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At least 595 records · Page 33

Theoretical Prediction of Thermal Expansion Anisotropy for Y 2 Si 2 O 7 Environmental Barrier Coatings Using a Deep Neural Network Potential and Comparison to Experiment

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are an enabling technology for silicon carbide (SiC)-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in extreme environments such as gas turbine engines. However, the development of new coating systems is hindered by the large design space and difficulty in predicting the properties for these materials. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has successfully been used to model and predict some thermodynamic and thermo-mechanical properties of high-temperature ceramics for EBCs, although these calculations are challenging due to their high computational costs. In this work, we use machine learning to train a deep neural network potential (DNP) for Y 2 Si 2 O 7 , which is then applied to calculate the thermodynamic and thermo-mechanical properties at near-DFT accuracy much faster and using less computational resources than DFT. We use this DNP to predict the phonon-based thermodynamic properties of Y 2 Si 2 O 7 with good agreement to DFT and experiments. We also utilize the DNP to calculate the anisotropic, lattice direction-dependent coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) for Y 2 Si 2 O 7 . Molecular dynamics trajectories using the DNP correctly demonstrate the accurate prediction of the anisotropy of the CTE in good agreement with the diffraction experiments. In the future, this DNP could be applied to accelerate additional property calculations for Y 2 Si 2 O 7 compared to DFT or experiments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Properties of materials in high pressure hydrogen at room and elevated temperatures

Experimental efforts in this program for this period. Mechanical property tests of wrought and cast nickel-base alloys and one wrought cobalt-base alloy were conducted in 34.5 MN/sq m (5000-psig) helium and hydrogen or hydrogen mixtures. Comparison of test results was made to determine degradation of properties due to the hydrogen environments. All testing was conducted on solid specimens exposed to external gaseous pressure. Specific mechanical properties determined and the testing methods used are summarized.

Harris, J. A., Jr.↗

Scoping studies for low-temperature melting ZnO–Bi 2 O 3 –(B 2 O 3 , SiO 2 ) binder glass

In this work, low melting point glass systems were explored as candidates for binders of solid oxide nuclear wastes which include volatile elements such as radioactive iodine. The base glass systems considered were ZnO-Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 and ZnO-Bi 2 O 3 -SiO 2 , with specific compositions selected for synthesis trials based on available phase diagrams and a desire to explore the whole glass-forming region. Ten compositions were synthesized by melt quenching. Promising candidate glass binders were selected based on absence of crystallization and favorable thermal properties, including low glass transition temperature (T g ) combined with a high crystallization onset temperature. These thermal properties indicate stable glass forming which would lead to sintering behavior needed for glass binding. Compositional effects include: higher Bi 2 O 3 content lead to lower Tg values, high ZnO content generally led to crystallization on quench, and high SiO 2 content resulted in requirements for excessively high melting temperature. 25ZnO-15Bi 2 O 3 -60B 2 O 3 was down-selected for some detailed crystallization versus time and temperature studies.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Ultra-High Temperature Materials Characterization for Propulsion Applications

Propulsion system efficiency increases as operating temperatures are increased. Some very high-temperature materials are being developed, including refractory metal alloys, carbides, borides, and silicides. System design requires data for materials properties at operating temperatures. Materials property data are not available for many materials of interest at the desired operating temperatures (up to approx. 3000 K). The objective of this work is to provide important physical property data at ultra-high temperatures. The MSFC Electrostatic levitation (ESL) facility can provide measurements of thermophysical properties which include: creep strength, density and thermal expansion for materials being developed for propulsion applications. The ESL facility uses electrostatic fields to position samples between electrodes during processing and characterization studies. Because the samples float between the electrodes during studies, they are free from any contact with a container or test apparatus. This provides a high purity environment for the study of high-temperature, reactive materials. ESL can be used to process a wide variety of materials including metals, alloys, ceramics, glasses and semiconductors. The MSFC ESL has provided non-contact measurements of properties of materials up to 3400 C. Density and thermal expansion are measured by analyzing digital images of the sample at different temperatures. Our novel, non-contact method for measuring creep uses rapid rotation to deform the sample. Digital images of the deformed samples are analyzed to obtain the creep properties, which match those obtained using ASTM Standard E-139 for Nb at 1985 C. Data from selected ESL-based characterization studies will be presented. The ESL technique could support numerous propulsion technologies by advancing the knowledge base and the technology readiness level for ultra-high temperature materials. Applications include non-eroding nozzle materials and lightweight, high-temperature alloys for turbines and structures.

