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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

CRISPR-Cas9 editing of CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE 1 and 2 shows their importance and partial redundancy in lignification in Populus tremula × P. alba

Lignins are cell wall-located aromatic polymers that provide strength and hydrophobicity to woody tissues. Lignin monomers are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway, wherein CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE (CSE) converts caffeoyl shikimate into caffeic acid. Here, we explored the role of the two CSE homologs in poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba). Reporter lines showed that the expression conferred by both CSE1 and CSE2 promoters is similar. CRISPR-Cas9-generated cse1 and cse2 single mutants had a wild-type lignin level. Nevertheless, CSE1 and CSE2 are not completely redundant, as both single mutants accumulated caffeoyl shikimate. In contrast, the cse1 cse2 double mutants had a 35% reduction in lignin and associated growth penalty. The reduced-lignin content translated into a fourfold increase in cellulose-to-glucose conversion upon limited saccharification. Phenolic profiling of the double mutants revealed large metabolic shifts, including an accumulation of p-coumaroyl, 5-hydroxyferuloyl, feruloyl and sinapoyl shikimate, in addition to caffeoyl shikimate. This indicates that the CSEs have a broad substrate specificity, which was confirmed by in vitro enzyme kinetics. Taken together, our results suggest an alternative path within the phenylpropanoid pathway at the level of the hydroxycinnamoyl-shikimates, and show that CSE is a promising target to improve plants for the biorefinery.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

The ultrahigh pressure stability of silver: An experimental and theoretical study

We measured the atomic volume of Ag in a toroidal diamond anvil cell to a maximum pressure of 416 GPa and calculated the atomic volume and elastic constants of Ag up to 750 and 460 GPa, respectively. Our density functional theory calculations at 0 K utilize an all-electron fully relativistic method and agree well with our volume measurements, particularly at pressures above ~75 GPa. In this work, we corrected our experimental results for non-hydrostaticity using a line shift analysis, and the resulting Vinet equation of state (EOS) parameters are reported. We find that the uniaxial stress sustained by Ag increases linearly up to 4.5 GPa at a pressure of 416 GPa. Our experimental results indicate that the fcc structure of Ag remains stable to at least 416 GPa at room temperature. Our theoretical results show that C44 increases as pressure increases and reaches a maximum at ~100 GPa above which it begins to decrease, a sign that the fcc structure of Ag is becoming unstable, and at V/V 0 = 0.30, the bcc structure is lower in energy than fcc.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Improved melt model for power flow

Accelerators that drive z-pinch experiments transport current densities in excess of 1 MA/cm 2 in order to melt or ionize the target and implode it on axis. These high current densities stress the transmission lines upstream from the target, where rapid electrode heating causes plasma formation, melt, and possibly vaporization. These plasmas negatively impact accelerator efficiency by diverting some portion of the current away from the target, referred to as “current loss”. Simulations that are able to reproduce this behavior may be applied to improving the efficiency of existing accelerators and to designing systems operating at ever higher current densities. The relativistic particle-in-cell code CHICAGO ® is the primary code for modeling power flow on Sandia National Laboratories’ Z accelerator. We report here on new algorithms that incorporate vaporization and melt into the standard power-flow simulation framework. Taking a hybrid approach, the CHICAGO® kinetic/multi-fluid treatment has been expanded to include vaporization while the quasi-neutral equation-of-motion has been updated for melt at high current-densities. For vaporization, a new one-dimensional substrate model provides a more accurate calculation of electrode thermal, mass, and magnetic field diffusion as well as a means of emitting absorbed contaminants and vaporized metal ions. A quasi-fluid model has been implemented expressly to mimic the motion of imploding liners for accurate inductance histories. For melt, a multi-ion Hall-MHD option has been implemented and benchmarked against Alegra MHD. This new model is described with sufficient detail to reproduce these algorithms in any hybrid kinetic code. Physics results from the new code are also presented. A CHICAGO ® Hall-MHD simulation of a radial transmission line demonstrates that Hall physics, not included in Alegra, has no significant impact on the diffusion of electrode material. When surface contaminant desorption is mocked in as a hydrogen surface plasma, both the surface and bulk-material plasmas largely compress under the influence of the j × B force. Similar results are seen in Alegra, which also shows magnetic and material diffusion scaling with peak current. Test vaporization simulations using MagLIF and a power-flow experimental geometry show Fe + ions diffuse only a few hundred µm from the electrodes, so present models of Z power flow remain valid.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterizing defect structures in AM steel using direct electron detection EBSD

