Recent theories of spin pumping by AFI have relied on simplistic Hamiltonians (such as tight-binding) and the scattering approach to quantum transport yielding the so-called interfacial spin mixing conductance (SMC), but the concept of SMC ceases to be applicable when SO coupling is present directly at the interface. In contrast, we use a more general first-principles quantum transport approach which combines noncollinear density functional theory with Floquet-nonequilibrium Green's functions in order to take into account: SO-proximitized AFI as a new type of quantum material, different from isolated AFI and brought about by AFI hybridization with adjacent HM layer; strong SO coupling at the interface; and evanescent wavefunctions penetrating from Pt or Cu into AFI layer to make its interfacial region conducting rather than insulating as in the isolated AFI. The DC component of pumped spin current $I_\mathrm{DC}^{S_z}$ vs. precession cone angle $\theta_{\boldsymbol{l}}$ of the Néel vector l of AFI does not follow putative $I^{S_z}_\mathrm{DC} \propto \sin^2 \theta_{\boldsymbol{l}}$, except for very small angles $\theta_{\boldsymbol{l}} \lesssim 10^\circ$ for which we define an effective SMC from the prefactor and find that it doubles from MnF2/Cu to MnF2/Pt interface. In addition, the angular dependence $I^{S_z}_\mathrm{DC}(\theta_{\boldsymbol{l}})$ differs for opposite directions of precession of the Néel vector, leading to twice as large SMC for the right-handed than for the left-handed chirality of the precession mode.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Fingerprinting fractons with pump-probe spectroscopy

We demonstrate how pump-probe techniques enable specific spectroscopic diagnostics of fracton phases of matter by studying lineon-planon braiding in the paradigmatic X-cube model. Our discussion builds on previous works probing anyonic exchange statistics in conventional spin liquids, but the extension to fracton phases reveals qualitatively different phenomena due to the restricted mobility of fractionalized excitations. A key feature is that nearby planons can form an emergent bound state by accessing different planes via alternative pairing configurations. We show that this bound state qualitatively modifies the long-time linear and nonlinear responses, leading to an asymptotic linear-in-𝑡 behavior for the pump-probe signal 𝜒 𝑍𝑍𝑋 . By contrast, swapping the pump and probe polarizations produces a nonlinear response 𝜒 𝑋𝑋𝑍 that is asymptotically 𝑡 independent. This asymmetry reflects the fact that the two species of fractionalized excitations live in different spatial dimensions. Thus the pump-probe signals studied here are sensitive to (i) nontrivial braiding statistics in three dimensions, (ii) the existence of bound states among fractionalized excitations, and (iii) the one-dimensional mobility of lineons. Furthermore, our results therefore provide spectroscopic signatures that distinguish fracton phases from conventional topologically ordered spin liquids.

braiding↗

Developing of Quaternary Pumped Storage Hydropower for Dynamic Studies

Quaternary pumped storage hydropower (Q-PSH) technology, as one of the new advanced-PSH technology, has been developed by taking advantage of Conventional-PSH (C-PSH) and Adjustable Speed-PSH (AS-PSH). By combining adjustable-speed pump unit and conventional hydropower turbine unit in the quaternary configuration, Q-PSH has the more competitive capability of providing fast power support in the future high renewable penetrated power system. Acting as energy storage (ES), Q-PSH provides promising power supply to deal with the uncertainty and variability from renewable energy generation. This paper focuses on the dynamic modeling of Q-PSH technology employing full-converter machine and the impact of Q-PSH on the frequency response in a system. The detailed model of Q-PSH is developed and implemented in the IEEE 14-bus system based on GE Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) platform, which captures the dynamic of multiple operation modes, especially hydraulic short-circuit (HSC) operation mode. Several cases are set up to reveal the advantages of Q-PSH technology when power electronic based renewable energy generation is deployed in the system. Sensitivity studies of the controller in pump governor show the impact of parameters in pump response performance. The comparison case illustrates the impact of frequency response provided by the Q-PSH in the system.

dynamic modeling↗

Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Water Vapor Compression Techniques for Enabling High Temperature Lift Hydration-Based Chemical Heat Pumps

