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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

System for and method of freezing biological tissue

Biological tissue is frozen while a polyethylene bag placed in abutting relationship against opposed walls of a pair of heaters. The bag and tissue are cooled with refrigerating gas at a time programmed rate at least equal to the maximum cooling rate needed at any time during the freezing process. The temperature of the bag, and hence of the tissue, is compared with a time programmed desired value for the tissue temperature to derive an error indication. The heater is activated in response to the error indication so that the temperature of the tissue follows the desired value for the time programmed tissue temperature. The tissue is heated to compensate for excessive cooling of the tissue as a result of the cooling by the refrigerating gas. In response to the error signal, the heater is deactivated while the latent heat of fusion is being removed from the tissue while the tissue is changing phase from liquid to solid.

Williams, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Satellite Power System (SPS) microwave subsystem impacts and benefits

The impacts and benefits to society of the microwave subsystem resulting from the developing, construction and operating of a space solar power to earth, electric power delivery system are presented and discussed. The primary benefit (usable energy) is conveyed mainly in the fundamental frequency portion of the RF radiation beam that is intercepted and converted to electric power output. The small fraction of the microwave and other electromagnetic energy that does not end up in the electric utility grid, yields most of the subsystem impacts. The impacts range from harmonics and noise radiated by the transmitting antenna, through potential interference with ionospheric communications and navigation caused by the power beam heating the ionosphere, to the potential large land area requirements for the rectennas and low level microwave radiation around the rectennas. Additional benefits range from a very low level of waste heat liberated and lack of atmospheric emissions including noise while operating to having no residual ionizing radiation from the rectenna when it is deactivated.

Dickinson, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Silicon Materials Task of the Low Cost Solar Array Project, Phase 3. Effect of Impurities and Processing on Silicon Solar Cells

The effects of impurities, various thermochemical processes, and any impurity process interactions on the performance of terrestrial silicon solar cells are defined. Determinations of the segregation coefficients of tungsten, tantalum, and cobalt for the Czochralski pulling of silicon single crystals are reported. Sensitive neutron activation analysis was used to determine the metal impurity content of the silicon while atomic absorption was used to measure the metal content of the residual liquid from which the doped crystals were grown. Gettering of Ti doped silicon wafers improved cell performance by one to two percent for the highest temperatures and longest times. The HCl is more effective than POCl3 treatments for deactivating Ti but POCl3 and HCl produced essentially identical results for Mo or Fe.

Hopkins, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Nonequilibrium radiative heating of a Jovian entry body

The influence of nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) radiative transfer on radiative and convective heating of a Jovian entry body is investigated. The flow in the shock layer is assumed to be axisymmetric, viscous, and in chemical equilibrium. The chemical species considered for the collisional deactivation processes are H2, H, H+. The NLTE radiative transfer equations are derived for multilevel energy transitions. The rotational and vibrational energy modes are assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The results indicate that higher-level energy transitions have little influence on the overall NLTE results. The NLTE results, however, are found to be greatly influenced by the temperature distributions in the shock layer. The convective and radiative heating to the entry body are reduced significantly because of the NLTE conditions; the reduction in convective heating, however, is relatively small. The influence of NLTE is found to be greater at higher entry altitudes.

Tiwari, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Photoacoustic spectroscopy of condensed matter

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a new analytical tool that provides a simple nondestructive technique for obtaining information about the electronic absorption spectrum of samples such as powders, semisolids, gels, and liquids. It can also be applied to samples which cannot be examined by conventional optical methods. Numerous applications of this technique in the field of inorganic and organic semiconductors, biology, and catalysis have been described. Among the advantages of photoacoustic spectroscopy, the signal is almost insensitive to light scattering by the sample and information can be obtained about nonradiative deactivation processes. Signal saturation, which can modify the intensity of individual absorption bands in special cases, is a drawback of the method.

Somoano, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1980

CATCOM catalyst 5 atm 1000 hour aging study using No. 2 fuel oil

The durability of the CATCOM catalyst for use in catalytically supported thermal combustion has been demonstrated at 5 atm, complementing a previous 1000 hour durability study at 1 atm. Both of these studies were conducted at about 640 K air preheat temperature at a reference velocity of about 14 m/s; the adiabatic flame temperature of the fuel/air mixture was about 1530 K. The catalyst proved to be capable of low emissions operations after 1000 hours of diesel fuel aging. However, more severe deactivation occurred in the 5 atm test; this was attributed to a loss in kinetic (ignition) activity.

Osgerby, I. T.↗
NASA NTRS1980

CF6-50 Short Core Exhaust Nozzle

The General Electric CF6-50 engine nacelle was originally equipped with both fan nozzle and core nozzle thrust reversers. Many airline operators later deactivated the core reverser. Elimination of the core reverser enabled design changes to be made to help improve performance. A reduction in core nozzle length of approximately two feet was possible. This concept, defined as the Short Core Exhaust Nozzle, was evaluated in engine ground tests, including performance, acoustic, and endurance tests under the NASA/Lewis Engine Component Improvement Program. The test results verified the performance predictions from scale model tests. The Short Core Exhaust Nozzle provides an internal cruise SFC reduction of 0.9% without an increase in engine noise. The nozzle hardware successfully completed 1000 flight cycles of endurance testing with no signs of distress.

Dusa, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Energy-transfer mechanisms in the CH3F-SF6 optically pumped laser

The power of an optically pumped CH3F laser operating on the 496-micron line has been doubled with the addition of SF6 without any corresponding increase in pump absorption. It is suggested that a near-resonant energy transfer between CH3F and SF6 followed by SF6 deactivation is the mechanism responsible for the enhancement.

