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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluating the Effects of Urban Expansion on Social and Environmental Vulnerability in Guatemala and Panama

Central America is one of the fastest urbanizing regions in the world, with the urban population expected to double by 2050. This growth is driving multiple societal issues, including infrastructure inequities, lack of accessible housing, and environmental degradation. This project partnered with NASA SERVIR, Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres en América Central y República Dominicana (CEPRENEDAC) to examine changes in urban extent and vulnerability in Guatemala City, Guatemala and Panama City, Panama. The team identified urban extent using Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), and Landsat 9 OLI-2 within Google Earth Engine’s LandTrendr algorithm. Next, they assessed urban vulnerability between formal and informal settlements by classifying different types of roof material using high-resolution Maxar Worldview 2 and 3 imagery and comparing it to socioeconomic and environmental risks. While both cities have expanded outward and become denser since 2000, Guatemala City has grown at a faster rate. The most vulnerable communities of both cities were located in the northwestern regions. These case studies can be used to inform similar methodologies in other Central American cities and help leaders identify the most vulnerable communities within their areas.

Aaron Whittemore↗
NASA NTRS2023

An Urban Drainage Scheme for Large-Scale Flood Models

As flood modeling spatial resolutions get finer, physical processes normally neglected, such as urban drainage, must be accounted for. Here, we describe and evaluate an urban drainage scheme for large-scale flood models. The parameterization accounts for urban imperviousness, and water flow over streets and through a prescribed urban drainage network. A parameter sensitivity analysis is performed during three major extreme floods over Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, at ∼200 m spatial resolution. Results show that, compared to a hypothetical case without urban drainage, representing a drainage network decreases urban flooding during selected extreme events across Rio de Janeiro by 31–53 %. Such a decrease is caused by an underground water storage of up to 2.5 billion m3 across the city during flood peaks. Underground water storage and transport smooth out and delay peak flows by a few hours over major rivers and channels draining the city. Simulations also indicate that the number of residents exposed to flooding drops by 60–80 %, from ∼5 million to 1–2 million, when an urban drainage system is considered during extreme events. Similar proportions are found for social infrastructure (i.e., schools and hospitals) exposed to flooding. Results reveal that racial minority and low-income populations could disproportionally be exposed to extreme floodings across the city. We conclude that representing urban drainage has a substantial impact on flood exposure and should be accounted for in fine resolution modeling. The proposed scheme is particularly useful in poorly monitored cities and where extreme floods are a frequent hazard yet to be tackled.

Urban drainage↗
NASA NTRS1988

Monodeuterated methane in the outer solar system. III - Its abundance of Titan

The 3nv2 band of CH3D has been detected in spectra of Titan recorded at 1.6 microns with the Fourier transform spectrometer at the 4 m telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. A value of the CH3D/Ch4 mixing ratio is obtained from a comparison between the observed Titan spectra and synthetic spectra. This value is about 2 times higher than the value measured on Uranus (de Bergh et al. 1981, 1986) and about 6 times higher than on Jupiter and on Saturn (Courtin et al. 1984; de Bergh et al.). The value found on Titan for D/H in methane is comparable to the D/H ratio measured in terrestrial H2O.

De Bergh, C.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Hindbrain serotonin and the rapid induction of sodium appetite