Rogers, Jan↗

Investigation of superconducting interactions and amorphous semiconductors

Research papers on superconducting interactions and properties and on amorphous materials are presented. The search for new superconductors with improved properties was largely concentrated on the study of properties of thin films. An experimental investigation of interaction mechanisms revealed no new superconductivity mechanism. The properties of high transition temperature, type 2 materials prepared in thin film form were studied. A pulsed field solenoid capable of providing fields in excess of 300 k0e was developed. Preliminary X-ray measurements were made of V3Si to determine the behavior of cell constant deformation versus pressure up to 98 kilobars. The electrical properties of amorphous semiconducting materials and bulk and thin film devices, and of amorphous magnetic materials were investigated for developing radiation hard, inexpensive switches and memory elements.

Janocko, M. A.↗

Unveiling the Degradation Mechanism of High-Temperature Superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ in Water-Bearing Environments

We report the physical properties of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors have been studied extensively, such as its band structure, and doping effects of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ (Bi-2212). However, some chemical-related properties of these superconductors are rarely reported, such as their stability in air. Here, we report experiments combined with ab initio calculations that address the effects of water in contact with Bi-2212. The evolution of Bi-2212 flake with exposure to water for different time intervals were tested and characterized by optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrical measurements. The thickness of Bi-2212 flakes is gradually decreased in water, and some thin flakes can be completely etched away after a few days. The stability of Bi-2212 in other solvents is also evaluated, including alcohol, acetone, HCl and KOH. The morphology of Bi-2212 flakes is relatively stable in organic solvents. However, the flakes are etched relatively quick in HCl and KOH, especially in acidic environment. Our results imply that hydrogen ion is primarily responsible for the deterioration of their properties. Both TEM and calculation results demonstrate that the atoms in Bi-O plane is relatively stable when compared to the inner atoms in Sr-O, Ca-O and Cu-O planes. This work contributes towards understanding the chemical stability of Bi-2212 superconducting device in environmental medium, which is important for both fundamental studies and practical applications of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Properties of materials in high pressure hydrogen at cryogenic, room, and elevated temperatures

Various tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of 12 alloys that are commonly used or proposed for use in pressurized gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen containing environments. Properties determined in the hydrogen environments were compared to properties determined in a pure helium environment at the same conditions to establish environmental degradation. The specific mechanical properties tested include: high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, fracture mechanics, creep-rupture, and tensile.

Harris, J. A., Jr.↗

Fuel properties effect on the performance of a small high temperature rise combustor

The performance of an advanced small high temperature rise combustor was experimentally determined at NASA-Lewis. The combustor was designed to meet the requirements of advanced high temperature, high pressure ratio turboshaft engines. The combustor featured an advanced fuel injector and an advanced segmented liner design. The full size combustor was evaluated at power conditions ranging from idle to maximum power. The effect of broad fuel properties was studied by evaluating the combustor with three different fuels. The fuels used were JP-5, a blend of Diesel Fuel Marine/Home Heating Oil, and a blend of Suntec C/Home Heating Oil. The fuel properties effect on the performance of the combustion in terms of pattern factor, liner temperatures, and exhaust emissions are documented.

Acosta, Waldo A.↗

Fuel properties effect on the performance of a small high temperature rise combustor

The performance of an advanced small high temperature rise combustor was experimentally determined at NASA-Lewis. The combustor was designed to meet the requirements of advanced high temperature, high pressure ratio turboshaft engines. The combustor featured an advanced fuel injector and an advanced segmented liner design. The full size combustor was evaluated at power conditions ranging from idle to maximum power. The effect of broad fuel properties was studied by evaluating the combustor with three different fuels. The fuels used were JP-5, a blend of Diesel Fuel Marine/Home Heating Oil, and a blend of Suntec C/Home Heating Oil. The fuel properties effect on the performance of the combustion in terms of pattern factor, liner temperatures, and exhaust emissions are documented.

