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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of annealing after strip casting on microstructure, precipitates and texture in non-oriented silicon steel produced by twin-roll strip casting

Highlights: • Non-oriented silicon steel with superior magnetic properties was produced by twin-roll strip casting. • The effect of annealing after strip casting on microstructure, precipitates and texture was investigated. • Role of precipitates in microstructure and texture evolution along the entire route was explored. • High magnetic induction and strong λ-fiber texture was obtained by optimizing strip annealing process. - Abstract: A 3.1 mm thick non-oriented Fe-1.0% Si steel as-cast strip was produced by twin-roll strip casting. Samples with/without strip annealing were cold rolled to 0.5 mm and then annealed. The development of microstructure, precipitate and texture was characterized along the entire processing route. It was found that annealing after strip casting had a minor influence on the average grain size and texture of the as-cast strip. A large number of particles precipitated and coarsened during the strip annealing process. Meanwhile, precipitates hindered dislocation slip and crystal rotation such that more significant in-grain shear bands were formed in cold rolled sheets. During recrystallization annealing process, the newly formed fine precipitates in directly cold-rolled sheets consumed stored strain energy and also hindered grain growth. But the initial precipitates in the annealed strip grew further and the effect of pinning of dislocations and grain boundary was lost. Therefore, annealed sheets with strip annealing process showed homogeneous equiaxed grains and the recrystallization texture was characterized by strong λ-fiber texture, which led to high permeability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of isothermal and non-isothermal aging on the low cycle fatigue behavior of an Al–Cu–Mg–Si forging alloy

Highlights: • Non-isothermal aging treatment is performed to improve low cycle fatigue performance of an Al-Cu-Mg-Si forging alloy. • Mixed precipitation characteristic manifested as shearable and non-shearable θ' phases is obtained by non-isothermal aging. • Planar slip associated with particle shearing mechanism contributes to the high fatigue crack propagation resistance. - Abstract: Low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of an Al–Cu–Mg–Si forging alloy was investigated at room temperature. Isothermal aging (T6) and non-isothermal aging (NIA) treatments were applied to produce different microstructures. Under the same strain amplitude, the LCF life of NIA specimen exceeded that of T6 specimen. Besides, NIA specimens exhibited cyclic stability behavior in contrast to cyclic hardening behavior of T6 specimens. The different LCF behaviors could be rationalized by different deformation mechanisms under cyclic straining. T6 specimens with non-shearable θ′-phases underwent Orowan bypassing mechanism leading to the cyclic hardening behavior. While NIA specimens with shearable and non-shearable θ′-phases suffered from both particle shearing and Orowan bypassing mechanisms resulting in the cyclic stability behavior. Non-shearable θ′-phases bypassed by dislocations introduced more stress concentration, while shearable θ′-phases cut through by dislocations caused less stress concentration. Therefore, fatigue life of NIA specimen is longer than that of T6 specimen.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Quasi in-situ analysis of geometrically necessary dislocation density in α-fibre and γ-fibre during static recrystallization in cold-rolled low-carbon Ti-V bearing microalloyed steel

Highlights: • Average GND density is higher in gamma fibre than alpha fibre. • Higher drop in average GND density in un-recrystallized portion of gamma fibre • Fine precipitates pin the grain boundary at 700 °C 0 s. • Precipitates are coarse at 800 °C and present inside strain-free grains. - Abstract: In the present study, cold-rolled low-carbon steel is annealed at three different conditions: 700 °C for 0 s, 800 °C for 0 s and 800 °C for 2 min at the heating rate of ~10 °C/s. Recrystallization behaviour on sample surface is studied using a heated stage Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Backscattered Diffraction. For the lower annealing temperature of 700 °C with no dwell, almost no recrystallization is observed and microstructure resembles the as-received deformed material with the exception of occasional sub-micron sized nuclei. For the annealing conditions of 800 °C 0 s and 800 °C 2 min, onset and evolution of recrystallization is observed in-situ as a function of the initial as-cold rolled texture. Slower recovery rate of alpha fibre than gamma fibre is observed and confirmed by lower drop in average geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density for un-recrystallized alpha fibres (1.1E+14 m{sup −2} for 700 °C 0 s, 1.4E+14 m{sup −2} for 800 °C 0 s and 4.5E+14 m{sup −2} for 800 °C 2 min) than for un-recrystallized gamma fibre grains (3.0E+14 m{sup −2} for 700 °C 0 s, 6.2E+14 m{sup −2} for 800 °C 0 s and 9.8E+14 m{sup −2} for 800 °C 2 min) during annealing. Strong gamma texture in recrystallized matrix is found for annealing conditions of 800 °C 0 s and 800 °C 2 min. From TEM characterisation it was shown that sub-grain boundaries are decorated with fine precipitates (diameter d < 15 nm) of titanium‑vanadium carbides (Ti,V)C for the annealing condition of 700 °C 0 s, which suggests that these precipitates play a major overall role in retardation of the recrystallization kinetics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Facile synthesis of pompon-like ZnO-Ag nanocomposites and their enhanced photocatalytic performance