The mechanical properties of additive and traditionally manufactured alloys are largely dependent on the characteristics and distribution of dislocation cell networks that develop during the fabrication process. This work demonstrates the ability to quantitatively characterize these dislocation structures by high angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction analysis using a direct electron detector. The defect structures are characterized in terms of the geometrically necessary dislocation density and the associated Burgers vector and line direction. Furthermore, the results are discussed in terms of potential defect formation mechanisms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Universal Relationship between Limiting Current and Electrochemical Transport Properties in Malonate-Based Polymer Electrolytes

There is considerable interest in developing high-performance electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. For practical applications, the electrolyte must support large dc currents. However, the parameters most often reported in the literature, conductivity, κ, and current fraction, ρ + , reflect ion transport in the limit of infinitesimal currents. In this limit, the efficacy of an electrolyte is given by the product κρ + . The limiting current density, i lim , is the maximum current density that can be applied across an electrolyte; the cell voltage diverges if the applied current density exceeds ilim. This parameter reflects ion transport in the limit of large dc currents and is therefore of practical interest. It would therefore be convenient if i lim could be predicted from measurements of κρ + . In order to explore this possibility, we studied six malonate-based polymers and PEO at a fixed salt concentration (r = 0.08) and temperature (90°C) using symmetric cells with planar electrodes. Unfortunately, there is no correlation between ilim and κρ + . When the applied current density, i, is less than ilim, the cell voltage approaches a stable plateau, ϕ plateau . Here, we found a linear dependence between i and thickness-normalized plateau potential, ϕ plateau L –1 , irrespective of the magnitude of the applied current. In all seven polymer electrolytes, we found a linear correlation between ilim and the slopes of these lines, σ. In other words, measurements of σ can be used to predict the limiting current.

Jana, Rounak [Lawrence Berkeley National Laborator↗
DOE OSTI2020

Maize ANT1 modulates vascular development, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and plant growth

Arabidopsis AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), an AP2 transcription factor, is known to control plant growth and floral organogenesis. In this study, our transcriptome analysis and in situ hybridization assays of maize embryonic leaves suggested that maize ANT1 (ZmANT1) regulates vascular development. To better understand ANT1 functions, we determined the binding motif of ZmANT1 and then showed that ZmANT1 binds the promoters of millet SCR1, GNC, and AN3, which are key regulators of Kranz anatomy, chloroplast development, and plant growth, respectively. We generated a mutant with a single-codon deletion and two frameshift mutants of the ANT1 ortholog in the C4 millet Setaria viridis by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The two frameshift mutants displayed reduced photosynthesis efficiency and growth rate, smaller leaves, and lower grain yields than wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, their leaves sporadically exhibited distorted Kranz anatomy and vein spacing. Conducting transcriptomic analysis of developing leaves in the WT and the three mutants we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two frameshift mutant lines and found many down-regulated DEGs enriched in photosynthesis, heme, tetrapyrrole binding, and antioxidant activity. In addition, we predicted many target genes of ZmANT1 and chose 13 of them to confirm binding of ZmANT1 to their promoters. Based on the above observations, we proposed a model for ANT1 regulation of cell proliferation and leaf growth, vascular and vein development, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis through its target genes. Furthermore, our study revealed biological roles of ANT1 in several developmental processes beyond its known roles in plant growth and floral organogenesis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development and construction status of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures

Abstract The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the CLFV neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e comprises a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter provides electron identification, a fast trigger and aids track reconstruction. It is a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1340 pure CsI crystals readout by UV-extended SiPM and fast electronics. The design consists of two identical annular disks positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the target.The hostile Mu2e conditions (total ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 × 10 10 n/cm 2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y, 1 T magnetic field and vacuum level of 10 −4 Torr) posed tight constraints on the mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. SiPMs and front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in one mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The units are supported by a plate made of vacuum-compatible material. The plate integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders. The DAQ is hosted in aluminum crates positioned on the lateral surface of the disks. The crates also integrate the DAQ electronics cooling system. We review the constraints on the calorimeter structures design, the development of all the structural components, including the simulations that have determined the materials and technological choices and the specifications of the cooling station, components production and quality assurance tests, the procedures for detector assembly, transportation and installation in the experimental area.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-Efficiency, Medium-Voltage-Input, Solid-State-Transformer-Based 400-kW/1000V/400A Extreme Fast Charger for Electric Vehicles

Range anxiety and long battery charging time continue to be critical challenges to mass adaptation of EVs. A major identified gap to wider adoption of BEVs is the ability and availability to refuel quickly or to fast charge. Studies have shown that in areas where drivers have access to 50-kW or 120-kW fast charge stations, annual electric vehicle (EV) miles traveled (i.e., eVMT) increased by over 25%, even in cases where fast charging was used for 1% to 5% of total charging events. Charge stations of higher power not only alleviate the “range anxiety” and reduce the driver’s waiting time, but also requires less investment. Michigan Energy Office completed a study in early 2019 titled “Electric Vehicle Charger Placement Optimization in Michigan: Phase I – Highways”. This study finds a system with 150kW chargers, though more expensive individually, actually has lower total system cost when compared to a 50kW charging system when serving the same battery size EV. To be truly competitive to the ICEV refueling experience, even higher power stations are necessary. However, high power charge stations would create large power draws from the grid. If this occurs during peak demand periods, grid capacity could be overloaded. This problem needs to be addressed to reduce the impact on the electric utility infrastructure. The main goal of this project is to develop a 400-kW/400-A XFC system targeting total efficiency of 96.5 percent from the MVAC grid to a vehicle. The novel SST power cell topology, combined with a new silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET device, enables a 3.5 percent improvement in system efficiency, a 50-percent smaller equipment footprint, and four times less weight than today’s DCFC systems. The SST technology would directly utilize MVAC at 4.8-kV or 13.2-kV. This would eliminate the line frequency transformer (LFT), which steps down medium-voltage AC to 3-Phase 480-V line-to-line voltage in current DCFC systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Approaching Angstrom-Scale Resolution in Lithography Using Low-Molecular-Mass Resists (<500 Da)

Resists that enable high-throughput and high-resolution patterning are essential in driving the semiconductor technology forward. The ultimate patterning performance of a resist in lithography is limited because of the trade-off between resolution, line-width roughness, and sensitivity; improving one or two of these parameters typically leads to a loss in the third. As the patterned feature sizes approach angstrom scale, the trade-off between these three metrics becomes increasingly hard to resolve and calls for a fundamental rethinking of the resist chemistry. Low-molecular-mass monodispersed metal-containing resists of high atom economy can provide not only very high resolution but also very low line-width roughness without sacrificing sensitivity. Here we describe a modular metal-containing resist platform (molecular mass <500 Da) where a molecular resist consists of just two components: a metal and a radical initiator bonded to it. This simple system not only is amenable to high-resolution electron beam lithography (EBL) and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) but also unites them mechanistically, giving a consolidated perspective of molecular and chemical processes happening during exposure. Irradiation of the resist leads to the production of secondary electrons that generate radicals in the initiator bonded to metal. This brings about an intramolecular rearrangement and causes solubility switch in the exposed resist. We demonstrate record 1.9–2.0 nm isolated patterns and 7 nm half-pitch dense line-space features over a large area using EBL. With EUVL, 12 nm half-pitch line-space features are shown at a dose of 68 mJ/cm 2 . In both of these patterning techniques, the line-width roughness was found to be ≤2 nm, a record low value for any resist platform, also leading to a low-performance trade-off metric, Z factor, of 0.6 × 10 –8 mJ·nm 3 . With the ultimate resolution limited by instrumental factors, potential patterning at the level of a unit cell can be envisaged, making low-molecular-mass resists best poised for angstrom-scale lithography.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

