Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Drag coefficient”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 595 records · Page 33

An improved far field drag calculation method for nonlinear CFD codes

An improved method to calculate drag based on far field conditions is presented and demonstrated. The method is illustrated using two CFD codes, PARC and CFL3D, and examining their ability to preserve lift and drag coefficients along grid line defined integration paths. The flow fields were generated by solving the Euler equations for a NACA 0012 airfoil at a free stream Mach number of 0.8 and angle of attack of 1.25 degrees. In comparison to force coefficients obtained by surface pressure integration, neither code acceptably preserved both force coefficients throughout the near and far fields. An investigation into the relationship between numerical prediction error and calculated force coefficients revealed a direct connection between solution mass conservation error and force coefficients error. A method to correct the predicted force coefficients based on integrated mass conservation error is described and demonstrated. The corrected force coefficients for both codes are shown to be more accurate than the uncorrected values. The correction method is applicable to both two and three dimensions and is independent of the algorithm used to generate the flow field.

Sirbaugh, James R.↗

Computational study of a conical wing having unit aspect ratio at supersonic speeds

A study was conducted to identify and assess a computational method as a preliminary analysis and design tool for advanced military aircraft designs. The method of choice for this study was the Euler Marching Technique for Accurate Computation (EMTAC). Computational and experimental results were compared for a thick unit aspect ratio delta wing at Mach 2.8 and 4.0. This geometry along with the associated flow physics is representative of advanced aircraft designs. The comparisons of the lift and drag coefficients show that the computations agree with experimentally obtained data at Mach 2.8 and 4.0. Further, comparison between EMTAC and experiment shows that the computations accurately predict the overall shape and levels of the surface pressure distributions at Mach 2.8 and 4.0. Qualitative assessment of the computed flow-field properties shows that EMTAC captures the basic flow-field characteristics representative of advanced aircraft designs. The study further suggests that EMTAC can be successfully used in the preliminary analysis and design of advanced military aircraft.

Mcgrath, Brian E.↗

Ocean tides for satellite geodesy

Spherical harmonic tidal solutions have been obtained at the frequencies of the 32 largest luni-solar tides using prior theory of the author. That theory was developed for turbulent, nonglobal, self-gravitating, and loading oceans possessing realistic bathymetry and linearized bottom friction; the oceans satisfy no-flow boundary conditions at coastlines. In this theory the eddy viscosity and bottom drag coefficients are treated as spatially uniform. Comparison of the predicted degree-2 components of the Mf, P1, and M2 tides with those from numerical and satellite-based tide models allows the ocean friction parameters to be estimated at long and short periods. Using the 32 tide solutions, the frequency dependence of tidal admittance is investigated, and the validity of sideband tide models used in satellite orbit analysis is examined. The implications of admittance variability for oceanic resonances are also explored.

Dickman, S. R.↗

Langley Field wind tunnel apparatus

The difficulties experienced in properly holding thin tipped or tapered airfoils while testing on an N.P.L. type aerodynamic balance even at low air speeds, and the impossibility of holding even solid metal models at the high speeds attainable at the National Advisory Committee's wind tunnel, necessitated the design of a balance which would hold model airfoils of any thickness and at speeds up to 150 m.p.h. In addition to mechanical strength and rigidity, it was highly desirable that the balance readings should require a minimum amount of correction and mathematical manipulation in order to obtain the lift and drag coefficients and the center of pressure. The balance described herein is similar to one in use at the University of Gottingen, the main difference lying in the addition of a device for reading the center of pressure directly, without the necessity of any correction whatsoever. Details of the design and operation of the device are given.

Bacon, D L↗

Full scale determination of the lift and drag of a seaplane

The speed, barometric pressure, and number of revolutions of the engine of a seaplane were measured, including tests with stopped engine. The mean data obtained are given in the following note; the results of the gliding tests are used for the computation of the lift and drag coefficients, and by making use of them the results of the engine flights are used for the computation of the propeller efficiency.

Munk, Max M↗

Wind tunnel tests of five strut sections in yaw

In the first series of wind tunnel tests, the drag and cross wing force of all the struts were measured at a wind speed of 30 mph and at angles of yaw from 0 degrees to 20 degrees. To determine the magnitude of the VL effect, each strut was tested at zero yaw and at a series of speeds ranging from 15 to 38 mph. Although designed as fairings for cables, part of these sections gave such high crosswind forces that they seemed to have possibilities as airfoils. Therefore, the lift (identical with the crosswind force) and drag coefficients were recalculated for four sections on the basis of broadside area to make them comparable with wing coefficients. The general conclusion that the best fineness ratio for a strut is a function of the Reynolds number, decreasing steadily as that quality increases, has of course been reached many times, both by theory and experiment. It was confirmed here once more, and the effect of form on sensitiveness to VL is also strikingly shown. It seems probable that this effect of form is largely due to interaction between the nose and tail, and to the influence which the form of the nose exerts over the whole flow around the strut.

