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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

New Developments in LC-MS and Other Hyphenated Techniques

Extensive challenges faced by analytical chemists in studying real world complex samples such as biological body fluids, tissue samples, environmental and geological samples have lead to the development of advanced analytical approaches. The vast array of contemporary technologies can be categorized into two major areas: sample separation and mass spectrometry analysis. Current state-of-the-art sample separation methods include gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra high pressure liquid chromatography, solid phase extraction, capillary electrophoresis, and gas phase separation techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry. The recent trend in sample separation is to combine (or hyphenate) multiple techniques that employ different separation mechanisms to maximize separation efficiency. The most widely used combinations include two-dimensional gas chromatography, strong cation exchange or weak cation exchange chromatography followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography followed by ion mobility spectrometry and two-dimensional electrophoresis techniques. The introduction of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and variations of the two have drastically increased the impact of mass spectrometry on bioanalytical applications. Mass spectrometry itself has tremendously improved over the years in terms of sensitivity, detection limits, dynamic range and sequencing capabilities. Currently, mass spectrometers can attain zeptomolole detection limits with five orders of magnitude dynamic range. In this chapter, we summarize recent developments in hyphenated techniques and their applications to complex sample analysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1971

GLC analysis of base composition of RNA and DNA hydrolysates

Various methods used for the analysis of the base composition of RNA and DNA hydrolysates are presented. The methods discussed are: (1) ion-exchange chromatography, (2) paper chromatography, (3) paper electrophoresis, (4) thin layer chromatography, (5) paper chromatography and time of flight mass spectrometry, and (6) gas-liquid chromatography. The equipment required and the conditions for obtaining the best results with each method are described.

Lakings, D. B.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Extraction Chromatographic Methods in the Sample Preparation Sequence for Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Plutonium Isotopes

A sample preparation sequence for actinide isotopic analysis by TIMS is described that includes column-based extraction chromatography as the first separation step, followed by anion exchange column separations. The sequence is designed to include a wet ashing step after the extraction chromatography to prevent any leached extractant or oxalic acid eluent reagents from interfering with subsequent separations, source preparation, or TIMS ionization. TEVA-resin and DGA-resin materials, containing extractants that consist only of C, N, O, and H atoms, were investigated for isolation of plutonium. Radiotracer level studies confirmed expected high yields from column-based separation procedures. Femtogram-level studies were carried out with TIMS detection, using multiple isotopic spikes through the separation sequence. Pu recoveries were 87% and 86% for TEVA- and DGA-resins separations respectively. The Pu recoveries from 400 {mu}L anion-exchange column separations were 89% and 93% for trial sequences incorporating TEVA and DGA-resin. Thus, a prior extraction chromatography step in the sequence did not interfere with the subsequent anion exchange separation when a simple wet ash step was carried out in between these column separations. The average measurement efficiency, for Pu, encompassing the chemical separation recoveries and the TIMS ionization efficiency, was 2.73 {+-} 0.77% (2-sigma) for the DGA-resin trials and 2.67 {+-} 0.54% for the TEVA-resin trials, compared to 3.41% and 2.37% (average 2.89%) for two spikes in the experimental set. These compare with an average measurement efficiency of 2.78 {+-} 1.70%, n = 33 from process benchmark analyses using Pu spikes processed through a sequence of oxalate precipitation, wet ash, iron hydroxide precipitation, and anion exchange column separations. We conclude that extraction chromatography can be a viable separation procedure as part of a multistep sequence for TIMS sample preparation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Conventional and Advanced Separations in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics: Methodologies and Applications

Metabolomics is the quantitative analysis of all metabolites in a given sample. Due to the chemical complexity of the metabolome, optimal separations are required for comprehensive identification and quantification of sample constituents. This chapter provides an overview of both conventional and advanced separations methods in practice for reducing the complexity of metabolite extracts delivered to the mass spectrometer detector, and covers gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separation techniques coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) as both uni-dimensional and as multi-dimensional approaches.

capillary electrophoresis – mass spectrometry (CE-↗
NASA NTRS1992

Purification and sequence analysis of two rat tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases

Two protein inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) were isolated from medium conditioned by the clonal rat osteosarcoma line UMR 106-01. Initial purification of both a 30-kDa inhibitor and a 20-kDa inhibitor was accomplished using heparin-Sepharose chromatography with dextran sulfate elution followed by DEAE-Sepharose and CM-Sepharose chromatography. Purification of the 20-kDa inhibitor to homogeneity was completed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The 20-kDa inhibitor was identified as rat TIMP-2. The 30-kDa inhibitor, although not purified to homogeneity, was identified as rat TIMP-1. Amino terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the 30-kDa inhibitor demonstrated 86% identity to human TIMP-1 for the first 22 amino acids while the sequence of the 20-kDa inhibitor was identical to that of human TIMP-2 for the first 22 residues. Treatment with peptide:N-glycosidase F indicated that the 30-kDa rat inhibitor is glycosylated while the 20-kDa inhibitor is apparently unglycosylated. Inhibition of both rat and human interstitial collagenase by rat TIMP-2 was stoichiometric, with a 1:1 molar ratio required for complete inhibition. Exposure of UMR 106-01 cells to 10(-7) M parathyroid hormone resulted in approximately a 40% increase in total inhibitor production over basal levels.

