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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33

Quantifying the Entropy and Enthalpy of Insertion Materials for Battery Applications Via the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction Model

The entropy coefficient of a battery cell is the property that governs the amount of reversible heat that is generated during operation. In this work, we propose an extension of the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction (MSMR) model to capture the entropy coefficient of a large format lithium-ion battery cell. We utilize the hybridized time-frequency domain analysis (HTFDA) method using a multi-functional calorimeter to probe the entropy coefficient of a large format pouch type lithium-ion battery with a NMC 811 cathode and a graphite anode. The measured entropy coefficient profile of the battery cell is deconvoluted into an entropy coefficient for each active material, which is then estimated using an extension of the MSMR model. Finally, we extend the entropy of a material to individual entropy for each gallery as treated by the model.

Electrochemistry↗

Cyber-Informed Engineering Case Study of an Integrated Hydrogen Generation Plant

Strategies for securing digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems within the nuclear industry are provided by multiple standards and guidance documents. However, since selection and use of security controls outlined in these documents are frequently only considered during or after installation, there are often limitations on their use, such as technological constraints related to design or operation. Furthermore, alternative controls intended to provide the same or similar security countermeasure as the primary control may also be infeasible at these stages, leaving the I&C system vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The limitations associated with ‘bolting on’ security controls late in the systems engineering lifecycle can be reduced by integrating Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) into the process. This paper evaluates the use of CIE during the high-level design stage of a hydrogen generation project where heat and electricity are provided by a nuclear power plant. Applying CIE to this project highlighted potential cyber vulnerabilities of the initial design, leading to recommendations for process flow and I&C system design modifications to reduce, and at times eliminate, the risk from both deliberate and unintentional cyber incidents.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Production Facility Prototype Blower 1000 Hour Test Results V

Long duration operations tests of the Aerzen GM 12.4 roots style blower in a closed loop configuration provides valuable data and lessons learned for long-term operation at the Mo-99 production facility. The blower was operated in a closed loop configuration with the flow conditions anticipated in plant operation with a Mo-100 target inline. The additional thermal energy generated from beam heating of the Mo-100 disks was not included in these tests. Thirteen long duration 500 to 1000 hour tests have been completed since the first test was performed in January of 2016. All thirteen long duration tests have proven successful in exposing preventable issues related to oil and helium leaks. All blower tests to this date have resulted in stable blower performance and consistency. A summary of the results for the end of the thirteenth test is included in this report. Complete details for the previous tests are shown in the reports, Production Facility Prototype Blower 1000 Hour Test Results, II, III, and IV.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The Role of Concentrating Solar-Thermal Technologies in a Decarbonized U.S. Grid

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Solar Futures Study explores the roles solar energy technologies could play in the future U.S. energy markets under different scenarios. This report discusses the role of concentrating solar-thermal (CST) technologies in those future scenarios with an emphasis on concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP), which refers to converting thermal energy to electricity. The report begins with an overview of the CSP resource and market status. Next we discuss the results from the grid-scale capacity planning modeling under future scenarios considered in the Solar Futures Study, focusing on the results for CSP and presenting several sensitivity model results not discussed in the main report. We then discuss likely CST research and industry directions over the next decade. Finally we discuss three potential future markets for CST beyond electricity generation -- industrial process heat, solar fuels production, and electric thermal energy storage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Automation of FARM from Alpha Phase to Beta Phase

Integrated energy systems (IES) combine different energy technologies in synergistic ways to achieve a more secure and economical energy supply. The RAVEN-based HYBRID framework and the RAVEN plugin for grid and capacity optimization (HERON) are used to find the optimal installed capacity and the optimal economical dispatch of each component of the IES, by respecting the limits on the production variables and the corresponding rates of variation (explicit constraints). Besides, there are other process variables whose evolution needs to be bounded to avoid damaging the components (e.g., condensers, heat exchangers, steam generators, etc.) or degrading the process efficiency (e.g., electrolysis in the hydrogen production process). To avoid violating these latter limits (implicit constraints), a proof-of-concept HERON validator based on Feasible Actuator Range Modifier (FARM-Alpha) was developed by Argonne National Laboratory in January 2021. This FARM-Alpha validator calculates the evolution of process variables on whom the implicit constraints are placed, and then provides feedback to HERON dispatcher to adjust the power setpoints of three IES components, i.e., Balance of Plant, Secondary Energy Source, and Thermal Energy Storage, so as to meet both the explicit and implicit constraints. FARM-Alpha was designed to assess the performance of FARM as a HERON validator only, i.e., the list of components and implicit operational constraints were hard-coded within the source code. The lack of flexibility of the corresponding software structure does not allow the deployment in production environment. This report describes the development and the implementation of an enhanced version of the FARM-based validator (FARM-Beta), which ensures more flexibility for the end user in modeling multiple IES configurations and scenarios. Several test cases of the power dispatch problem were then selected to demonstrate the capabilities offered by FARM-beta. The test cases illustrate the efficiency of the closed-loop optimization scheme and the capability to calculate set-point trajectories satisfying both explicit and implicit constraints.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Front-End Engineering Design Study for Retrofit Post-Combustion Carbon Capture on a Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant

The objective of the project is to conduct a Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) study to determine the technical and economic feasibility of installing a retrofit, post-combustion, carbon capture facility on a commercially operating, natural gas-fired, combined cycle (NGCC) power plant. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), California Resources Corporation (CRC), and Fluor Corporation used Fluor's Econamine FG Plus SM (EFG+) conducted the FEED study for capturing CO 2 produced by CRC's 550 MWe Elk Hills Power Plant (EHPP), located in the Elk Hills Oil Field near Tupman, Kern County, California. The EHPP was commissioned in 2003 and is powered by two General Electric 7FA gas turbines, with two heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) providing steam to a General Electric D11 steam turbine. The target capture amount is 4,000 tonnes CO 2 /day for use in either enhanced oil recovery or dedicated geological saline storage located on CRC property at or nearby EHPP. This CO 2 is captured from a combination of the CO 2 emitted from the flue gas from EHPP and the flue gas generated from a natural gas-fired auxiliary boiler that supplies steam to the EFG+ process.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

Front-End Engineering Design for Piperazine with the Advanced Stripper

This Department of Energy (DOE) funded project was executed with the goal of preparing a Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) for the capture and compression of 90% of the CO2 that would normally be emitted from an existing natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plant. The FEED focused on the application of the piperazine advanced stripper (PZAS) process at Mustang Station of the Golden Spread Electric Cooperative (GSEC), which consists of two gas turbines with common heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The University of Texas at Austin (UT) served as the prime contractor, and subcontracted AECOM Technical Services and Trimeric Corporation to support FEED development. This project team has worked together to advance PZAS for more than a decade. ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Total provided project co-funding. The objectives of this work included: 1. To advance engineering design such that a comprehensive estimate for the total installed cost of a full-scale PZAS CO2 Capture Plant with CO2 compression can be developed on an existing NGCC power plant. a. These detailed costs can also be used to qualify PZAS and other related second generation (2G) amine scrubbing processes for use on cogeneration facilities in refineries and chemical plants that use gas turbines with HRSGs to produce steam. b. These detailed costs will help qualify 2G amine scrubbing for use on NGCC power plants and establish a more accurate baseline cost to be used as a target by other capture technologies. 2. To provide cost details to be used in the economic optimization of the process features of PZAS and other 2G amine scrubbing processes. 3. To provide DOE with a more detailed understanding of carbon capture costs in a commercial application, enabling DOE to better design its R&D program to improve the economics for carbon capture. 4. To provide the host site and cost share partners with the information necessary to determine whether a commercial project to capture and use CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or for sequestration can be justified (when accounting for the 45Q tax credit). A key component of the FEED is the estimated total installed cost, which provides a basis for the likely capital investment necessary to implement the PZAS carbon capture process at this location and scale. In combination with the included economic analysis, which accounts for potential revenue from the produced CO2, potential avenues to profitability are explored. The major findings of the FEED are as follows: The Mustang Station PZAS CO2 Capture Plant estimated total project cost of $698 MM of which $384 MM was direct costs. The annual operating costs were $32.6 MM. The total investment for a PZAS facility at Mustang Station is $725 MM. This estimate includes owner’s cost of $25 million and a contingency of $110 MM. • The study estimated the CO2 capture plant at Mustang Station would generate CO2 at $110/tonne for EOR, assuming a 12% IRR (internal rate of return) and an 85% capacity factor. For CO2 storage, the same case would achieve a 12% IRR at about $114/tonne. At a capacity factor of 52%, the storage and EOR cases would break even when carbon is priced ~$150/tonne. The economic analysis determined that the capacity factor and utility pricing, among other variable factors, had a significant effect on the economics and will need additional studied. • The energy penalty of the PZAS plant would be about 46 MW in connected power and 35 MW in operating load. The natural gas requirement (for the Gas Boiler package) would be about 354 MMBTU/hr. • The FEED revealed no major risks in process maturity. However, some areas were outlined for further engineering during detailed design, which included the Gas Boiler system, general arrangement and site layout, air coolers, schedule development, and optimization of the process for higher CO2 removal. • If PZAS were to be implemented at another host site, additional opportunities for cost reduction for would include cost reduction through use of cooling water and steam extraction.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