Lawandy, N. M.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Atmospheric quenching of vibrationally excited O2/1 Delta/

The paper presents photolysis absorption spectroscopy experimental results which show rapid vibrational quenching of O2(1 Delta, v not less than 1) molecular oxygen fragments in an atmospheric environment. The reactions of this species were determined by flash photolysis of ozone in the Hartley band combined with absorption spectroscopic detection of O2(1 Delta v equals 0) fragments and resonance fluorescence detection of O(3P). It was shown that rapid vibrational deactivation occurs under atmospheric conditions; in addition, an upper limit was determined for the photolytic channel of the O(1D) + O3 yields O2(1 Sigma) reaction.

Klais, O.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Health and safety: Preliminary comparative assessment of the Satellite Power System (SPS) and other energy alternatives

Data readily available from the literature were used to make an initial comparison of the health and safety risks of a fission power system with fuel reprocessing; a combined-cycle coal power system with a low-Btu gasifier and open-cycle gas turbine; a central-station, terrestrial, solar photovoltaic power system; the satellite power system; and a first-generation fusion system. The assessment approach consists of the identification of health and safety issues in each phase of the energy cycle from raw material extraction through electrical generation, waste disposal, and system deactivation; quantitative or qualitative evaluation of impact severity; and the rating of each issue with regard to known or potential impact level and level of uncertainty.

Habegger, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Silicon materials task of the low-cost solar array project. Phase 4: Effects of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells

The results of the study form a basis for silicon producers, wafer manufacturers, and cell fabricators to develop appropriate cost-benefit relationships for the use of less pure, less costly solar grade silicon. Cr is highly mobile in silicon even at temperatures as low as 600 C. Contrasting with earlier data for Mo, Ti, and V, Cr concentrations vary from place to place in polycrystalline silicon wafers and the electrically-active Cr concentration in the polysilicon is more than an order of magnitude smaller than would be projected from single crystal impurity data. We hypothesize that Cr diffuses during ingot cooldown after growth, preferentially segregates to grain and becomes electrically deactivated. Accelerated aging data from Ni-contaminated silicon imply that no significant impurity-induced cell performance reduction should be expected over a twenty year device lifetime.

Hopkins, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Application of a tip-fin controller to the Shuttle Orbiter for improved yaw control

Aerodynamic and flight control analyses have shown that the application of the tip-fin controller and removal of the centerline vertical tail does not produce improved flyability of the Shuttle Orbiter in the supersonic speed regime. Preliminary design studies show that removal of the centerline vertical tail and the installation of tip-fin controllers could result in savings up to 900 kg. It is also shown that the reaction control system could be deactivated much sooner than it is possible with the present nominal orbiter configuration.

Powell, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Development and application of the Manned Maneuvering Unit, work restraint system, stowage container and return line tether

The Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), a self-contained zero-gravity backpack designed for astronaut extravehicular activity, is discussed with reference to the system requirements and characteristics, and potential near-term and future uses. Attention is given to the MMU man-machine interfaces, propulsion capability, attitude control, crew restraint hardware, donning, doffing, activation, and deactivation. Specific applications discussed include: spacecraft inspection and servicing, assembly of large space systems, payload deployment/retrieval, and crew rescue.

Bergonz, F. H.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A dedicated 26-m SETI sky survey instrument facility: A feasibility study

The feasibility of converting a deactivated GSTDN 26 m facility into a dedicated SETI Instrument Facility is examined. Additional benefits that would accrue from the proposed utilization of these facilities are the capability for remote and control the Deep Space Communications Complex (DSCC) Signal Processing Center, combined with a reduction in ground-induced radio frequency interference due to the physical distance to the other DSCC front end areas and the Signal Processing Center.

Berman, A. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Benefits of detailed models of muscle activation and mechanics

Recent biophysical and physiological studies identified some of the detailed mechanisms involved in excitation-contraction coupling, muscle contraction, and deactivation. Mathematical models incorporating these mechanisms allow independent estimates of key parameters, direct interplay between basic muscle research and the study of motor control, and realistic model behaviors, some of which are not accessible to previous, simpler, models. The existence of previously unmodeled behaviors has important implications for strategies of motor control and identification of neural signals. New developments in the analysis of differential equations make the more detailed models feasible for simulation in realistic experimental situations.

Lehman, S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

High performance channel injection sealant invention abstract

High performance channel sealant is based on NASA patented cyano and diamidoximine-terminated perfluoroalkylene ether prepolymers that are thermally condensed and cross linked. The sealant contains asbestos and, in its preferred embodiments, Lithofrax, to lower its thermal expansion coefficient and a phenolic metal deactivator. Extensive evaluation shows the sealant is extremely resistant to thermal degradation with an onset point of 280 C. The materials have a volatile content of 0.18%, excellent flexibility, and adherence properties, and fuel resistance. No corrosibility to aluminum or titanium was observed.

Rosser, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Development and integration of the infrared telescope for Spacelab

A description is given of the design features of the Small Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope (IRT) being developed for the 1983 Spacelab 2 mission and the problems encountered during the development of its (1) superfluid helium system requirements, (2) interfaces with Spacelab, and (3) Kennedy Space Center prelaunch operations requirements and restrictions. The IRT comprises cryogenic, IR optical, mechanical, and electronics subsystems. Attention is given the preflight management of superfluid helium by a vacuum maintenance assembly (VMA), which will operate almost continuously until launch and then be deactivated to fly as unavoidable ballast. The objective of IRT design and development is the meeting of IR science and engineering objectives with a relatively low-cost system.

Urban, E. W.↗