NASA Discipline Musculoskeletal↗
DOE OSTI2018

Utilizing ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their metabolites

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent environmental pollutants originating from incomplete combustion of organic materials and synthetic sources. PAHs, PCBs, and PBDEs have all been shown to have a significant effect on human health with correlations to cancer and other diseases. Therefore, measuring the presence of these xenobiotics in the environment and human body is imperative for assessing their health risks. To date, their analyses require both gas chromatography and liquid chromatography separations in conjunction with mass spectrometry measurements for detection of both the parent molecules and their hydroxylated metabolites, making their studies extremely time consuming. In this work, we characterized PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and their hydroxylated metabolites using ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) and in combination with different ionization methods including electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The collision cross section and m/z trend lines derived from the IMS-MS analyses displayed distinct trends for each molecule type. Additionally, the rapid isomeric and molecular separations possible with IMS-MS showed great promise for quickly distinguishing the parent and metabolized PAH, PCB, and PDBE molecules in complex environmental and biological samples.

Zheng, Xueyun (ORCID:0000000197824521)↗
DOE OSTI2017

Quantitative Characterization of Aqueous Byproducts from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Municipal Wastes, Food Industry Wastes, and Biomass Grown on Waste

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a viable thermochemical process for converting wet solid wastes into biocrude which can be hydroprocessed to liquid transportation fuel blendstocks and specialty chemicals. The aqueous byproduct from HTL contains significant amounts (20 to 50%) of the feed carbon, which must be used to enhance economic sustainability of the process on an industrial scale. In this study, aqueous fractions produced from HTL of industrial and municipal waste were characterized using a wide variety of analytical approaches. Organic chemical compounds present in these aqueous fractions were identified using two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Identified compounds include organic acids, nitrogen compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Conventional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography methods were employed to quantify the identified compounds. Inorganic species, in the aqueous stream of hydrothermal liquefaction of these aqueous byproducts, also were quantified using ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The concentrations of organic chemical compounds and inorganic species are reported, and the significance of these results is discussed in detail.

Maddi, Balakrishna (ORCID:0000000153536026)↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nanoscale pillar arrays for separations

The work presented herein evaluates silicon nano-pillar arrays for use in planar chromatography. Electron beam lithography and metal thermal dewetting protocols were used to create nano-thin layer chromatography platforms. With these fabrication methods we are able to reduce the size of the characteristic features in a separation medium below that used in ultra-thin layer chromatography; i.e. pillar heights are 1-2μm and pillar diameters are typically in the 200- 400nm range. In addition to the intrinsic nanoscale aspects of the systems, it is shown they can be further functionalized with nanoporous layers and traditional stationary phases for chromatography; hence exhibit broad-ranging lab-on-a-chip and point-of-care potential. Because of an inherent high permeability and very small effective mass transfer distance between pillars, chromatographic efficiency can be very high but is enhanced herein by stacking during development and focusing while drying, yielding plate heights in the nm range separated band volumes. Practical separations of fluorescent dyes, fluorescently derivatized amines, and anti-tumor drugs are illustrated.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Aliphatic Amines from Waste Polyolefins by Tandem Pyrolysis, Hydroformylation, and Reductive Amination

Pyrolysis of waste plastics can produce a product mixture with a high concentration of olefins (>50 wt%). The olefins, as building blocks in the petroleum industry, are potential precursors for valuable commodity chemicals with higher values (>$2000 per ton). In this work, we produce aldehydes by hydroformylation of the olefins present in pyrolysis oil from colored post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (PCR-HDPE). The obtained aldehydes in the oil are then converted into aliphatic amines via reductive amination with a Ru/C catalyst. The aminated oil was characterized by multiple analytical chemistry techniques including elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a Polyarc flame ionization detector. The concentration of metals in the PCR-HDPE and oil changes during the tandem processes, showing limited effects of these elements (e.g., Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti, Zn) on hydroformylation and reductive amination. Additionally, we demonstrated that reductive amination of aldehydes with varied carbon numbers and branching properties can be achieved in the presence of a complex mixture, including paraffins and aromatics. The results indicate that waste plastics have the potential to serve as a renewable source for mono and di aliphatic amines, thereby diminishing reliance on fossil feedstocks as the current primary amine source.

aliphatic amines↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development and implementation of high-throughput proteomic and metabolomics assays by using advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric systems (CRADA Final Report)