Machine learning assisted prediction of tungsten heavy alloy plasma facing component performance for fusion energy applications

Tungsten and tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs), known for their remarkably high hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance, play a critical role in the thriving development of nuclear fusion reactors in recent years. However, the exploration in tungsten alloys for the nuclear-related applications has been limited by the difficulty of manufacturing and the complexity of experiments to reproduce the environment of nuclear reaction. Therefore, this project aims to utilize nanoscale simulation methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) with the help of machine learning techniques to not only understand the mechanisms of tungsten alloys but also allow us to computationally predict their mechanical behaviors under extreme environments. One critical problem of the application of WHAs in nuclear reactors is the surface melting. In the current design of the SPARC reactor, the WHA, W97Ni2.1Fe0.9 or W97NiFe, is chosen to be the first wall components to confine the plasma where the particles are fiercely moving and colliding into each other to create nuclear fusion reaction. This process will generate extremely high heat flux onto these WHA tiles, leaving high surface temperature that could possibly melt the surface of the WHA tiles, As illustrated in Fig. 1(a). a laser experiment previously done illustrates that a rough surface damage would be made after the surface melting where the matrix area mainly composed of nickel and iron as shown in Fig. 1(b), will first melt and then leave vacancies between these tungsten grains. Unfortunately, these kinds of roughness on the first-wall components could be deadly to the plasma inside a Tokmak reactor because the heat that is supposed to dissipate at a designed ratio through the tiles may in turn be excessively absorbed and accumulated on any uneven area of the surface, which will eventually make the whole nuclear reaction fail. In this project, we will introduce a machine learning potential, Allegro, based on DFT calculation and then build a MD model for W-Ni-Fe alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Energy Efficiency Assistance for Galena Alaska

The City of Galena sits along the north bank of the Yukon River with no road access. Temperatures regularly reach negative 20°F in the winter and sunlight extends for up to 21 hours a day in the summer. Galena’s 400 residents, including members of the Koyukuk Athabascan culture, primarily use fuel oil and locally forested wood for heating and electricity generation. Because these resources are costly to obtain, local households have a high energy burden, spending 7% of their annual income on energy (averaging $4,000 per year). To reduce this burden, the City of Galena joined the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Remote Alaska Community Energy Efficiency (RACEE) Competition, where they received financial and technical assistance to implement energy savings solutions across their community, including building envelope improvements, solar panels, and LED lighting. Additionally, Galena installed new energy monitoring equipment to continue measuring the impacts of this work beyond the RACEE project.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Flexible FlueCO2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reductions remain a significant challenge on the path to clean energy. There are increasing legislative, social, and environmental factors motivating CO2 emissions reduction from power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS). CCS in natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants is critical to achieve a net-zero carbon electricity grid. Enhanced 45Q tax credits provide new incentives, but currently available technologies are unable to profitably operate in grids with deep variable renewable penetration which require flexible NGCC operation. Luna Labs has developed the FlueCO2 membrane to enable a profitable NGCC-CCS process. The FlueCO2 membrane couples steam transport across the membrane to CO2 transport in the opposite direction, enabling high capture efficiencies and low energy costs even at low CO2 concentrations. The dual-phase membrane can operate in the range of typical flue gas temperatures and pressures and does not require temperature or pressure cycling. Luna Labs’ FlueCO2 technology enables flexible and profitable operation of NGCC plants with lower capital investment and impact on electricity prices. In this Phase 1 project, Luna Labs utilized experimental testing, modeling, process simulation, and standardized costing methodologies to evaluate the techno-economic value of a 650 MW greenfield NGCC plant with FlueCO2 (NGCC-FlueCO2). Key design requirements for operation were established and plant performance under load-leveling conditions was validated through computational fluid dynamics and process modeling. Luna Labs developed a dynamic modeling tool which modeled plant operational modes across a variety of tax structures and electricity pricing scenarios to project the overall Net Present Value (NPV) of the NGCC-FlueCO2. FlueCO2 minimizes the impact of CCS integration on plant operation by integrating directly into the NGCC heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). By tapping into the plant’s low-pressure (LP) steam, operators can divert LP steam to the greenfield NGCC and/or CCS process in response to dynamic markets. Since FlueCO2 will not significantly affect HRSG (or NGCC) operation, CCS only turns off during peak power demand (>$250/MWh). Under baseload conditions, FlueCO2 lowers the capital (37%), energy (36%) and carbon capture (<$40/tonne) costs and can increase the overall plant lifetime NPV by approximately ~$1B in comparison with NGCC solvent-based capture reference cases (NETL Case 31B). Luna Labs has shared its costing tools with several interested partners and customers, which follows a generalizable approach to costing analysis.