Acosta, Waldo A.↗

The solubility of NdPO 4 and DyPO 4 and stability of Nd and Dy chloride and hydroxyl complexes as a function of pH and salinity to 450 °C

The mobility of rare earth elements (REE) in geological systems is often controlled by the stability of monazite and xenotime, which are important hosts for the light and heavy REE. These REE phosphates constitute important resources and provide information on ore formation conditions and timing due to their uses as geothermometers and geochronometers. While the thermodynamic properties for these minerals are well-established up to high temperature and pressure, the properties for the aqueous REE complexes are not well constrained with limited information up to 300 °C. In this study, the solubility of synthetic NdPO 4 and DyPO 4 endmembers were measured in hydrothermal sub- to supercritical NaCl-bearing aqueous solutions from 350 at saturated water vapor pressure to 450 °C at 700 bar. The speciation of Nd and Dy was determined in acidic to alkaline solutions (pH 25 °C values from 2 to 10), and indicates that the hydroxyl species REE(OH) 2 + and REE(OH) 3 0 predominate at low salinity (0.01 mol/kg NaCl) with some contribution of REE chloride species REECl 2+ and REECl 2 + in acidic fluids. The REE phosphate solubility measured in these experiments is up to two orders of magnitude higher than predicted using existing thermodynamic properties from literature for aqueous species extrapolated from lower temperature data to supercritical conditions. To address this discrepancy, the thermodynamic properties of the REE aqueous species were optimized using GEMSFITS to derive the formation constants for the REE chloride (β Cl ) and hydroxyl (β OH ) complexes in the studied temperature range. This study highlights the importance of the hydroxyl species REE(OH) 2 + and REE(OH) 3 0 over a wide range of pH and temperature. As a result, the revised thermodynamic properties for Dy and Nd chloride and hydroxyl species more accurately predict the solubility of NdPO 4 and DyPO 4 and provide insight into the speciation and mobility of the light and heavy REE in hydrothermal supercritical fluids in the crust.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Process Optimization of Bismaleimide (BMI) Resin Infused Carbon Fiber Composite

Engineers today are presented with the opportunity to design and build the next generation of space vehicles out of the lightest, strongest, and most durable materials available. Composites offer excellent structural characteristics and outstanding reliability in many forms that will be utilized in future aerospace applications including the Commercial Crew and Cargo Program and the Orion space capsule. NASA's Composites for Exploration (CoEx) project researches the various methods of manufacturing composite materials of different fiber characteristics while using proven infusion methods of different resin compositions. Development and testing on these different material combinations will provide engineers the opportunity to produce optimal material compounds for multidisciplinary applications. Through the CoEx project, engineers pursue the opportunity to research and develop repair patch procedures for damaged spacecraft. Working in conjunction with Raptor Resins Inc., NASA engineers are utilizing high flow liquid infusion molding practices to manufacture high-temperature composite parts comprised of intermediate modulus 7 (IM7) carbon fiber material. IM7 is a continuous, high-tensile strength composite with outstanding structural qualities such as high shear strength, tensile strength and modulus as well as excellent corrosion, creep, and fatigue resistance. IM7 carbon fiber, combined with existing thermoset and thermoplastic resin systems, can provide improvements in material strength reinforcement and deformation-resistant properties for high-temperature applications. Void analysis of the different layups of the IM7 material discovered the largest total void composition within the [ +45 , 90 , 90 , -45 ] composite panel. Tensile and compressional testing proved the highest mechanical strength was found in the [0 4] layup. This paper further investigates the infusion procedure of a low-cost/high-performance BMI resin into an IM7 carbon fiber material and the optical, chemical, and mechanical analyses performed.

Ehrlich, Joshua W.↗

Electrical Conductivity and Sound Velocities of Talc Under High Pressure and High Temperature Conditions and Application to the Subducting Cocos Plate

Talc is expected to be an important water carrier in Earth's upper mantle, and understanding its electrical and seismic properties under high pressure and temperature conditions is required to detect possible talc-rich regions in subduction zones imaged using geophysical observations. Here, we conducted acoustic and electrical experiments on natural talc aggregates at relevant pressure-temperature conditions. Compressional wave velocity (V p ) was measured using ultrasonic interferometry in a Paris-Edinburgh press at pressures up to 3.4 GPa and temperatures up to 873 K. Similar Vp values are obtained regardless of the initial crystallographic preferred orientation of the samples, which can be explained by talc grain reorientation during the experiment, with the (001) plane becoming perpendicular to the uniaxial compression axis. Electrical conductivity of the same starting material was determined using impedance spectroscopy in a multi-anvil press up to 6 GPa and 1263 K. Two conductivity jumps are observed, at ∼860–1025 K and ∼940–1080 K, depending on pressure, and interpreted as talc dehydroxylation and decomposition, respectively. Electrical anisotropy is observed at low temperature and decreases with increasing pressure (∼10 at 1.5 GPa and ∼2 at 3.5 GPa). Comparison of acoustic and electrical results with geophysical observations in central Mexico supports the presence of a talc-bearing layer atop the subducted Cocos plate.