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Pompon-like ZnO-Ag was prepared via heterothermal and photodeposition method. • Pompon-like ZnO-Ag is a excellent photocatalyst for degradation of azo dyes. • The photocatalytic and wetting properties were studied upon UV irradiation. • The discoloring efficiency of ZnO-Ag heterostructure toward to azo dyes is 99.1%. - Abstract: A series of pompon-like ZnO-Ag nanocomposites were prepared by hydrothermal method and photochemical deposition technique. Several characterizations indicated the successful deposition of Ag nanoparticles on ZnO. As a whole, the as-prepared composites present pompon-like nanostructures with a diameter of ∼10 μm. In detail, the nanostructural, chemical and optical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultra-visible spectra (UV). The photocatalytic degradation experiments under UV irradiation using Methyl Orange (MO) as a model dye were executed here. The relative results demonstrated that the pompon-like ZnO-Ag nanocomposite with a suitable content of Ag nanoparticles (about 4.82 wt%) has the highest photochemical activity, and the removal ratio of MO was 99.1% after 0.5 h adsorption and subsequent 2 h photodegradation processes. The excellent photocatalytic performance was attributed to the high surface areas of ZnO nanostructure and effectively separation of photo-generated charge on flower-like ZnO by employing Ag nanoparticles as a conductor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Photocatalytic hydrogen production using visible-light-responsive Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} photocatalyst supported on monodisperse spherical SiO{sub 2} particulates

Graphical abstract: A simple and effective sol–gel process followed by nitridation in an NH{sub 3} flow has been developed to deposit Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} semiconductor photocatalyst layers onto monodisperse spherical SiO{sub 2} particles. The obtained Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} particles maintain an original spherical morphology of SiO{sub 2} and a sub-micrometer size with a narrow size distribution and without aggregation. The presence of SiO{sub 2} support shows at least no detrimental effects on photocatalytic activity, but tunes the secondary particle size to control dispersibility of the photocatalyst in the solution. - Highlights: • Fine nanoparticles of Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} were immobilized on the surfaces of SiO{sub 2} giving SiO{sub 2}@Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} core–shell spheres successfully produced H{sub 2} from methanol solution under visible light. • The presence of support (SiO{sub 2}) ensures the dispersion of the particulate in solution maintaining high photocatalytic activity of Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5}. • The obtained supported photocatalyst gives uniform size distribution and control the degree of dispersibility in the solution, which may control nature of light absorption and reflection of the photoreactor. - Abstract: Fine nanoparticles of Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} (10–20 nm) were synthesized on the surfaces of SiO{sub 2} spheres with a diameter of ∼550 nm. A sol–gel method was used to modify the surface of SiO{sub 2} with Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} from TaCl{sub 5} dissolved in ethanol in the presence of citric acid and polyethylene glycol. The resulting oxide composites were treated in an NH{sub 3} flow at 1123 K to form core–shell structured Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} sub-microspheres. The obtained samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photocatalytic activity measurements for H{sub 2} evolution from an aqueous methanol solution. The XRD results demonstrate the expected sequential formation of Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} layers, followed by Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} after nitridation on the Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} composite. SEM and TEM observations indicate that the obtained Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} sub-microspheres have a uniform size distribution with high crystallinity and an obvious core–shell structure. The presence of support maintained the intrinsic photocatalytic activity of Ta{sub 3}N{sub 5} nanoparticles, but it did drastically improve the dispersion of the photocatalysts in the solution. This study proposes the use of an inert support in photocatalytic reactors to improve ease of handling the powder photocatalyst for gas-phase photocatalysis and the suspension of the solution, controlling nature of light harvesting and degree of scattering of the photoreactor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Tunable photoluminescence properties of Ca{sub 8}NaLa(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}F{sub 2}:Eu{sup 2+},Mn{sup 2+} phosphor under UV excitation