Achieving high temperature lifts (>200 K) via a chemical heat pump based on salt hydration/dehydration reactions requires the transport of water vapor from low to high pressure. Alternative compression approaches require condensing of low-pressure water vapor, pumping of liquid water, and subsequent evaporation when the low-side pressure corresponds to sub-ambient water saturation temperatures. Thus, this study compares four steam compression methods for use within a chemical heat pump system based on a reversible calcium oxide hydration/dehydration reaction with a temperature lift from 350 °C heat to >600 °C. Purely mechanical and thermochemical/mechanical compression technologies are considered. A parametric study of maximum allowable temperature, the isentropic efficiency of mechanical compressors, the effectiveness of heat exchangers, and the assumed allowable heat exchanger pressure drop is conducted to determine the mechanical and thermal energy consumed per kilogram of compressed steam. The system complexity in terms of the number of main system components, maximum pressure ratio, and maximum allowable temperature is estimated. Model results show an absorption-based steam compressor has the highest exergetic efficiency for the required chemical heat pump required conditions. As a result, this system configuration was then experimentally demonstrated to illustrate the impact of system performance on component effectiveness.

Advanced reactors↗

Stimulated Brillouin scattering in the field of a two-dimensionally localized pumping wave

Stimulated Brillouin scattering of electromagnetic waves in the field of a two-dimensionally localized pump wave at arbitrary scattering angles in the regime of forward scattering is analyzed. Spatial variations in the amplitudes of interacting waves are studied for different values of the pump field and different dimensions of the pump wave localization region. The intensity of scattered radiation is determined as a function of the scattering angle and the dimensions of the pump wave localization region. It is shown that the intensity increases with increasing scattering angle.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Post service examination of turbomolecular pumps after stress testing with Kg-scale tritium throughput

Turbomolecular pumps (TMP) will be used with large amounts of tritium in future fusion machines like ITER, DEMO and in the KATRIN Experiment. In this work, a stress test of a large, magnetically levitated TMP (Leybold MAG W2800) with a tritium throughput of 1.1 kg over 384 days of operation was performed at TLK. After this, the pump was dismantled and the tritium uptake in several parts was deter-mined. Especially the non-metallic parts of the pump have absorbed large amounts of tritium and are most likely responsible for the observed pollution of the process gas. The total tritium uptake of the TMP was estimated with 0.1-1.1 TBq. No radiation-induced damages were found on the inner parts of the pump. The TMP showed no signs of functional limitations during the 384 days of operation. (authors)

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Utah FORGE: Pump and Probe Test on an Intact Westerly Granite Sample

This dataset contains results from a pump and probe experiment conducted on an intact Westerly Granite sample with a diameter of 1 inch and a height of 1 3/8 inches. The experiment was performed within an aluminum triaxial pressure vessel (TEMCO) to investigate the non-linear acoustic parameters of the sample under varying axial pressures. The confining pressure was maintained at 4 MPa, while the axial pressure was incrementally increased from 1 MPa to 17 MPa before being reduced back to 1 MPa. 5 dynamic pressure oscillations of 0.5 MPa were applied over a 10 minute interval. The dataset includes pump controller data, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) measurements, and acoustic data. The pump controller data tracks the confining and axial pressures, flow rates, and pump volumes. LVDT measurements provide detailed records of the axial displacement of the cell piston. Additionally, acoustic data captured by s-wave transducers is archived in a compressed file.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Utah FORGE: Pump and Probe Test on a Mated Fracture Westerly Granite Sample

This dataset contains results from a pump and probe experiment conducted on a mated fracture Westerly Granite sample with a diameter of 1 inch and a height of 2 7/8 inches. The experiment was performed within an aluminum triaxial pressure vessel (TEMCO) to investigate the non-linear acoustic parameters of the sample under varying axial pressures. The confining pressure was maintained at 4 MPa, while the axial pressure was incrementally reduced from 17 MPa to 1 MPa in 1 MPa steps. 5 dynamic pressure oscillations of 0.5 MPa were applied over a 10 minute interval. The dataset includes pump controller data, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) measurements, and acoustic data. The pump controller data tracks the confining and axial pressures, flow rates, and pump volumes. LVDT measurements provide detailed records of the axial displacement of the cell piston. Additionally, acoustic data captured by s-wave transducers is archived in a compressed file.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

HERO WEC V1 Upgrades - SolidWorks Models (WEC, RO System, and Submersible Pump Housing)