Both systemically administered furosemide and isoproterenol produce water intake (i.e., thirst). Curiously, however, in light of the endocrine and hemodynamic effects produced by these treatments, they are remarkably ineffective in eliciting intake of hypertonic saline solutions (i.e., operationally defined as sodium appetite). Recent work indicates that bilateral injections of the serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide into the lateral parabrachial nuclei (LPBN) markedly enhance a preexisting sodium appetite. The present studies establish that a de novo sodium appetite can be induced with LPBN-methysergide treatment under experimental conditions in which only water is typically ingested. The effects of bilateral LPBN injections of methysergide were studied on the intake of water and 0. 3 M NaCl following acute (beginning 1 h after treatment) diuretic (furosemide)-induced sodium and water depletion and following subcutaneous isoproterenol treatment. With vehicle injected into the LPBN, furosemide treatment and isoproterenol injection both caused water drinking but essentially no intake of hypertonic saline. In contrast, bilateral treatment of the LPBN with methysergide induced the intake of 0.3 M NaCl after subcutaneous furosemide and isoproterenol. Water intake induced by subcutaneous furosemide or isoproterenol was not changed by LPBN-methysergide injections. The results indicate that blockade of LPBN-serotonin receptors produces a marked intake of hypertonic NaCl (i.e., a de novo sodium appetite) after furosemide treatment as well as subcutaneous isoproterenol.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1972

Preliminary mapping of the lunar magnetic field

Magnetic field measurements made with the Apollo 15 subsatellite established the existence of remanent magnetization over much of the Moon's surface. The major features of the structure of the measured remanent field are apparently associated with large craters, the most apparent detected to date being that in the vicinity of the Van de Graaff crater. A preliminary contour map of relative magnetic intensity was produced for a limited region of the Moon. A high resolution plot of the Van de Graaff region was constructed from vector data in an attempt to locate the source of the largest feature observed.

Coleman, P. J., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Inhomogeneities in the early universe

The paper investigates certain nonlinear processes that are viable candidates for the mechanisms which produced large-scale inhomogeneities in the early Universe. Several nonlinear Lagrangians are presented for matter, the Korteweg-de Vries equation is analyzed, and the existence of solitons among its solutions is noted. A model based on the possibility of generating a cascade of solitons from an initial perturbation is proposed, and it is shown how large-scale inhomogeneities can be generated when an initial soliton fragments into many others through the nonlinear action of the terms in the Korteweg-de Vries equation. A second model is examined which is based on the interaction of matter with a strong radiation field (an almost monochromatic photon gas) and which involves changes in the refractive index of the vacuum. It is found that matter and radiation will not mix if the radiation field has a nonuniform intensity and that the matter will separate into dense portions or 'cosmological protogalaxies'. The evolution of these portions of matter is studied, and it is found that conditions would be appropriate for the interface between them and the surrounding radiation field to become unstable, giving rise to a turbulent layer.

Canuto, V.↗
NASA NTRS1976

LS-44: An improved deep space network station location set for Viking navigation

Improved estimates for the spin axis and longitude components of the Deep Space Network station locations were obtained from post-flight processing of radio metric data received from various Mariner planetary missions. The use of an upgraded set of ionospheric calibrations and the incorporation of near-Venus and near-Mercury radio metric data from the Mariner 10 spacecraft are the principal contributing effects to the improvement. These new estimates, designated Location Set (LS) 44, have supported Viking navigation activities in the vicinity of Mars. As such, the station locations were determined relative to the planetary positions inherent in JPL Development Ephemeris (DE) 84, which was used throughout the Viking mission. The article also presents and discusses a version of LS 44 based upon the latest planetary ephemeris, DE 96.

Koble, H. M.↗
NASA NTRS1977

On the theory of solitary Rossby waves

The evolution of long, finite amplitude Rossby waves in a horizontally sheared zonal current is studied. The wave evolution is described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation or the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation depending on the atmospheric stratification. In either case, the cross-stream modal structure of these waves is given by the long-wave limit of the neutral eigensolutions of the barotropic stability equation. Both non-singular and singular eigensolutions are considered and the appropriate analysis is developed to yield a uniformly valid description of the motion in the critical-layer region where the wave speed matches the flow velocity. The analysis demonstrates that coherent, propagating, eddy structures can exist in stable shear flows and that these eddies have peculiar interaction properties quite distinct from the traditional views of turbulent motion.