Cocos plate↗

Magnetic order in a quenched-high-temperature-phase of Cu-doped MnBi

Permanent magnets are of great importance due to their vast applications. MnBi has been proposed to be a potential permanent magnet that can be widely used while past efforts have been focused on optimizing the ferromagnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi. Herein, we report a series of new materials, Cu x Mn 1–x Bi, crystallizing in a quenched high-temperature-phase (QHTP) MnBi-related structure. In this study, we synthesized single crystals of Cu x Mn 1–x Bi and found that they crystallize in an unreported trigonal structure (P$\bar{3}$1c). Magnetic properties measurements imply high-temperature antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering and low-temperature ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic (FM/FiM) ordering. By analyzing the doping effect on crystal structure and magnetic properties, we established a magnetic phase diagram for Cu-doped MnBi and attributed the AFM and FM/FiM to two different atomic sites of Mn.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Toward a tunable fabrication of multifunctional iron-aluminum spinels via solution combustion synthesis: The effects of fuel, heating mode, and Fe:Al precursor ratio

The solid solutions of iron and aluminum spinels (hercynite, maghemite, magnetite, and γ-alumina) are promising materials for emerging technologies such as solar thermochemical fuel production and clean dehydrogenation of fossil fuels. Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) is an attractive technique for the fabrication of these materials as it has been used for synthesis of many nanoscale oxides. However, the design space of SCS is large with many synthesis parameters affecting the properties of the combustion products. To optimize the SCS of these materials, it is important to determine which parameters yield the best properties. In the present work, FeAlO x nanocomposites were obtained by SCS using iron nitrate and aluminum nitrate as precursors and oxidizers. Two fuels (citric acid and glycine), three Fe:Al molar ratios (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) in the precursors, and three heating modes (hotplate, muffle furnace, and microwave oven) were compared. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, and laser diffraction particle size analysis. The fuel used had the largest impact on the combustion behavior and hence the material properties. The high combustion temperature of glycine allowed for the formation of an FeAl 2 O 4 /Fe 3 O 4 solid solution, while the lower-temperature combustion of citric acid yielded Al-substituted γ-Fe 2 O 3 with high amorphous content. With citric acid, the specific surface area as high as 200 m 2 /g was achieved. The effect of Fe:Al precursor ratio was clearly seen in variations of the lattice parameter, which demonstrated the ability to tune the phase composition. The heating mode had minor effects on material properties, but some differences were observed. As a result, all products obtained by SCS in a microwave oven had low specific surface areas compared to those obtained with a hotplate and a muffle furnace.

Alumina↗

The solution of the laminar-boundary-layer equation for the flat plate for velocity and temperature fields for variable physical properties and for the diffusion field at high concentration

In connection with Pohlhausen's solution for the temperature field on the flat plate, a series of formulas were indicated by means of which the velocity and temperature field for variable physical characteristics can be computed by an integral equation and an iteration method based on it. With it, the following cases were solved: On the assumption that the viscosity simply varies with the temperature while the other fluid properties remain constant, the velocity and temperature field on the heated and cooled plate, respectively, was computed at the Prandtl numbers 12.5 and 100 (viscous fluids). A closer study of these two cases resulted in general relations: The calculations for a gas of Pr number 0.7 (air) were conducted on the assumption that all fluid properties vary with the temperature, and the velocities are low enough for the heat of friction to be discounted. The result was a thickening of the boundary layers, but no appreciable modification in shearing stress or heat-transfer coefficient.

BOUNDARY LAYER, LAMINAR - PLATES, FLAT↗

Thermal Property Estimation of Fibrous Insulation: Heat Transfer Modeling and the Continuous Genetic Algorithm

Thermal properties of high-temperature fibrous insulation materials were estimated from transient thermal tests using an inverse heat transfer technique. Transient temperature data from an experimental set up was collected and a simple, one-dimensional numerical model was constructed to replicate the temperatures within the test assembly. The Continuous Genetic Algorithm optimization technique in conjunction with a numerical thermal model and transient test data was used to estimate coefficients of a functional representation of the thermal property. The thermal properties, i.e., thermal conductivity and specific heat, of an alumina insulation felt were estimated over the temperature range of 300 K to 1700 K at various constant static pressures in nitrogen gas and compared with published data. The resulting thermal property estimates were within 10% of published values over the entire temperature range at various pressures. The methodology, application, and results are presented.

Frye, Elora↗