Kelly, Jesse↗

THOR-aLEU Report

The advanced low enriched uranium (aLEU)-THOR experiment vehicle is designed to irradiate fresh fuel rodlet specimens containing UO 2 (uranium dioxide) in the Temperature Heat-sink Overpower Response (THOR) capsule. The goal of the experiments are to compare the behaviors of standard UO 2 pellets to an aLEU concept in which molybdenum (Mo) foils separate UO 2 wafers increasing the thermal conductivity of the fuel. This experiment is designed to be conducted in the Transient Reactor Test facility (TREAT) using the Minimal Activation Retrievable Capsule Holder (MARCH) irradiation system. The goal of these experiments is to assess the effect of thermally conductive inserts in UO 2 by measuring their net effect on radial thermal conductivity using transient nuclear heating and then to determine their power-to-melt threshold in transient overpower ramps. The objective of the aLEU-THOR fuels experiment is to determine the viability and study the performance of UO 2 fuel pellets employing newly upgraded TREAT capability. A novel transient measurement technique will be used with the THOR capsule, which has a solid heat sink to generate the transient temperature gradient for conductivity measurement.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Off-Design Load Analysis of sCO2 Bottoming Cycle for a Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant with Carbon Capture

As an alternative to a steam cycle, a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycle can be considered. Able et. al performed an analysis of an sCO2 cycle in a 2x2-1 configuration; however, this study did not include carbon capture. Previous studies assumed an H-Frame turbine and added a solvent based 95% carbon capture system and performed a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) optimization for the plant. Their results suggest a LCOE slightly better than when using a steam cycle. In the study, steam is still generated in the heat recovery sections for the solvent regeneration in the carbon capture stripper reboiler. H-Frame gas turbines are also assumed. This work starts with the optimal design from the mentioned work to analyze the off-design performance of the power plant from 100% down to 50% load. The main operational findings and plant-efficiency for off-load conditions while maintaining the target CO2 capture rate are presented. H-Frame gas turbine off-design performance and exhaust conditions to the heat recovery section are obtained from commercial software, Thermoflow®. The CO2 turbomachinery, heat exchangers and other unit operations are sized and implemented in an Aspen Plus® model. Using the gas turbine exhaust conditions as input, the sCO2 cycle is optimized by adjusting stream split ratios, sCO2 circulation flowrate and compressor speed for maximum efficiency. This is done while keeping the target 95% CO2 capture.

Chinen, Anderson Soares↗

Sierra Space Technology Collaboration-Advanced Manufacturing of Thermal Protection System Tiles for Space Plane Atmospheric Reentry

Thermal protection systems (TPS) constitute a major material, engineering, and manufacturing challenge for space access. Atmospheric re-entry generates very high heats and requires advanced materials to withstand such conditions. Combining the required materials and integrating them into the vehicle is a major engineering undertaking that often must use creative designs to accommodate the selected materials and systems. Likewise, the manufacture of TPS is costly and challenging; it requires a combination of materials in a range of complex and unique shapes with specialized process conditions. Compounding these challenges, for harsh re-entry profiles or on high heat flux regions of the vehicle, even state of the art TPS is effectively single use and thereby creating a strong economic incentive to improve the TPS materials, integration, and manufacture. This work focuses on the use of ceramic modifications to TPS materials thereby allowing multi flight capability.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Advanced Manufacturing of Thermal Protection System Tiles for Space Plane Atmospheric Reentry