Redekopp, L. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Solitary Rossby waves in zonal shear flows and their interactions

Interactions of long-wave solitons propagating in shear flows are described by a coupled pair of Korteweg-de Vries equations. The basic equation of motion for the analysis is the quasi-geostrophic forecast equation, and the interaction of two wave modes is studied. The solution for mode 1-mode 2 interaction of solitary waves in an asymmetric shear flow of a barotropic atmosphere with divergence is constructed. Streamline patterns for certain flows are obtained. An unsteady solitary wave solution for a modified Korteweg-de Vries equation is derived.

Redekopp, L. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Abiotic synthesis of fatty acids

The formation of fatty acids by Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis was investigated with ferric oxide, ammonium carbonate, potassium carbonate, powdered Pueblito de Allende carbonaceous chondrite, and filings from the Canyon Diablo meteorite used as catalysts. Products were separated and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Iron oxide, Pueblito de Allende chondrite, and Canyon Diablo filings in an oxidized catalyst form yielded no fatty acids. Canyon Diablo filings heated overnight at 500 C while undergoing slow purging by deuterium produced fatty acids only when potassium carbonate was admixed; potassium carbonate alone also produced these compounds. The active catalytic combinations gave relatively high yields of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; substantial amounts of n-alkenes were almost invariably observed when fatty acids were produced; the latter were in the range C6 to C18, with maximum yield in C9 or 10.

Leach, W. W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The magnetization of the lunar crust as deduced from orbital surveys

A two-dimensional magnetic anomaly map of a region of intense crustal magnetization near Van de Graaff crater has been constructed from Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellite vector magnetometer observations. The mapping method used limits coverage to relatively low altitudes (65-80 km) over the Van de Graaff region along the Apollo 15 track and over the central far side highlands along the Apollo 16 track; a simple differencing technique was used to remove external noise contributions. An approximate inversion of this map using a surface plate model for source region geometry has revealed at least four different sources. No correlation between the lateral locations of these source regions and surface morphology was found; the directions of magnetization seem to be unrelated except for a strong north-south depletion. A rough antipodal correlation of the two most strongly magnetized regions yet mapped on the moon with the Imbrium and Orientale basins gives mild support to the ejecta deposit hypothesis suggested by Strangway et al. (1973) for formation of anomaly source regions.

Hood, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

How thick are lunar mare basalts

It is argued that De Hon's estimates of the thickness of lunar mare basalts, made by analyzing 'ghost' craters on mare surfaces, were inflated as the result of the crater morphometric data of Pike (1977) to reconstruct rim heights of degraded craters. Crater rim heights of 82 randomly selected highland craters of various states of degradation were determined, and median rim height was compared to that of corresponding fresh impact structures. Results indicate that the thickness estimates of De Hon may be reduced by a factor of 2, and that the total volume of mare basalt produced throughout lunar history could be as little as 1-2 million cubic kilometers. A survey of geochemical and petrographic evidence indicates that lateral transport of regolith components over distances of much greater than 10 km is relatively inefficient; it is suggested that vertical mixing of a highland substrate underlying the basaltic fill may have had a primordial role in generating the observed mare width distributions and high concentrations of exotic components in intrabasin regoliths.

Hoerz, F.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Contour maps of lunar remanent magnetic fields

The 2605 usable orbits of Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellite magnetometer data have been reexamined for intervals suitable for analysis of crustal magnetic anomalies. To minimize plasma-related disturbances, segments from 274 of these orbits were selected from times when the moon was either in a lobe of the geomagnetic tail or in the solar wind with the subsatellites in the lunar wake. External field contributions which remained in the selected intervals were minimized by (1) quadratic detrending of individual orbit segments with lengths much greater than anomaly wavelengths and (2) two-dimensional filtering with minimum passed wavelengths less than or equal to anomaly wavelengths. Improvements in coverage, accuracy, and resolution of previously published anomaly maps produced from these data are obtained. In addition to improved maps of the Reiner Gamma and Van de Graaff-Aitken anomalies studied previously, a third region of relatively high-amplitude anomalies centered near the crater Gerasimovich on the southeastern far side has been mapped. Both the Van de Graaff-Aitken region and the Gerasimovich region are marked by the general occurrence of extensive groups of Reiner Gamma-type swirls.

