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Sensors and methods of radar and microwave radiometry which operate in the millimeter wave range are discussed. The properties of electromagnetic waves are discussed as well as the resolution capacity and measurement accuracy of sensor systems.
A NASA program for the development of backward wave oscillators (BWOs) for the 500-2000 GHz frequency range is discussed. The BWO operation is based on a periodic etched slow wave structure which supports the induced traveling electromagnetic wave. The present submillimeter wave BWOs will employ a variation of the folded wave guide, the interdigital line. The use of a noncompressed electron beam results in less thermal loading of the circuit, smaller magnetic focusing fields, and higher current density of the circuit interaction region. The diamond etching procedure is described. Aluminum will be used for the metallization of the diamonds.
Exact four-photon resonance of collinear planar laser pulses is known to be prohibited by the classical dispersion law of electromagnetic waves in plasma. We show here that the renormalization produced by an arbitrarily small relativistic electron nonlinearity removes this prohibition. The laser frequency shifts in collinear resonant four-photon scattering increase with laser intensities. For laser pulses of frequencies much greater than the electron plasma frequency, the shifts can also be much greater than the plasma frequency and even nearly double the input laser frequency at still small relativistic electron nonlinearities. Furthermore, this may enable broad range tunable lasers of very high frequencies and powers. Since the four-photon scattering does not rely on the Langmuir wave, which is very sensitive to plasma homogeneity, such lasers would also be able to operate at much larger plasma inhomogeneities than lasers based on stimulated Raman scattering in plasma.
Physical processes in a plasma under the action of relativistically strong electromagnetic waves generated by high-power lasers have been briefly reviewed. These processes are of interest in view of the development of new methods for acceleration of charged particles, creation of sources of bright hard electromagnetic radiation, and investigation of macroscopic quantum-electrodynamical processes. Attention is focused on nonlinear waves in a laser plasma for the creation of compact electron accelerators. The acceleration of plasma bunches by the radiation pressure of light is the most efficient regime of ion acceleration. Coherent hard electromagnetic radiation in the relativistic plasma is generated in the form of higher harmonics and/or electromagnetic pulses, which are compressed and intensified after reflection from relativistic mirrors created by nonlinear waves. In the limit of extremely strong electromagnetic waves, radiation friction, which accompanies the conversion of radiation from the optical range to the gamma range, fundamentally changes the behavior of the plasma. This process is accompanied by the production of electron–positron pairs, which is described within quantum electrodynamics theory.
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can lead to the rapid decay (on a timescale of hours) of the terrestrial ring current. Such decay process is usually investigated in the framework of quasi-linear theory. Here, both theoretical analysis and test-particle simulation are performed to understand the nonlinear interaction between ring current ions and EMIC waves. In particular, the dependence of the nonlinear wave-particle interaction processes on the ion initial latitude is investigated in detail. These nonlinear processes are classified into the phase trapping and phase bunching, and the phase bunching is further divided into the channel and cluster effects. Compared to the prediction of the quasi-linear theory, the ring current decay rate can be reduced by the phase trapping, increased by the channel effect phase bunching, but non-deterministically influenced by the cluster effect phase bunching. The ion initial latitude changes the occurrence of the phase trapping, modulates the transport direction and strength of the cluster effect phase bunching, and only slightly affects the channel effect phase bunching. The current results suggest that the latitudinal dependence of these nonlinear processes should be considered in the evaluation of the ring current decay induced by EMIC waves.
Electromagnetic waves in the low frequency whistler mode regime are investigated experimentally and by digital data superposition. The radiation from a novel circular antenna array is shown to produce highly collimated helicon beams in a uniform unbounded plasma. The differences to Bessel beams in free space are remarked upon. Low divergence beams arise from the parallel group velocity of whistlers with phase velocity either along the guide field or at the Gendrin angle. Waves with angular momentum are produced by phasing the array in the circular direction. The differences in the field topologies for positive and negative modes numbers are shown. It is also shown that in uniform plasmas, the radial amplitude profile of the waves depends on the antenna field topology. Thus, there are no helicon “eigenmodes” with radial Bessel function profiles in uniform plasmas. It is pointed out that phase measurements in helicon devices indicate radial wave propagation which is inconsistent with helicon eigenmode theory based on paraxial wave propagation. Trivelpiece-Gould modes also exist in uniform unbounded plasmas.
