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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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Hydrogen Densification for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Missions

Propellant densification is cooling the propellant below the normal boiling point; Densified propellants can either be saturated or subcooled. Propellant densification has two potential benefits; Increased density for more mass in a given volume (more propellant), Decrease temperature for thermal energy buffer (extended storage). Two primary methods for producing densified propellants; Vapor pumping for pressure control, Refrigeration for temperature control. SpaceX has been flying densified liquid oxygen for several years. NASA has developed and tested hydrogen densification systems but have never been used in an operational mission

densified propellants↗

Kilopower-nuclear electric propulsion for outer solar system exploration (NEP Benefits Study)

This report does not represent an endorsement by any of the contributing laboratories or a commitment to undertake any of the work described herein. The report identifies suggestions for further study but presents no recommendations regarding programmatic or project implementation. The authors and their supporting laboratories fully understand that such matters are the sole prerogative of the sponsoring agencies, i.e., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Department of Energy (DOE).

Casani, John R.↗