High fidelity actuator line data from 9 turbine wind farm simulations using ExaWind

This data was generated with the ExaWind code suite (https://github.com/Exawind) to investigate the performance of different Active Wake Mixing turbine control in a wind farm situated in a stable atmospheric boundary layer. All cases correspond to a 3x3 wind farm in a 10km x 10km domain using a total mesh size that varied between 1.6 X 10^9 to 1.85 X 10^9 grid cells. The simulations were run across 1800-2000 GPUs on Frontier. The case description and data generation process is fully documented in Yalla, G. R., Brown, K., Cheung, L., Houck, D., deVelder, N., and Balaji, J. (2025). "Estimating annual energy production of wake mixing control strategies including comparisons to wake steering." Wind Energy Sciences (https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-250).

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Wavelength selective filtering with non-radial array of microstructure elements

A non-radial array of microstructure elements provides enhanced wavelength selective filtering. The elements are arranged along a line that does not intersect the center of the core. In this configuration, the first coupling element in an array that is nearest to the core is a non-integer array unit spacing from the main waveguide where the array unit spacing is defined as the flat to flat distance of a hexagonal cell.

Kiani, Leily S.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Simultaneous Overexpression of FERULOYL‐CoA 6′‐HYDROXYLASE 1 and COUMARIN SYNTHASE Leads to Coumarin‐Enriched Lignin and Improved Saccharification in Greenhouse‐ and Field‐Grown Poplar

ABSTRACT The urgent need for renewable resources has increased the interest in woody biomass to manufacture bio‐based products. However, lignin recalcitrance limits the enzymatic conversion of wood into fermentable sugars, posing a major challenge for biomass deconstruction. To address this problem, we aimed at incorporating the coumarin scopoletin into the lignin polymer of poplar ( Populus tremula × P . alba ) by expressing FERULOYL‐CoA 6′‐HYDROXYLASE 1 ( F6′H1 ) and COUMARIN SYNTHASE ( COSY ) in lignifying cells. Three constructs were evaluated: two bicistronic constructs, SCOP1 ( COSY followed by F6′H1 ) and SCOP2 ( F6′H1 followed by COSY ), and one monocistronic, SCOP3 (only F6′H1 ). SCOP1 poplars produced most free scopoletin without altering overall lignin, cellulose or hemicellulose content. SCOP2 poplars were overall less efficient in scopoletin production and most of these lines showed a severe biomass yield penalty, whereas SCOP3 caused plant lethality. NMR and metabolic analyses confirmed that scopoletin cross‐coupled with G and S monomers during lignification in SCOP1 lines. In addition to scopoletin, the detection of benzodioxane structures revealed the incorporation of dihydroxycoumarins. Overall coumarin incorporation in lignin amounted up to 2.3%. After alkaline pretreatment, wood from greenhouse‐grown SCOP1 poplars released up to 29% more glucose compared to the wild type upon limited saccharification. Field‐testing of three SCOP1 lines showed a 6 to 11% increase in saccharification efficiency, with the line containing the lowest scopoletin levels maintaining normal growth. These results demonstrate that engineering lignin composition in poplar can improve saccharification, and emphasize the importance of construct design, translational research and field validation.

alternative lignin monomers↗
DOE OSTI2022

Investigation of Scanning Droplet Cell Technology for Electrochemical Deposition of Custom Three-Dimensional Alloys