PROPELLERS, METAL↗

Wind tunnel tests on airfoil boundary control using a backward opening slot

This report presents the results of an investigation to determine the effect of boundary layer control on the lift and drag of an airfoil equipped with a backward opening slot. Various slot locations, widths of opening, and pressures, were used. The tests were conducted in the Five-Foot Atmospheric Wind Tunnel of the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. The greatest increase in maximum lift was 96 per cent, the greatest decrease in minimum drag was 27 per cent, and the greatest increase in the ratio, maximum lift coefficient/minimum drag coefficient, was 151 per cent.

Knight, Montgomery↗

Velocity gained and altitude lost in recoveries from inclined flight paths

A series of charts is given showing the variation of the velocity gained and the altitude lost in dive pullouts with the initial indicated air speed and the dive angle. The effects of the maximum load factor, the drag parameter K, the initial altitude, and the type of recovery on the velocity gained and the altitude lost are also considered. The results were obtained from a step-by-step solution of the equations of motion in which mean values of the air density and the airplane drag coefficient were used. The load-factor variation with time is arbitrarily specified in various ways to simulate pull-out procedures, some of which might be encountered in flight.

Pearson, H A↗

Effects of Aspect Ratio on Air Flow at High Subsonic Mach Numbers

Schlieren photographs were used in an investigation to determine the effects of changing the aspect ratio from infinity to 2 on the air flow past a wing at high subsonic Mach numbers. The results indicated that the decreased effects of compressibility on drag coefficients for the finite wing are produced by a reduction in the compression shock and flow separation.

FLOW, MIXED↗

Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Circular Cylinder at Mach Number 6.86 and Angles of Attack up to 90 Degrees

Pressure-distribution and force tests of a circular cylinder have been made in the Langley 11-inch hypersonic tunnel at a Mach number of 6.88, a Reynolds number of 129,000, and angles of attack up to 90 degrees. The results are compared with the hypersonic approximation of Grimminger, Williams, and Young and a simple modification of the Newtonian flow theory. An evaluation of the crossflow theory is made through comparison of present results with available crossflow Mach number drag coefficients.

Penland, Jim A↗

Results of Flight Tests to Determine Drag of Parabolic and Cone-cylinder Bodies of Very Large Fineness Ratios at Supersonic Speeds

Results of a free-flight investigation at supersonic speeds to determine zero-lift drag of a series of bodies of revolution are presented. Configurations tested included two parabolic bodies with fineness ratios of 17.78 and 24.5 and two 8 degree cone-cylinder bodies with fineness ratios of 17.2 and 21.2. Results of previous tests of similar parabolic bodies but with lower fineness ratios are included in this paper for comparison. All bodies for which data are presented in this paper had a base-to-maximum-diameter ratio of 0.437. Calculated drag coefficients are shown for all bodies for which data are presented. (author)

Welsh, Clement J↗

Flow Separation Ahead of a Blunt Axially Symmetric Body at Mach Numbers 1.76 to 2.10

The pressure distribution and drag were determined for a spherical-nosed axially symmetric body with thin projecting rods at Mach numbers of 1.76, 1.93, and 2.10. The upstream projection distance of the rods was varied over a wide range to study changes in the character of the flow separation and to determine the variation of drag and pressure distribution with tip projection. Drag coefficients between 0.18 and 0.30 were obtained for most tip projections at each Mach number.

WIND TUNNEL TESTS - LFPL - SUPERSONIC (18"x18")↗

Longitudinal Stability and Drag Characteristics at Mach Numbers from 0.70 to 1.37 of Rocket-propelled Models Having a Modified Triangular Wing

A modified triangular wing of aspect ratio 2.53 having an airfoil section 3.7 percent thick at the root and 5.98 percent thick at the tip was designed in an attempt to improve the lift and drag characteristics of triangular wings. Free-flight drag and stability tests were made using rocket-propelled models equipped with the modified wing. The Mach number range of the test was from 0.70 to 1.37. Test results indicated the following: The lift-curve slope of wing plus fuselage approaches the theoretical value of wing alone at supersonic Mach numbers. The drag coefficient, based on total wing area, for wing plus interference was approximately 0.0035 at subsonic Mach numbers and 0.0080 at supersonic Mach numbers. The maximum shift in aerodynamic center for the complete configuration was 14 percent in the rearward direction from the forward position of 51.5 percent of mean aerodynamic chord at subsonic Mach numbers. The variation of lift and moment with angle of attack was linear at supersonic Mach numbers for the range of coefficients covered in the test. The high value of lift-curve slope was considered to be a significant result attributable to the wing modifications.