Highlights: • Ca{sub 8}NaLa(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}F{sub 2}:Eu{sup 2+},Mn{sup 2+} was prepared by a combustion-assisted synthesis method. • The phosphor presents blue and yellow double color emissions. • Efficient energy transfer from Eu{sup 2+} to Mn{sup 2+} in this phosphor is observed obviously. • White emitting was realized in Ca{sub 8}NaGd(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}F{sub 2}:0.10Eu{sup 2+},0.32Mn{sup 2+},0.10B phosphor. - Abstract: A series of Eu{sup 2+} and Mn{sup 2+} coactivated Ca{sub 8}NaLa(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}F{sub 2} (CNLF) phosphors have been synthesized by a combustion-assisted synthesis method. The investigation revealed that Ca{sub 8}NaLa(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}F{sub 2} crystallized in a hexagonal crystal system with the space group P6{sub 3}/m (176). The Eu{sup 2+} activated phosphors can be efficiently excited in the range of 270–400 nm and give intense blue emission peaking at 451 nm. By codoping the Eu{sup 2+} and Mn{sup 2+} ions into the CNLF host and singly varying the doping content of the Mn{sup 2+} ion, tunable colors from blue to white and eventually to yellow are obtained in CNLF:Eu{sup 2+},Mn{sup 2+} phosphors under the irradiation of 330 nm. The energy transfer from Eu{sup 2+} to Mn{sup 2+} in CNLF:Eu{sup 2+},Mn{sup 2+} has been demonstrated to be a resonant type via a dipole–dipole mechanism and the critical distance of energy transfer from Eu{sup 2+} to Mn{sup 2+} was estimated to be about 11.9 Å. The investigation indicates that the obtained samples might have potential application in white LEDs.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Controlled synthesis of α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires and their catalytic performance for toluene combustion

Highlights: • One-dimensional α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires were prepared by a facile hydrothermal route. • Shape and crystal phase of the products were controlled by tuning reaction conditions. • A possible formation mechanism of the α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires was discussed. • The α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires showed great catalytic activity for toluene combustion. - Abstract: α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires with a length about 6–10 μm and an average diameter of 20 nm were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal process without any templates or surfactants. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface area analysis. The effects of the hydrothermal temperature and the concentration of CH{sub 3}COOH on the crystal phase and morphology of the final products were studied in detail. The hydrothermal temperature and the concentration of CH{sub 3}COOH play crucial roles in determining the crystal phase and morphology of the products. The possible formation mechanism of the α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires was investigated and discussed. Additionally, the as-prepared α-MnO{sub 2} nanowires showed higher catalytic activity for toluene combustion than the commercial MnO{sub 2}, suggesting their potential applications in the elimination of volatile organic compounds.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of Ag nanoparticles deposition on photocatalytic activity of Ag{sub 2}SO{sub 3}

Highlights: • Ag{sub 2}SO{sub 3} was developed as novel photocatalyst. • The effect of Ag nanoparticles deposition on photocatalytic activity was investigated. • The activation and deactivation mechanism was proposed. - Abstract: A novel photocatalyst Ag{sub 2}SO{sub 3} was prepared and the effect of Ag nanoparticles, photo-deposited on the surface of Ag{sub 2}SO{sub 3}, on its photocatalytic activity was investigated. The as-prepared photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photo-degradation of rhodamine B dye under UV light irradiation. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of Ag{sub 2}SO{sub 3} was initially enhanced with deposition of Ag nanoparticles, but subsequently declined with Ag nanoparticles overloaded. The possible mechanism was proposed based on experimental results. These findings may contribute to developing novel photocatalysts and understanding of fundamentals of Ag-based photocatalytic materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Blue–green afterglow of BaAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} phosphors

