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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Highly Efficient Urea Oxidation via Nesting Nano-Nickel Oxide in Eggshell Membrane-Derived Carbon

Here, we reported a strategy of using an eggshell membrane to produce hierarchically porous carbon as a low-cost substrate for synthesizing a nano-nickel oxide catalyst (C@NiO), which can effectively turn biowaste—urea—into energy through an electrochemical approach. Here, the interwoven carbon networks within NiO led to highly efficient urea oxidation due to the strong synergistic effect. The as-prepared electrode only needed 1.36 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode to realize a high efficiency of 10 mA cm –2 in 1.0 M KOH with 0.33 M urea and delivered an even higher current density of 25 mA cm –2 at 1.46 V, which is smaller than that of the porous carbon and commercial Pt/C catalyst. Benefiting from theoretical calculations, Ni(III) active species and the porous carbon further enabled the electrocatalyst to effectively inhibit the “CO 2 poisoning” of electrocatalysts, as well as ensuring its superior performance for urea oxidation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

L{sub g} = 100 nm In{sub 0.7}Ga{sub 0.3}As quantum well metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors with atomic layer deposited beryllium oxide as interfacial layer

In this study, we have fabricated nanometer-scale channel length quantum-well (QW) metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) incorporating beryllium oxide (BeO) as an interfacial layer. BeO has high thermal stability, excellent electrical insulating characteristics, and a large band-gap, which make it an attractive candidate for use as a gate dielectric in making MOSFETs. BeO can also act as a good diffusion barrier to oxygen owing to its small atomic bonding length. In this work, we have fabricated In{sub 0.53}Ga{sub 0.47}As MOS capacitors with BeO and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and compared their electrical characteristics. As interface passivation layer, BeO/HfO{sub 2} bilayer gate stack presented effective oxide thickness less 1 nm. Furthermore, we have demonstrated In{sub 0.7}Ga{sub 0.3}As QW MOSFETs with a BeO/HfO{sub 2} dielectric, showing a sub-threshold slope of 100 mV/dec, and a transconductance (g{sub m,max}) of 1.1 mS/μm, while displaying low values of gate leakage current. These results highlight the potential of atomic layer deposited BeO for use as a gate dielectric or interface passivation layer for III–V MOSFETs at the 7 nm technology node and/or beyond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Investigation of long-term light stability of negative charge injected into oxide-nitride-oxide passivation stack of crystalline silicon solar cells

A negatively charged oxide-nitride-oxide stack for field-effect passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells is discussed. The negative charge was injected into the stack by a plasma charge injection technology. Charge stability was studied by exposing samples to AM1.5 simulation visible light and full-spectrum light at temperatures ranging from 55 to 78 °C for up to 300 h. Charge injection and loss were quantified based on shifts in the flatband voltage of capacitance–voltage curves measured with a mercury probe. The most probable mechanism of charge loss was found to be diffusion of negative charged hydrogen atoms through nitride and bottom oxide. The optimum recipe for each layer of the stack was investigated to minimize the loss of injected charge. The flatband voltage decay of the optimized stack was found to fit a power-law trend, suggesting the dispersive transport of hydrogen atoms with a dispersion parameter of ~0.06–0.07. The optimized stack is projected to maintain a negative charge density of about 3.6 × 10 12 cm –2 or more after 25 years of field operation in an environment such as Arizona, which would be sufficient for field-effect passivation under one-sun illumination. Furthermore, the high stability of the negative injected charge makes the plasma charging technology a safer and lower cost alternative to Al 2 O 3 -passivation technology commonly used to passivate p-type surfaces.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Wetting and Mechanical Performance of Zirconia Brazed with Silver/Copper Oxide and Silver/Vanadium Oxide Alloys