The goal of this project was to assess the feasibility of a new method of electroplating, which we have termed “electroprinting”, for fabricating millimeter to centimeter metal parts with full density, and eventually, with bespoke 3D internal density patterns. Alloys, gradients and varying density is beyond the scope of this work, and efforts were focused on developing the technology to be capable of printing solid parts, beyond the lines and columns previously reported in the literature. Enabling this technology would expand the design space possible for the WPD program, allowing for smooth and complex density gradients in parts rather than discrete density steps between multilayers. We successfully designed and built an electroprinting apparatus, capable of printing copper in customizable 1-D patterns, which can be printed in stacked layers to form 3D parts. We successfully characterized the flat printed patterns, however, have encountered difficulty in characterizing multilayer prints. We have partially addressed the feasibility question, by developing the method for electroprinting 3D parts, however, some questions about the internal porosity and density of these parts still remain.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Solvatochromic Near Infrared Fluorophore Sensitive to the Full Amyloid Beta Aggregation Pathway

Alzheimer's disease has long been associated with the aggregation of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ42) into macroscale plaques, although specific neurodegenerative agents have not been definitively identified. Much evidence has pointed to the soluble nanoscale oligomers that form early in the Aβ42 aggregation pathway, but there is little understanding of these structures, their mechanisms of formation, or how they grow into plaques. Here, we show that a solvatochromic fluorophore with near-infrared (NIR) emission can track synthetic Aβ42 aggregation through environment-sensitive spectral shifts from the earliest time points through plaque formation. This azide-functionalized phosphine oxide azetidine rhodol (Phazr-N3) shows large polarity-dependent changes in fluorescence emission, with maxima shifting from 630 nm in toluene to 703 nm in aqueous buffer, and a maximum quantum yield of 62%. Upon induction of Aβ42 aggregation, we observe immediate solvatochromic changes in Phazr-N3 fluorescence, with multiple apparent phases over 12 h, and which culminate before the onset of any major fluorescence changes of conformation-specific aggregation fluorophore thioflavin T. Solution anisotropy measurements show a low micromolar affinity of Phazr-N3 for disordered, free Aβ42 in solution, and real-time measurements are consistent with rapid liquid-liquid phase separation and slow dehydration of the growing aggregate. Spectral imaging of synthetic plaques stained in the presence of live cells and lipid-binding protein albumin shows over 4000-fold Phazr-N3 fluorescence intensity above background under no-wash conditions, and over 100-fold intensity above coplated microglial cells or a large excess of albumin. This use of a solvatochromic probe with structure-independent binding to free Aβ42 offers real-time, minimally invasive insight into the full Aβ42 aggregation pathway.

Wang, Zeming↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling Down Syndrome Myeloid Leukemia by Sequential Introduction of GATA1 and STAG2 Mutations in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Trisomy 21

Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high risk for acute myeloid leukemia (DS-ML). Genomic characterization of DS-ML blasts showed the presence of unique mutations in GATA1, an essential hematopoietic transcription factor, leading to the production of a truncated from of GATA1 (GATA1s). GATA1s, together with trisomy 21, is sufficient to develop a pre-leukemic condition called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM). Approximately 30% of these cases progress into DS-ML by acquisition of additional somatic mutations in a stepwise manner. We previously developed a model for TAM by introducing disease-specific GATA1 mutation in trisomy 21-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), leading to the production of N-terminally truncated short form of GATA1 (GATA1s). In this model, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce a co-operating mutation in STAG2, a member of the cohesin complex recurrently mutated in DS-ML but not in TAM. Hematopoietic differentiation of GATA1 STAG2 double-mutant iPSC lines confirmed GATA1s expression and the loss of functional STAG2 protein, leading to enhanced production of immature megakaryocytic population compared to GATA1 mutant alone. Megakaryocyte-specific lineage expansion of the double-mutant HSPCs exhibited close resemblance to the DS-ML immunophenotype. Transcriptome analysis showed that GATA1 mutation resulted in downregulation of megakaryocytic and erythrocytic differentiation pathways and interferon α/β signaling, along with an upregulation of pathways promoting myeloid differentiation such as toll-like receptor cascade. The co-occurrence of STAG2 knockout partially reverted the expression of genes involved in myeloid differentiation, likely leading to enhanced self-renewal and promoting leukemogenesis. In conclusion, we developed a DS-ML model via hematopoietic differentiation of gene-targeted iPSCs bearing trisomy 21.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Migration and Precipitation of Platinum in Anion–Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Despite the recent progress in increasing the power generation of Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), their durability is still far lower than that of Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Using the complementary techniques of X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, we have identified Pt ion migration as an important factor to explain the decay in performance of AEMFCs. In alkaline media Pt+2 ions are easily formed which then either undergo dissolution into the carbon support or migrate to the membrane. In contrast to PEMFCs, where hydrogen cross over reduces the ions forming a vertical “Pt line” within the membrane, the ions in the AEM are trapped by charged groups within the membrane, leading to disintegration of the membrane and failure. Furthermore, diffusion of the metal components is still observed when the Pt/C of the cathode is substituted with a FeCo–N–C catalyst, but in this case the Fe and Co ions are not trapped within the membrane, but rather migrate into the anode, thereby increasing the stability of the membrane.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct measurement of electron heating in electron-only reconnection in a laboratory mini-magnetosphere

We report on the experimental observation of electron heating in electron-only magnetic reconnection in laser-driven laboratory mini-magnetosphere on the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at the University of California, Los Angeles. In this experiment, a fast-flowing plasma impacts a pulsed magnetic dipole embedded within LAPD’s magnetized ambient plasma, creating an ion-scale magnetosphere and driving electron-only magnetic reconnection between the background and dipole field lines. The electron velocity distribution is measured across the reconnection region using noncollective Thomson scattering, enabling determination of electron temperature and density. Significant electron heating is observed in the electron diffusion region, increasing from an initial temperature of 1.8 to 9.5 eV, corresponding to a 40% local conversion of Poynting flux into electron enthalpy flux. Particle-in-cell simulations that provide insights into the heating mechanisms are also presented.

Rovige, Lucas [Department of Physics and Astronomy↗
DOE OSTI2022

AutoBEM-DynamicArchetypes

Automatic Building Energy Modeling (AutoBEM, https://bit.ly/AutoBEM) has been used to create an OpenStudio and EnergyPlus building energy model of 122.9 million U.S. buildings (https://bit.ly/ModelAmerica). Simulating and analyzing a model of every building for large areas (e.g. cities) is often not feasible. This dynamic archetyping capability uses a representative building and calculates a floor-space multiplier that allows millions of buildings to be represented by less than 100 buildings. This script (WRF_Archetypes_Parallel.py) calculates these building archetypes for each of the grid cells from a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in a parallel fashion. The script works by looping through each of the grid cells in the shapefile in parallel, spatially joining the building metadata table to each grid cell, aggregating relevant archetypes and calculating necessary statistics related to area and number of buildings in each cell. The output is a table (.csv) in which each row is an archetype building with properties about that building as well as statistics that relate that building to the total cell (such as an area multiplier). The following inputs are required: WRF zone shapefile (.shp) (wrf-grids-origin_Vegas_Select_100.geojson) The projection of the shapefile ("EPSG:XXXX") Input table containing building metadata for area corresponding to shapefile (.csv) (https://zenodo.org/record/4552901#.YZQEotDMJPY - ClarkCounty2.csv) The number of cores that will be parallelized (integer) The output file name for the archetype table (.csv) Sample command line inputs: python3 ~/WRF_Archetypes_Parallel.py -i ~/wrf-grids-origin_Vegas_Select_100.geojson -c ~/ClarkCounty2.csv -o ~/OutputArchetypes.csv -j 72 -e EPSG:4326 Using Geopandas Version 0.9.0

Bass, Brett (0000000240988434)↗