Chapman, Rowe, Jr↗

Free-flight Performance of a Rocket-boosted, Air-launched 16-inch-diameter Ram-jet Engine at Mach Numbers up to 2.20

The investigation of air-launched ram-jet engines has been extended to include a study of models with a nominal design free-stream Mach number of 2.40. These models require auxiliary thrust in order to attain a flight speed at which the ram jet becomes self-accelerating. A rocket-boosting technique for providing this auxiliary thrust is described and time histories of two rocket-boosted ram-jet flights are presented. In one flight, the model attained a maximum Mach number of 2.20 before a fuel system failure resulted in the destruction of the engine. Performance data for this model are presented in terms of thrust and drag coefficients, diffuser pressure recovery, mass-flow ratio, combustion efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and over-all engine efficiency.

AIR INLETS - NOSE, ANNULAR↗

Preliminary Drag and Heat-transfer Data Obtained from Air-launched Cone-cylinder Test Vehicle over Mach Number Range from 1.5 to 5.18

An air-launched cone-cylinder test vehicle designed to obtain data at Mach numbers above 4.0 was rocket boosted from a release Mach number of 5.18. The vehicle was launched at an altitude of 35,000 feet and reached peak velocity of 5150 feet per second at 28,500 feet. The total-drag coefficient (based on maximum cross-sectional area) decreased gradually from 0.31 at a Mach number of 1.75 to 0.145 at a Mach number of 5.18, while the Reynold's number (based on body length) increased from 31 x 10 to the 6th power to 107 x 10 to the 6th power. The skin friction coefficients, in general, were slightly lower than Van Driest's theoretical values for similar wall-temperature conditions. Convective heat-transfer coefficients were obtained from a single skin-thermocouple measurement. The maximum wall temperature recorded was 1240 degrees r.

Messing, Wesley E↗

Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics to Large Angles of Attack of a Cruciform Missile Configuration at a Mach Number of 2

The lift, pitching-moment, and drag characteristics of a missile configuration having a body of fineness ratio 9.33 and a cruciform triangular wing and tail of aspect ratio 4 were measured at a Mach number of 1.99 and a Reynolds number of 6.0 million, based on the body length. The tests were performed through an angle-of-attack range of -5 deg to 28 deg to investigate the effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of roll angle, wing-tail interdigitation, wing deflection, and interference among the components (body, wing, and tail). Theoretical lift and moment characteristics of the configuration and its components were calculated by the use of existing theoretical methods which have been modified for application to high angles of attack, and these characteristics are compared with experiment. The lift and drag characteristics of all combinations of the body, wing, and tail were independent of roll angle throughout the angle-of-attack range. The pitching-moment characteristics of the body-wing and body-wing- tail combinations, however, were influenced significantly by the roll angle at large angles of attack (greater than 10 deg). A roll from 0 deg (one pair of wing panels horizontal) to 45 deg caused a forward shift in the center of pressure which was of the same magnitude for both of these combinations, indicating that this shift originated from body-wing interference effects. A favorable lift - interference effect (lift of the combination greater than the sum of the lifts of the components) and a rearward shift in the center of pressure from a position corresponding to that for the components occurred at small angles of attack when the body was combined with either the exposed wing or tail surfaces. These lift and center-of-pressure interference effects were gradually reduced to zero as the angle of attack was increased to large values. The effect of wing-tail interference, which influenced primarily the pitching-moment characteristics, is dependent on the distance between the wing trailing vortex wake and the tail surfaces and thus was a function of angle of attack, angle of roll, and wing- tail interdigitation. Although the configuration at zero roll with the wing and tail in line exhibited the least center-of-pressure travel, the configuration with the wing and tail interdigitated had the least change in wing- tail interference over the angle - of-attack range. The lift effectiveness of the variable-incidence wing was reduced by more than 70 percent as a result of an increase in the combined angle of attack and wing incidence from 0 deg to 40 deg center dot The wing- tail interference (effective downwash at the tail) due to wing deflection was nearly zero as a result of a region of negative vorticity shed from the inboard portion of the wing. The lift characteristics of the configuration and its components were satisfactorily predicted by the calculated results, but the pitching moments at large angles of attack were not because of the influence of factors for which no adequate theory is available, such as the variation of the cross flow drag coefficient along the body and the effect of the wing downwash field on the after body loading.

Spahr, J Richard↗

A study of liquid boric oxide particle growth rates in a gas stream from a simulated jet engine combustor

It was experimentally determined that the liquid boric oxide particles leaving a jet engine combustor, burning a boron-containing fuel, will have diameters of 1.0 x 10(exp -5) to 2.0 x 10(exp -5) centimeter. For this size range the particle heat-transfer and drag coefficients are essentially infinite. The results may be applied to any boron-containing fuel. Equations are developed that enable the calculation of the particle size-time history. A study of boric oxide deposition mechanisms is included, and suggestions for decreading deposition rates given.

Setze, Paul C↗

The Effects of Boundary-layer Separation over Bodies of Revolution with Conical Tail Flares

The magnitude and the effects of boundary-layer separation on normal-force-curve slopes, centers of pressure, pressure distributions, and lift and drag coefficients were determined for various bodies of revolution with conical tail flares at Mach numbers from 3.0 to 6.3. Some of the experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions of the aerodynamic characteristics of the bodies.

Dennis, David H↗