The attached zip files include SolidWorks pack-and-go assemblies of NREL's HERO WEC (hydraulic and electric reverse osmosis wave energy converter), the reverse osmosis (RO) assembly, and the submersible pump assembly that is used to provide flow to the RO assembly in the electric configuration. These 3 models were upgraded in 2023 from their baseline models. The HERO WEC model does not include all aspects of the design (i.e. RO system, electrical enclosure, hose, cable), it only includes the WEC and PTO (power take-off) design. This model supersedes the old MHKDR model submission, linked below. The RO model file includes a SolidWorks (version 2023) pack-and-go assembly of the RO assembly that was used for HERO WEC as it was upgraded in 2023. This model ONLY includes the RO assembly and not the WEC, hoses, etc. The submersible pump enclosure model includes a SolidWorks (version 2023) pack-and-go assembly of the submersible pump assembly that is used to provide flow to the RO assembly in the electric configuration HERO WECas it was upgraded in 2023. This model ONLY includes the submersible pump assembly and not the WEC, RO system, hoses, etc. This work has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Residential Integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters

This paper explores the laboratory performance of five integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWHs) across a wide range of operating conditions representative of US climate regions. HPWHs are expected to provide significant energy savings in certain climate zones when compared to typical electric resistance water heaters. Results show that this technology is a viable option in most climates, but differences in control schemes and design features impact the performance of the units tested. Tests were conducted to map heat pump performance across the operating range and to determine the logic used to control the heat pump and the backup electric heaters. Other tests performed include two unique draw profile tests, reduced air flow performance tests and the standard DOE rating tests. The results from all these tests are presented here for all five units tested. The results of these tests will be used to improve the EnergyPlus heat pump water heater for use in BEopt(tm) whole-house building simulations.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Residential Integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters

This paper explores the laboratory performance of five integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWHs) across a wide range of operating conditions representative of U.S. climate regions. HPWHs are expected to provide significant energy savings in certain climate zones when compared to typical electric resistance water heaters. Results show that this technology is a viable option in most climates, but differences in control schemes and design features impact the performance of the units tested. Tests were conducted to map heat pump performance across the operating range and to determine the logic used to control the heat pump and the backup electric heaters. Other tests performed include two unique draw profile tests, reduced air flow performance tests and the standard DOE rating tests. The results from all these tests are presented here for all five units tested. The results of these tests will be used to improve the EnergyPlus heat pump water heater for use in BEopt™ whole-house building simulations.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

High Performance Cold Climate Heat Pump (CCHP) – Final Report

In the U. S., there are approximately 2.6 million dwellings that use electricity for heating in very cold and cold regions with an annual energy consumption of 0.16 quads. A high performance cold climate heat pump (CCHP) would result in significant savings over current technologies (> 70% compared to strip heating). It can result in an annual primary energy savings of 0.1 Quads when fully deployed, which is equivalent to 5.9 million tons of annual CO2 emissions reduction. The outcome of this project is the development of a split system, cold climate heat pump (CCHP) providing 36,000 Btu/hr (10.6 kW) heating capacity with a COP > 4.0 (at the 47°F (8.3°C) AHRI rating condition) and maximum efficiency degradation of 50% and capacity loss of 25% at -13°F (-25°C) ambient conditions. Between 2012 and 2015, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Emerson Climate Technologies engaged in a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to develop a high efficiency, cold climate heat pump for the US residential market. We went through an exhaustive technologies survey to select energy efficient and cost-effective components. We conducted in-depth engineering design and building energy modeling, based on the ORNL Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM) and EnergyPlus, by which we made the final choices.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Pioneering Heat Pump Project

This project was initiated at a time when ground coupled heat pump systems in this region were limited in size and quantity. There were economic pressures with costs for natural gas and electric utilities that had many organizations considering ground coupled heat pumps; The research has added to the understanding of how ground temperatures fluctuate seasonally and how this affects the performance and operation of the heat pumps. This was done by using a series of temperature sensors buried within the middle of one of the vertical bore fields with sensors located at various depths below grade. Trending of the data showed that there is a lag in ground temperature with respect to air temperatures in the shoulder months, however as full cooling and heating season arrives, the heat rejection and heat extraction from the ground has a significant effect on the ground temps; Additionally it is better understood that while a large community geothermal bore field serving multiple buildings does provide a convenient central plant to use, it introduces complexity of not being able to easily model and predict how each building will contribute to the loads in real time. Additional controllers and programming were added to provide more insight into this real time load profile and allow for intelligent shedding of load via a dry cooler during cool nights in lieu of rejecting to the ground loop. This serves as a means to ‘condition’ the ground loop and mitigate thermal creep of the field, as is typically observed; and It has been observed when compared to traditional heating and cooling equipment, there is still a cost premium to use ground source heat pumps that is driven mostly by the cost for vertical bore holes. Horizontal loop systems are less costly to install, but do not perform as well in this climate zone for heating mode