The wetting behavior and mechanical strength of silver/copper oxide and silver/vanadium oxide braze alloys were investigated for both magnesia-stabilized and yttria-stabilized (Mg-PSZ and Y-TZP) transformation toughened zirconia substrates. The temperatures investigated were 1000 to 1100°C, with oxide additions of 1 to 10 weight percent V2O5 or CuO, and hold times of 0.9 to 3.6 ks. Increasing either the isothermal hold temperature or time had a distinctly negative effect on the joint strength. The maximum strengths for both braze alloys were obtained for 5 wt. % oxide additions at 1050°C with a hold time of 0.9 ks. The Mg-PSZ/Ag-CuO system exhibited a average fracture strength of 255 MPa (45% of the reported monolithic strength), and the Y-TZP/Ag-CuO system had an average fracture strength of 540 MPa (30% of the reported monolithic strength). The fracture strengths were lower for the Ag-V2O5 braze alloys, with fracture strengths of approximately 180 MPa (30% of the monolithic strength) for Mg-PSZ versus approximately 160 MPa (10% of the monolithic strength) for Y-TZP. No interfacial products were observed in low magnification SEM analysis for the brazing alloys containing V2O5 additions, while there were interfacial products present for brazes prepared with CuO additions in the braze alloy.

Sinnamon, Kathleen E.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Interfacial Effects of Tin Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition in Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics

Metal halide perovskites offer a wide and tunable bandgap, making them promising candidates for top–cell absorbers in tandem photovoltaics. In this work, the authors aim to understand the atomic layer deposition (ALD) precursor–perovskite interactions of the tin oxide ALD system and the role of organic fullerenes at the perovskite–tin oxide interface while establishing a framework for developing alternative perovskite–compatible ALD processes in the future. It is shown, in the case of tin oxide ALD growth with tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin(IV) and water on FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 perovskite, that perovskite stability is most sensitive to metal–organic exposure at elevated temperatures with an onset near 110 °C, resulting in removal of the formamidinium cation. Transitioning from ALD to pulsed–chemical vapor deposition tin oxide growth can minimize the degradation effects. Investigation of fullerenes at the perovskite interface shows that thin fullerene layers offer minor improvements to perovskite stability under ALD conditions, but significant enhancement in carrier extraction. Fullerene materials are undesirable due to fabrication cost and poor mechanical stability. Compositional tuning of the perovskite material can improve the fullerene–free device performance. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated with a bromine–rich perovskite phase to enable an 8.2% efficient perovskite device with all–inorganic extraction layers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Heterogeneous Fe‐N‐C Cocatalyst for Hydroquinone Oxidation Enables Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes

Abstract Benzoquinone (BQ) is commonly used as a cocatalyst in multi‐component catalyst systems for aerobic oxidation of organic molecules. Such methods often proceed by a redox cascade in which a secondary catalyst supports aerobic oxidation of hydroquinone (HQ) to BQ. The present study shows that a commercially available non‐precious metal heterogeneous catalyst, PAJ‐Fe‐N‐C, is much more efficient than established homogeneous catalysts for aerobic oxidation of HQ to BQ, and this improved reactivity is crucial to support aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes with the homogeneous iridium catalyst, [Ir(trop 2 DAD]OTf (trop 2 DAD= N , N ‐bis(5‐ H ‐dibenzo[ a , d ]cycloheptene‐5‐yl)‐1,4‐diazabuta‐1,3‐diene). The combination of this heterogeneous/homogeneous catalyst system operates with Ir catalyst loadings as low as 0.05 mol % and turnover frequencies ≥350 h −1 .

Asmaul Hoque, Md [Department of Chemistry Universi↗
DOE OSTI2017

Rate and Selectivity Control in Thioether and Alkene Oxidation with H 2 O 2 over Phosphonate-Modified Niobium(V)-Silica Catalysts