Hood, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Interplanetary gas. XXVII - A catalog of disconnection events in cometary plasma tails

A catalog of 72 disconnection event (DES) in cometary plasma tails is presented as a basic data source for cometary and solar wind analysis. The events span the period 1892-1976, and are characterized on the basis of photographic observations. From the observed kinematics of rejected tails, methods are derived to calculate an estimated time of tail disconnection for each DE, either from the average law of motion for DEs lacking velocity measurements, or from the observed velocities. The geometric circumstances of each DE at the times of separation and observation are also tabulated, and a brief description of each event is presented.

Niedner, M. B., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Evaluation and universal curves of the photon loss probability

In the transfer of radiation in a plasma, an important parameter (which measures the coupling between the radiation field and the electron gas) is the photon loss probability per scattering epsilon, defined as the ratio of collisional de-excitation to total de-excitation. The evaluation of epsilon requires normally knowledge of specific collisional excitation rates and radiative transition rate coefficients. In the considered investigation a general formula for epsilon is obtained which depends only on electron density, temperature, and line wavelength. Use is made of a simple Bethe-Coulomb expression recently derived by Kastner (1980) for the collisional excitation rate coefficient. Epsilon is obtained as a function of the three variables, and universal curves of it can be constructed with one of the variables as parameter. As an example of the application of the considered procedure, the variation of epsilon with height h in the solar atmosphere is shown in a graph for several solar lines.

Kastner, S. O.↗
NASA NTRS1954

Effect of Ice Formations on Section Drag of Swept NACA 63A-009 Airfoil with Partial-Span Leading-Edge Slat for Various Modes of Thermal Ice Protection

The effects of primary and runback ice formations on the section drag of a 36 deg swept NACA 63A-009 airfoil section with a partial-span leading-edge slat were studied over a range of angles of attack from 2 to 8 deg and airspeeds up to 260 miles per hour for icing conditions with liquid-water contents ranging from 0.39 to 1.23 grams per cubic meter and datum air temperatures from 10 to 25 F. The results with slat retracted showed that glaze-ice formations caused large and rapid increases in section drag coefficient and that the rate of change in section drag coefficient for the swept 63A-009 airfoil was about 2-1 times that for an unswept 651-212 airfoil. Removal of the primary ice formations by cyclic de-icing caused the drag to return almost to the bare-airfoil drag value. A comprehensive study of the slat icing and de-icing characteristics was prevented by limitations of the heating system and wake interference caused by the slat tracks and hot-gas supply duct to the slat. In general, the studies showed that icing on a thin swept airfoil will result in more detrimental aerodynamic characteristics than on a thick unswept airfoil.

VonGlahn, Uwe H.↗
NASA NTRS1952

An Investigation Utilizing an Electrical Analogue of Cyclic Deicing of a Hollow Steel Propeller with an External Blade Shoe

A study has been made of the heat requirement for the cyclic de-icing of hollow steel propellers fitted with external blade heating shoes. Solutions to the equations for the heat flow in cyclic heating of propellers were obtained, using an electrical analogy. The study showed how the energy requirement for propeller de-icing with existing blade shoes could be decreased, and illustrated the effect of blade-shoe design on the energy requirement. It was demonstrated, for example, that by increasing the heating intensity and decreasing the heating period from those currently used the energy requirement could be decreased in the order of 60 percent. ' In addition, ft was shown that heating requirements could be decreased further, by as much as 60 percent, through proper design of the shoes. The' investigation also showed the energy requirement to increase with decreasing liquid-water content and air temperature. Uncertainties as to the exact values of convective heat-transfer coefficient prevailing over the surface of the blade and ice layer resulted in uncertainties of approximately proportional magnitude in the values of required heating intensity.

Neel, Carr B., Jr.↗