We analyze the damping of strong, superluminal electromagnetic waves by radiation reaction and Compton drag in the context of pulsar winds. The associated radiation signature is found by estimating the efficiency and the characteristic radiation frequencies. Applying these estimates to the gamma-ray binary containing PSR B1259–63, we show that the GeV flare observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope can be understood as inverse-Compton emission by particles scattering photons from the companion star, if the pulsar wind termination shock acquires a precursor of superluminal waves roughly 30 days after periastron. This requirement constrains the mass-loading factor of the wind μ=L/ N-dot mc{sup 2}, where L is the luminosity and N-dot is the rate of loss of electrons and positrons, to be roughly 6 × 10{sup 4}.
Microwave absorbers of cobalt ferrite and graphite composite have been fabricated to investigate the broadening of absorption frequency by mixing small and large particles and comparing single- and double-layer composites in order to broaden the absorption frequency and to enhance multireflection and scattering of electromagnetic wave. CoO and Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} precursors were mechanically alloyed and sintered at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100 {sup ∘}C in order to synthesise various particle sizes and shapes. A mixed sample of powders sintered at the above mentioned temperatures was also formed. The morphological, phase, and magnetic properties of these samples were studied. Two series of samples have been synthesised which were single- and double-layer composites. Single-layer composite consisted of mixed particles, and their thickness parameters were varied. Double-layer composite was also prepared with various particle sizes of CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} as a layer and graphene as another layer. The effect of these layers as matching and absorbing layer was studied. The degree of crystallinity of CoFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} was increased with increase of sintering temperature. Microstructural study showed the evolution of particle size and shape subjected to sintering temperature. Arrhenius plot showed two stages of growth process with activation energy calculated at 26.85 and 83.091 kJ/mol. The critical size of single domain of this sample plotted from the coercivity against particle size was 63.44 nm. Single-layer composite with mixed particle size was not able to show good electromagnetic (EM)-wave absorption; however double-layer composite showed good return loss. The mechanism of the EM-wave absorption of double-layer composite was discussed in this paper.
The photonic band gap of obliquely incident terahertz electromagnetic waves in a one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal is studied. The periodic structure consists of lossless dielectric and inhomogeneous plasma with a parabolic density profile. The dispersion relation and the THz wave transmittance are analyzed based on the electromagnetic equations and transfer matrix method. The dependence of effective plasma frequency and photonic band gap characteristics on dielectric and plasma thickness, plasma density, and incident angle are discussed in detail. A theoretical calculation for effective plasma frequency is presented and compared with numerical results. Results of these two methods are in good agreement.
Certain types of photonic crystals with Dirac cones at the Γ point of their band structure have a zero effective index of refraction at Dirac cone frequency. Here, by an appropriate design of the photonic structure, we obtain a strong coupling between modes around the Dirac cone frequency of an all-dielectric zero-index photonic crystal and the guided ones supported by a photonic crystal waveguide. Consequently, we experimentally demonstrate that the presence of the zero-index photonic crystal at the inner side of the photonic crystal waveguide leads to an enhancement in the transmission of some of the guided waves passing through this hybrid system. Moreover, those electromagnetic waves extracted from the structure with enhanced transmission exhibit high directional beaming due to the presence of the zero-index photonic crystal at the outer side of the photonic crystal waveguide.
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are waves that remain localized even though they coexist with a continuous spectrum of radiating waves that can carry energy away. Their very existence defies conventional wisdom. Although BICs were first proposed in quantum mechanics, they are a general wave phenomenon and have since been identified in electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves in air, water waves and elastic waves in solids. These states have been studied in a wide range of material systems, such as piezoelectric materials, dielectric photonic crystals, optical waveguides and fibres, quantum dots, graphene and topological insulators. In this Review, we describe recent developments in this field with an emphasis on the physical mechanisms that lead to BICs across seemingly very different materials and types of waves. Furthermore, we discuss experimental realizations, existing applications and directions for future work.
The possibility of the solitary electromagnetic wave formation in graphene superlattice subjected to the electromagnetic radiation is discussed. The chaotic behavior of the electron subsystem in graphene superlattice is studied by Melnikov method. Dynamic chaos of electrons is shown to appear for certain intervals of frequencies of incident electromagnetic radiation. The frequency dependence of the radiation critical amplitude which determines the bound of chaos appearance is investigated. The values of radiation frequency at which the critical amplitude increases indefinitely were found.