Highlights: • Afterglow can be achieved when Eu{sup 2+} is absent in the DyAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} phosphors. • The afterglow of DyAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} phosphors is discernible to naked eyes for minutes. • Dy{sup 3+} introduced trap centers are believed to be responsible for the afterglow. - Abstract: Dy{sup 3+} doped barium aluminate (BaAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+}) phosphors were prepared via the sol–gel combustion route at the ignition temperature of 600 °C. The phosphors were characterized with X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Regardless of the absence of Eu{sup 2+} luminescent centers, broadband blue–green afterglow with its peak at about 490 nm was recorded in the BaAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} phosphors. The decay profile of the blue–green afterglow can be best fitted into a two-component exponential function with the two lifetime decay constants to be 8.81 and 45.25 s, respectively. The observation of blue–green afterglow from BaAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} in the absence of Eu{sup 2+} provides unique opportunity in unveiling the afterglow mechanisms of rare-earth doped alkaline-metal aluminates. Possible mechanisms on the blue–green afterglow in BaAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} phosphors are discussed in terms of the Dy{sup 3+} ions introduced trap centers as well as luminescent centers in the crystal lattice.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Facile synthesis of high surface area nanostructured ceria-zirconia-yttria-lanthana solid solutions with the assistance of lauric acid and dodecylamine

Highlights: • High surface area nanostructured ceria-zirconia-yttria-lanthana solid solutions are synthesized by a facile method. • Hydrophobic surfaces are obtained with the addition of lauric acid and dodecylamine in the synthesis. • The introduced lauric acid and dodecylamine are chemically adsorbed onto the surface of materials through a coordination effect. • Excellent thermal stability are obtained in lauric acid and dodecylamine assisted materials. - Abstract: Co-precipitation combined with the assistance of lauric acid and dodecylamine was used to synthesize high surface area nanostructured ceria-zirconia-yttria-lanthana solid solutions (CZ-L and CZ-D). The promotion effects of lauric acid and dodecylamine were studied systematically by N{sub 2} adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR and Raman analysis. After being thermal aged at 1100 °C for 4 h in air, CZ-L and CZ-D present high surface areas of 26 m{sup 2}/g and 16 m{sup 2}/g, respectively. The results indicate that the added lauric acid and dodecylamine are chemically adsorbed onto the surface of materials through coordination effect. The obtained hydrophobic surface could greatly decrease the amount of superficial adsorbed water on the material and significantly reduce the surface tension. The addition of lauric acid and dodecylamine could also effectively support the network structures of the material and resist the collapse of pores upon drying and calcination.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Scaling study of magnetic phase transition and critical behavior in Nd0.55Sr0.45Mn0.98Ga0.02O3 manganite

Highlights: • The sample of Nd{sub 0.55}Sr{sub 0.45}Mn{sub 0.98}Ga{sub 0.02}O{sub 3} was synthesized via a solid state reaction route. • The PM to FM phase transition of this sample is found to be of second-order. • The critical behaviors and scaling relation for Nd{sub 0.55}Sr{sub 0.45}Mn{sub 0.98}Ga{sub 0.02}O{sub 3} have also been investigated by modified Arrott plot and critical isotherm analysis. • The estimated critical exponents are close to the values for 3D-Ising model. - Abstract: Microscopic magnetic interactions and magnetism can be probed by studying the critical paramagnetic–ferromagnetic phase transition of magnetic materials. In this work, the critical behavior of the lightly Ga-doped manganites Nd{sub 0.55}Sr{sub 0.45}Mn{sub 0.98}Ga{sub 0.02}O{sub 3} (NSMGO) has been investigated. Scaling analysis reveals the critical exponents β = 0.308, γ = 1.197, and δ = 4.916, where their self-consistency and reliability are verified by the Widom scaling law and the scaling equation. These exponents indicate that the magnetic phase transition in NSMGO belongs to the anisotropic 3D-Ising universality class. Nevertheless, the asymptotic critical exponents β{sub eff} and γ{sub eff} are found to approach to the values of 3D-Heisenberg model, implying the existence of isotropic short-range magnetic interactions. We suggest that, although the Nd-based manganites possess a strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy, this effect can be partly averaged out in view of the present polycrystalline NSMGO. Therefore, in the asymptotic critical region, the phase transition reveals the crossover from the scaling of 3D-Ising toward 3D-Heisenberg universality class.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