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

ThermoLift – A Natural Gas Fired Air Conditioner and Heat Pump

ThermoLift is developing TC-Cycle™, a natural-gas driven air conditioner and cold-climate heat pump that can provide space heating, water heating, and air conditioning in a single device. Unlike traditional heat-pump system, the TC-Cycle system uses helium as working fluid in place of high global warming potential HFC refrigerant. The system has broad application as a combined HVAC solution and technology development throughout this program has advanced the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-1 to TRL-5 achieved in the Gen 3.0 prototype. In August of 2013, the US Department of Energy (DOE) provided Research and Development funding through the Building Technologies Innovations Program Funding Opportunity Announcement DE-FOA-0000823. The statement of work (SOW) outlined a deliverable of testing at ORNL and a final test report prepared to include various heating cooling temperature ranges and performance analysis. Furthermore, a milestone of this effort was to analyze all test data to establish further efficiency improvements and consider optimum manufacturing methodologies to facilitate the next level improvements. ThermoLift’s Gen 3.0 gas-fired heat pump was shipped and installed into ORNL’s test facility with most of the data reported herein obtained on August 6, 2018. Uninterrupted operation demonstrated cycle Coefficient of Performance (COP) well exceeding DOE targets for cold-climate heat pumps. Furthermore, there was no degradation in capacity as inlet (ambient) temperature decreased.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

A Comparison of the Environmental Effects of Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Pumped Storage Hydropower

Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a type of energy storage that uses the pumping and release of water between two reservoirs at different elevations to store water and generate electricity (Figure ES-1). When demand for electricity is low, a PSH project can use low cost energy to pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir for storage. When demand for electricity is high, a PSH project can release water from the upper reservoir through a powerhouse to generate electricity. Traditionally, this meant that PSH plants generated power during the day and pumped at night, with modest diurnal or seasonal variation.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Blend Pump Mixing in Tank 27 Evaluation

For future waste disposal operations, Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC) plans to operate Tank 27 as a blend tank. It is desirable to avoid additional worker exposure by using the planned commercial submersible mixing pump (CSMP) installations in Risers B2 and B4 to function as the blend pumps for prolonged blend tank operations. The purpose of this task is to evaluate the impacts to mixing across a range of pump installation heights from 1 to 201 inches. Specifications include: A maximum pump diameter of 22.5 inches, dual nozzles placed tangentially opposed with nominal inside diameter of 2 inches, a total flow range (both nozzles combined) of 500 to 1950 gallons per minute (gpm) and a maximum revolutions per minute (RPM) of 1800. Tank 27 is expected to have maximum fill height of 360 inches.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Hybridization Assessment of Trybrid Pumped Storage Hydropower System—Part 1: A Case Study of Corral Summit

This report is a part of the deliverables for technical assistance provided to Cat Creek Energy for the Coral Summit Trybrid (Triple Hybrid-Pumped Storage Hydropower, Battery Energy Storage System, and photovoltaic solar energy) energy project. This report explores the operational benefits and challenges of hybridizing an open loop PSH (200MW) located at Mackay, Custer County, Idaho with solar PV (Ground mount 300MW and floating 40MW) and battery (720MWhr). This document reports two activities performed as a part of the hybridization assessment task 1) optimal resource allocation and energy management strategy, and 2) power quality and reliability assessment. From optimal resource allocation and energy management strategy (activity 1), the following key findings can be observed: • Conventional PSH (CPSH) with two reversible pump turbines and separate penstocks can provide required flexibility equivalent to that from two ternary PSH with separate penstock. With single unit CPSH, upper reservoir head cannot be maintained accurately, the variation of water level is rapid and pump mode flexibility is not available. These disadvantages can be overcome by single unit TPSH. However, using two CPSH units with separate penstocks also overcome these disadvantages with the formation of the hydraulic short circuit between two conventional units. • Flooding of the lower reservoir is a severe concern when considering continuous operation for black start. This limits the duration of continuous operation from PSH alone to around 50 hours. Due to the complementary PV and battery action, the duration of continuous operation and smooth power output can be extended. • An optimization problem is framed that maximizes the power output on an hourly basis while minimizing constraint violations and respecting seasonal variations of solar PV and load profiles . Two value streams, arbitrage and baseload generation are served by this profile. It was uncovered that for smooth power output during regular operation, PV curtailment will be required, or the battery capacity needs to be increased above 90MW to accommodate additional PV. From power quality and reliability assessment (activity 2) the following takeaway points can be observed: • The Trybrid, when integrated at the Lost River bus, and limited to 250MW in generation mode and -150MW in the pump mode, causes no violation of voltage or flow.

13 - HYDRO ENERGY↗