This project aims at the developments and improvements of high order accurate discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for solving partial differential equations arising from DOE applications. Algorithm development, improvement, analysis, implementation and applications aspects are addressed. The partial differential equations under study involve solutions with shocks or other discontinuities, rapidly changing regions, or multiscale solutions. These include the so-called convection dominated cases, such as the hyperbolic equations (e.g. Euler equations of gas dynamics), parabolic equations with small viscosities (e.g. high Reynolds number Navier-Stokes equations), KdV type equations with small dispersion describing water waves (small third derivative terms), time-dependent bi-harmonic equations and equations with hyper-viscosity (small fourth or higher even derivative terms), problems with highly oscillatory coefficients, or problems for which the macro-scale PDE models may not be correct in localized regions and a micro-scale model must be used instead. Furthermore, we are interested in the long time solutions of such equations with waves traveling a long distance, such as the electromagnetic waves. The requirement on numerical methods is thus high order accuracy, low dissipation/dispersion errors over long time, and a clean and sharp discontinuity resolution. It would also be highly desirable to have the numerical methods to be flexible for complicated geometry and boundary conditions, and to be easy in an adaptive and massively parallel environment. The discontinuous Galerkin finite element method has this potential, however the design and analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for each specific class of partial differential equations would require detailed research.
Near 0700 on September 4, 1984 a series of interplanetary discontinuities arrived at earth when the AMPTE Charge Composition Explorer (CCE) was near apogee. During the next few hours the spacecraft passed in and out of the magnetosheath. At the magnetopause boundary, the CCE wave instrument detected strong electron plasma oscillations, weaker electromagnetic waves at the electron plasma frequency, and broadband electrostatic waves. During the subsequent perigee passes on September 4 and 5, the wave observations of upper hybrid resonance emissions, continuum radiation, electrostatic noise bands and unusual low latitude auroral kilometic radiation were used to monitor significant variations in the magnetospheric characteristics as the main storm phases developed.
The characteristics of light scattering by a separate spherical particle are used as a priori information when interpreting the data on laser sounding of atmospheric aerosols. Analogously, it is necessary to have a priori information on the characteristics of light scattering by a single crystals in order to restitute the microstructure of crystal formation in the atmosphere. In contrast to the aerosol particles the crystals are of different shapes. On the one hand, this complicates the solution of electrodynamic problems on light scattering by such crystals. On the other hand, if obtaining such a solution is possible, one can determine the morphology of scattering particles accoring to the sounding data and this enables additonal information to be obtained on such meteorological parameters as temperature, pressure, and humidity. Using the geometric-wave approach the problem of scattering of plane electromagnetic wave on convex polyhedrons of arbitrary form was solved. As a result, the expressions were obtained for electric field components of perpendicular and parallel polarizations scattered in any given direction.
Excitation of surface currents on plasma-immersed cylinder by electromagnetic and electrokinetic waves - vacuum and inhomogeneous sheath models
Although free space cannot generate electromagnetic waves, the majority of existing accounts of frequency-domain electromagnetic scattering by particles and particle groups are based on the postulate of existence of an impressed incident field, usually in the form of a plane wave. In this tutorial we discuss how to account for the actual existence of impressed source currents rather than impressed incident fields. Specifically, we outline a self-consistent theoretical formalism describing electromagnetic scattering by an arbitrary finite object in the presence of arbitrarily distributed impressed currents, some of which can be far removed from the object and some can reside in its vicinity, including inside the object. To make the resulting formalism applicable to a wide range of scattering-object morphologies, we use the framework of the volume integral equation formulation of electromagnetic scattering, couple it with the notion of the transition operator, and exploit the fundamental symmetry property of this operator. Among novel results, this tutorial includes a streamlined proof of fundamental symmetry (reciprocity) relations, a simplified derivation of the Foldy equations, and an explicit analytical expression for the transition operator of a multi-component scattering object.
The polarity change of THz electromagnetic waves radiated from single-crystalline graphite and polycrystalline graphite films has been studied to identify the main generation mechanism in conventional reflective THz time-domain spectroscopy scheme. The excitation wavelength variation around the K-valley produces no significant changes in THz field strength. We further found that THz waves become fully dispersed without polarity change in lateral detection geometry.