The band structure and photocatalytic mechanism of MoS2-modified C3N4 photocatalysts with improved visible photocatalytic activity

Highlights: • A series of MoS{sub 2}/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} photocatalyst were prepared by water exfoliation method. • The heterojunction enhanced the visible response and separated charge carriers. • The MoS{sub 2}/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} exhibits enhanced visible photocatalytic activity. - Abstract: A series of MoS{sub 2}/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} photocatalysts were prepared by modifying g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} with different concentration of MoS{sub 2} via a water exfoliation method. The crystal structure, morphology, band structure of heterojunction, behaviors of charge carries and the redox ability were characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, absorption spectra, XPS, PL, cyclic voltammetry curves and transient photocurrent spectra. It is revealed that the introduction of MoS{sub 2} on the surface of g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} nanosheets to form micro-heterojunction could enhance the visible response and separate photogenerated charge carriers effectively. Moreover, the ability of the photocatalyst for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS, such as O{sub 2}{sup −} and OH) was also investigated. Therefore, MoS{sub 2}/g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} samples exhibit better photocatalytic performance for the photodegradation of HCHO than g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} and MoS{sub 2} under visible irradiation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

One-step reduction synthesis of Ag/Ag3PO4/AgBr sub-micron composites for enhanced visible photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange

Highlights: • Ag/Ag{sub 3}PO{sub 4}/AgBr photocatalysts were synthesized by a one-step reduction method. • The conditions affecting performances of the photocatalysts were optimized. • The main radicals responsible for degrading MO were investigated. • The Ag/Ag{sub 3}PO{sub 4}/AgBr photocatalyst presented excellent stability and recyclability. - Abstract: An efficient semiconductor composite, silver/silver orthophosphate/silver bromide, was successfully synthesized by a facile one-step reduction and ion exchange process. Its crystal structure, morphology, optical property, surface element composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The effects of composite proportion and synthesis duration on performances of as-prepared photocatalysts were investigated, and the results showed that Br/P molar ratio of 3 and the synthesis duration of 4 h were the optimum conditions. The radical scavenging experiments indicated that the hole and superoxide radical were the main active species in this reaction system. The Ag/Ag{sub 3}PO{sub 4}/AgBr-3 presented excellent stability and recyclability, maintaining 92% of degradation efficiency after 5 cycles. The good photocatalysis performance could be attributed to the formation of the heterojunction between Ag and Ag{sub 3}PO{sub 4}/AgBr.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of stoichiometry and hydration level on water domain size and transport in poly(aryl piperidinium) alkaline anion-exchange membranes

Alkaline water electrolysis holds promise in decarbonizing the global economy by enabling renewable hydrogen production with non-precious group metal catalysts. Anion exchange membranes are an important component of alkaline water electrolyzers and would ideally be durable while allowing for high hydroxide conductivity. The poly(aryl piperidinium) (PAP) class of polymers has attracted recent interest due to their good mechanical robustness and high ionic conductivity. Here, in this work, we perform atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of several PAP polymers at experimentally relevant hydration levels and polymer ion exchange capacities (IECs) to gain nanoscale insight into their properties and to help elucidate the trade-offs that result from tuning the IECs through the polymer stoichiometry. Our MD-predicted macroscopic polymer properties were found to be in good agreement with experimentally available polymer swelling ratios, water-occupied volumes, X-ray scattering, and ionic conductivities. The models show that for hydration levels greater than 8H 2 O per cation a single water cluster will form that percolates through the system. The growth in water cluster size results in large polymer swelling, the creation of larger channels with widths of 7 Å or larger, and nanophase separation between the hydrophilic domains and the polymer with characteristic length scales of approximately 20–30 Å. The experimentally observed lack of a strong X-ray scattering peak at low wavevectors can be explained by a cancellation between the polymer-polymer/water-water and polymer-water correlations and not a loss in nanophase separation. The overlap in coordination environments of the hydroxide oxygen and polymer nitrogen atoms implies that vehicular diffusion between cationic groups could play a role in hydroxide transport. The polymers' hydroxide and water diffusion constants increase by approximately an order of magnitude between hydration levels of 8 and 20H 2 O per cation. However, there are diminishing returns in hydroxide diffusion constant once the IEC exceeds 2.4 meq/g.

08 HYDROGEN↗