The mission of this CRADA with Agilent was to couple powerful MS platforms (QQQ, IM-QTOFMS) with Agilent’s novel Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) fast metabolomic workflows and perform ABF Machine Learning (ML) to generated datasets. Agilent transferred UHPLC methods to PNNL and LBNL and methods were implemented and demonstrated in both labs, achieving total acquisition times of < 10 min. Metabolites analyzed using Agilent’s shared methods included metabolites from central carbon metabolism, common across hosts, and metabolites unique to engineered strains. Standards were acquired in an UHPLC-Drift Tube Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometer (DTIMS) system for the first time within the context of ABF and methods were optimized based on Agilent’s protocols. Samples from ABF hosts Pseudomonas putida, Aspergillus pseudoterreus, Aspergillus niger and Rhodosporidium toruloides were analyzed using the UHPLC-DTIMS platform for a total of 276 runs. A data analysis workflow compatible with the Experimental Data Depot (EDD) and completely shareable was developed for the acquired UHPLC-DTIMS data. Samples were analyzed using a Data Independent Acquisition Approach (DIA), which for most of the standards provided more transitions therefore increasing detection confidence. Using the data acquired by PNNL, LBNL, and Agilent’s specifications from previous ML projects, SNL applied an ensemble ML strategy to pick the best performing model for automated LC-method selection. Finally, with the contribution of the participant labs and Agilent, SNL developed an Automated Method Selection (AMS) software tool to predict the best liquid chromatography method for analysis of any new molecules of interest. Samples with novel pathways and new metabolite targets of interest are generated at a high pace in the ABF. Overall, the project advanced rapid metabolomics by combining liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and data-independent mass spectrometry with machine learning. This multidimensional approach uses retention time, collision cross-section, precursor mass, and fragment-ion information to distinguish chemically similar metabolites that can be difficult to resolve using conventional liquid- or gas-chromatography methods. The resulting workflow also provided automated metabolite-identification error estimates, addressing a recognized need for statistical confidence measures in metabolomics.

Petzold, Christopher [Lawrence Berkeley National L↗
DOE OSTI2018

SPRUCE Advanced Molecular Techniques Provide a Rigorous Method for Characterizing Organic Matter Quality in Complex Systems: Supporting Data

This dataset contains Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry-based measurements (FTICRMS), gas chromatography, and liquid chromatography data from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experimental site within the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, USA from 2011 to 2016. Measurement results demonstrate that optical characterization of peatland dissolved organic matter (DOM) may not fully capture classically identified chemical characteristics and may, therefore, not be the best measure of organic matter quality. Analyses show poor regression fits between optical characteristics and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry-based measurements (FTICRMS). These data were used in Wilson and Tfaily (2018) and files are organized by which figure they were used to produce. Data underlying those regression analyses, as shown in Figures 1a and 1b of Wilson and Tfaily (2018), are provided in data files ds01 and ds02, respectively. ds01: Optically-derived specific ultraviolet absorbance method at 254 nm (SUVA254) values and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) -derived double bond equivalences. ds02: Optically-derived spectral slopes and FTICRMS-derived average molecular weights. Results of analyses of a representative sample by FTICRMS and additional analytical techniques provide a broader picture of the compounds occurring in peatland dissolved organic matter (DOM) as shown in Figure 2 of Wilson and Tfaily (2018). The data underlying Figure 2 in are provided in data files ds03-ds07, organized by the respective analytical technique used to generate the data. ds03: Nitrogen containing compounds identified via FTICRMS. ds04: Compounds identified via FTICRMS which did not have nitrogen. ds05: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results. ds06: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) results. ds07: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) results. This dataset contains seven data files in comma-separate values (*.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: seven data dictionaries and a file-level metadata file in comma-separate values (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to characterize. However, to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide [CO 2 ] and methane [CH 4 ]) production resulting from the decomposition of NOM, a molecular-level characterization coupled with microbial proteome analyses is necessary. Further, climate and environmental changes are expected to perturb natural ecosystems, potentially upsetting complex interactions that influence both the supply of organic matter substrates and the microorganisms performing the transformations. A detailed molecular characterization of the organic matter, microbial proteomics, and the pathways and transformations by which organic matter is decomposed will be necessary to predict the direction and magnitude of the effects of environmental changes. This article describes a methodological throughput for comprehensive metabolite characterization in a single sample by direct injection Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proteomics analysis. Furthermore, this approach results in a fully-paired dataset which improves statistical confidence for inferring pathways of organic matter decomposition, the resulting CO 2 and CH 4 production rates, and their responses to environmental perturbation. Herein we present results of applying this method to NOM samples collected from peatlands; however, the protocol is applicable to any NOM sample (e.g., peat, forested soils, marine sediments, etc.).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1982

Development of quality assurance methods for epoxy graphite prepreg

Quality assurance methods for graphite epoxy/prepregs were developed. Liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography were investigated. These methods were applied to a second prepreg system. The resin matrix formulation was correlated with mechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis and fracture toughness methods were investigated. The chromatography and calorimetry techniques were all successfully developed as quality assurance methods for graphite epoxy prepregs. The liquid chromatography method was the most sensitive to changes in resin formulation. The were also successfully applied to the second prepreg system.

Chen, J. S.↗