Thermal protection systems (TPS) constitute a major material, engineering, and manufacturing challenge for space access. Atmospheric re-entry generates very high heats and requires advanced materials to withstand such conditions. Combining the required materials and integrating them into the vehicle is a major engineering undertaking that often must use creative designs to accommodate the selected materials and systems. Likewise, the manufacture of TPS is costly and challenging; it requires a combination of materials in a range of complex and unique shapes with specialized process conditions. Compounding these challenges, for harsh re-entry profiles or on high heat flux regions of the vehicle, even state of the art TPS is effectively single use and thereby creating a strong economic incentive to improve the TPS materials, integration, and manufacture. This work focuses on the use of ceramic modifications to TPS materials thereby allowing multi flight capability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Carbondale Community Geothermal Coalition – Replicable Models for Decarbonizing Mixed-Use Rural Communities

The Carbondale Community Geothermal Coalition (CCGC) set out to prove that a fifth-generation geothermal district heating & cooling (5G GDHC) network can be technically feasible, cost-effective, and socially equitable for a small, mixed-use rural community. During Budget Period 1 (Planning & Design) the team: ● Completed a 449 ft thermal-response test confirming excellent ground conductivity (k = 1.69 Btu ft -1 hr -1 °F -1 ) and a benign 56.3 °F undisturbed temperature. Page 1 Final Technical Report for Award Number: DE-EE0010663 ● Built a fully calibrated digital twin (URBANopt → Modelica) for 240 k ft 2 of existing + future buildings. ● Designed a 75-borehole ambient-temperature loop (ATL) augmented by 75 solar-thermal panels, supplying 44 % of district heating and 100 % cooling in Stage-1. ● Produced retrofit bid-ready drawings for the Third Street Center and Second Street Townhomes. ● Reached > 200 community stakeholders and exceeded equity targets (46 % Hispanic/Latinx participation). ● Drafted a multi-tiered workforce plan aligned with Colorado Mountain College (Hispanic Serving Institution) and IGSHPA certifications.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

A Review on Geothermal Energy and HPHT Packers for Geothermal Applications

Energy is an essential component for prosperity, economic growth, and development and has become a basic necessity for humans, but at the same time, it has an impact on the environment. Therefore, it is believed that, in the coming future, renewable energy will play an important part in fulfilling the energy demand. In that respect, geothermal energy will be vital as it is a continuous source of energy that is not affected by metrological conditions and can be used in power generation or domestic heating. Many countries around the globe are actively producing energy from geothermal resources. However, the extraction of the heat from the subsurface comes with challenges such as subsurface environment, wellbore instability, corrosion, loss of circulation, and cementing operation. However, one of the most challenging and critical tasks is the zonal isolation of the geothermal well. A packer is a tool that is used for the zonal isolation of a well, and at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions, which is common for geothermal wells. Most of the components of packers fail, causing well integrity issues. This paper gives a review of the forces acting on packers, testing standards, problems encountered by a packer in the HPHT subsurface environment, and designs to overcome those problems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Strongly Heated Turbulent Flow in a Channel with Pin Fins

Large-eddy simulations (LES) were performed to study the turbulent flow in a channel of height H with a staggered array of pin fins with diameter D = H/2 as a function of heating loads that are relevant to the cooling of turbine blades and vanes. The following three heating loads were investigated—wall-to-coolant temperatures of Tw/Tc = 1.01, 2.0, and 4.0 - where the Reynolds number at the channel inlet was 10,000 and the back pressure at the channel outlet was 1 bar. For the LES, two different subgrid-scale models—the dynamic kinetic energy model (DKEM) and the wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity model (WALE)—were examined and compared. This study was validated by comparing with data from direct numerical simulation and experimental measurements. The results obtained show high heating loads to create wall jets next to all heated surfaces that significantly alter the structure of the turbulent flow. Results generated on effects of heat loads on the mean and fluctuating components of velocity and temperature, turbulent kinetic energy, the anisotropy of the Reynolds stresses, and velocity-temperature correlations can be used to improve existing RANS models.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Scheimpflug LIDAR for Gas Sensing at Elevated Temperatures

Localized operating conditions inside boilers, heat recovery steam generators, or other large thermal systems have a huge impact on the efficiency, environmental performance, and lifetime of components. It is extremely difficult to measure species accurately within these systems due to the high temperatures and harsh environments, locally oxidizing or reducing atmospheres, ash, other particulates, and other damaging chemical species. Physical probes quickly suffer damage and are rendered nonfunctional. This work has attempted to adapt the measurement approach based on Scheimpflug light detection and ranging (S-LIDAR) for the remote sensing of gas species inside the high-temperature boiler environment. For a proof-of-concept, the detection of Raman signals of N 2 , O 2 , and CO 2 and their behavior with increasing temperature have been presented.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