Supported metal oxide catalysts are versatile materials for liquid-phase oxidations, including alkene epoxidation and thioether sulfoxidation with H2O2. Periodic trends in H2O2 activation was recently demonstrated for alkene epoxidation, highlighting Nb-SiO2 as a more active and selective catalyst than Ti-SiO2. Three representative catalysts are studied consisting of NbV, TiIV, and ZrIV on silica, each made through a molecular precursor approach that yields highly dispersed oxide sites, for thioanisole oxidation by H2O2. Initial rates trend Nb>Ti>>Zr, as for epoxidation, and Nb outperforms Ti for a number of other thioethers. In contrast, selectivity to sulfoxide vs. sulfone trends Ti>Nb>>Zr at all conversions. Modifying the Nb-SiO2 catalyst with phenylphosphonic acid does not completely remove sulfoxidation reactivity, as it did for photooxidation and epoxidation, and results in an unusual material active for sulfoxidation but neither epoxidation nor overoxidation to the sulfone.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Controllable Fabrication of Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles Confined in Graphene-Analogous Boron Nitride as an Efficient Desulfurization Catalyst

Tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WOxNPs) are gaining increasing attention, but low stabiliity and poor dispersion of WOxNPs hinder their catalytic applications. Herein, WOxNPs were confined in graphene-analogous boron nitride (g-BN) by a one-step, in situ method at high temperature, which can enhance the interactions between WOxNPs and the support and control the sizes of WOxNPs in a range of about 4–5 nm. The as-prepared catalysts were applied in catalytic oxidation of aromatic sulfur compounds in which they showed high catalytic activity. A balance between the W loading and the size distribution of the WOxNPs could govern the catalytic activity. Furthermore, a synergistic effect between g-BN and WOxNPs also contributed to high catalytic activity. The reaction mechanism is discussed in detail and the catalytic scope was enlarged.

Wu, Peiwen↗
DOE OSTI2016

Nanoconfinement Inside Molecular Metal Oxide Clusters: Dynamics and Modified Encapsulation Behavior

Abstract Encapsulation behavior, as well as the presence of internal catalytically active sites, has been spurring the applications of a 3 nm hollow spherical metal oxide cluster {Mo 132 } as an encapsulation host and a nanoreactor. Due to its well‐defined and tunable cluster structures, and nanoscaled internal void space comparable to the volumes of small molecules, this cluster provides a good model to study the dynamics of materials under nanoconfinement. Neutron scattering studies suggest that bulky internal ligands inside the cluster show slower and limited dynamics compared to their counterparts in the bulk state, revealing the rigid nature of the skeleton of the internal ligands. NMR studies indicate that the rigid internal ligands that partially cover the interfacial pore on the molybdenum oxide shells are able to block some large guest molecules from going inside the capsule cluster, which provides a convincing protocol for size‐selective encapsulation and separation.

Wang, Zhe↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fluoropolymer‐Stabilized Chromophore–Catalyst Assemblies in Aqueous Buffer Solutions for Water‐Oxidation Catalysis

Abstract Here, the application of the fluorinated polymer [Dupont AF, a copolymer of 4,5‐difluoro‐2,2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3‐dioxole and tetrafluoroethylene] is described in stabilizing phosphonate‐derivatized molecular assemblies on oxide electrodes. In the procedure, the polymer was dip‐coated onto the surfaces of oxide electrodes with pre‐bound, phosphonate‐derivatized chromophores and assemblies, including assemblies for water oxidation. The results of the experiments showed a high degree of stabilization by the added polymer and a demonstration of its use in stabilizing surface‐bound assemblies for water‐oxidation catalysis.

Eberhart, Michael S.↗
DOE OSTI2015

The role of non-covalent interactions on CO bulk oxidation on Pt single crystal electrodes in alkaline electrolytes

The role of non-covalent interaction between both non-specifically adsorbed hydrated K+, Li+ and Ba2+ cations (M+) and hydroxyl species (M+-OHad) as well as underpotentially deposited Cu adatoms and OHad (Cuupd-OHad) on bulk CO oxidation (COb) is investigated on Pt(111) and Pt(100) in alkaline solutions. The effect of Cuupd-OHad on COb oxidation is observed almost at the reversible potential for CO oxidation, signaling that Cuupd-induced adsorption of OHad activates COb oxidation at very low over potentials. In contrast, the effect of M+-OHad was found to be strongly dependent on the surface coverage of OHad on Pt; e.g., while no effect is found when the surface is pre-covered by adsorbed CO (COad), a discernable effect is observed on OHad pre-covered Pt surface.

Kodama, Kensaku↗